SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 29
Descargar para leer sin conexión
The Work Breakdown

     IT project management
Project Time Management
PMBOK®
   Activity definition
       Identifying what activities must be completed to produce the project scope deliverables
   Activity sequencing
       Determining whether activities can be completed sequentially or in parallel and any
        dependencies that may exist among them
   Activity resource estimation
       Identifying the type of resources (people, technology, facilities, etc.) and the quantity of
        resources needed to carry out project activities
   Activity duration estimation
       Estimating the time to complete each activity
   Schedule development
       Based on the availability of resources, the activities, their sequence, and time estimates, a
        schedule for the entire budget can be developed
   Schedule control
       Ensuring that proper processes and procedures are in place in order to control changes
        to the project schedule
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)
   The WBS represents a logical decomposition of the work
    to be performed and focuses on how the product,
    service, or result is naturally subdivided. It is an outline of
    what work is to be performed
           PMBOK Guide® (17).
Work Package
Deliverables versus Milestones
   Deliverables
       Tangible, verifiable work products
           Reports, presentations, prototypes, etc.
   Milestones
       Significant events or achievements
       Acceptance of deliverables or phase completion
       Cruxes (proof of concepts)
       Quality control
       Keeps team focused
Developing the WBS

   A work package is developed for each of the phases and deliverables
    defined in the Deliverable Structure Chart (DSC)
Deliverable: Test Results Report
   Logical Activities:
    1. Review the test plan with the client so that key
       stakeholders are clear as to what will be tested, how the
       tests will be conducted, and when the tests will be carried
       out.
    2. Carry out the tests as outlined in the plan.
    3. Once the test results are collected, we need to analyze
       them.
    4. The results should be summarized in the form of a report
       and presentation to the client.
    5. If all goes well, the client will sign-off or approve the test
       results and then we can move on to the implementation
       phase of the project. If not, then we need to address and
       fix any problems.
            What are the deliverables? Milestones?
Example Work Breakdown
Schedule
The WBS Should Follow the Work Package
Concept
Sample Intranet WBS
     Organized by Product




10
             Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007
Sample Intranet WBS
     Organized by Phase




11
              Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007
Intranet WBS in Tabular Form

      1.0 Concept
               1.1 Evaluate current systems
               1.2 Define Requirements
                        1.2.1 Define user requirements
                        1.2.2 Define content requirements
                        1.2.3 Define system requirements
                        1.2.4 Define server owner requirements
               1.3 Define specific functionality
               1.4 Define risks and risk management approach
               1.5 Develop project plan
               1.6 Brief Web development team
      2.0 Web Site Design
      3.0 Web Site Development
      4.0 Roll Out
      5.0 Support
12
                 Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007
Intranet WBS and Gantt Chart in
 Microsoft Project




13
              Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007
Intranet Gantt Chart Organized by Project
Management Process Groups




14
            Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007
Approaches to Developing WBSs
    Using guidelines: some organizations, like the DOD,
     provide guidelines for preparing WBSs
    The analogy approach: review WBSs of similar projects
     and tailor to your project
    The top-down approach: start with the largest items of
     the project and break them down
    The bottom-up approach: start with the specific tasks
     and roll them up
    Mind-mapping approach: mind mapping is a technique
     that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to
     structure thoughts and ideas

15
           Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007
Sample Mind-Mapping Approach for
 Creating a WBS




16
           Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007
The WBS…
   Should be “deliverable-oriented”
   Should support the project’s MOV
   Have enough detail to support planning and control
   Should involve those who will be doing the work
   Should include learning cycles and past lessons learned
Estimation Techniques - Traditional
Project Management Approaches
   Guesstimating
   Delphi Technique
   Time Boxing
   Top-Down
   Bottom-Up
   Analogous Estimates (Past experiences)
   Parametric Modeling (Statistical)
Guestimating



Estimation by guessing or just picking numbers out of the air is
not the best way to derive a project’s schedule and budget.
Unfortunately, many inexperienced project managers tend to
guesstimate, or guess at the estimates, because it is quick
and easy.
Delphi Technique
   Involves multiple, anonymous experts
   Each expert makes an estimate
   Estimates compared
       If close, can be averaged
       If not, do another iteration until consensus is reached
Time Boxing

               A “box” of time is allocated
                for a specific activity, task, or
                deliverable
               Can focus a team if used
                effectively
               Can demoralize a team if not
                used effectively
Top-Down

              Top & middle managers
               determine overall project
               schedule &/or cost
              Lower level managers are
               expected to breakdown
               schedule/budget estimates
               into specific activities
               (WBS)
Bottom-Up

   Schedules & budgets are
    constructed from WBS
   Starts with people who
    will be doing the work
   Schedules & budgets are
    the aggregate of detailed
    activities & costs
Analogous Estimates
   Similar to Top-Down approach
   Use information from previous, similar projects as a basis
    for estimation
Parametric Modeling
   Use project characteristics (parameters) in a
    mathematical model to estimate
   Example: $50/ LOC based on:
       Programming language
       Level of expertise
       Size & complexity
Estimates are made for each activity in
the WBS Results Report
     6.2 Test
           6.2.1 Review test plan with client                    1
   day
           6.2.2 Carry out test plan                             5
   days
           6.2.3 Analyze results                                 2
   days
           6.2.4 Prepare test results report and presentation    3
   days
           6.2.5 Present test results to client                  1
   day
           6.2.6 Address any software issues or problems         5
   days



     How did we come up with these estimates? Using a technique,
     or combination of techniques, with the exception of guestimating!
What can cause inaccurate estimates?

     Scope changes              No (or poor)
     Overlooked tasks            methodology
     Poor developer-user        Changes in team
      communication              Red tape
     Poor understanding         Lack of project control
      of project goals           Not identifying or
     Insufficient analysis       understanding impact of
                                  risks
Other Factors to Consider When Estimating
   Rate at which requirements may change
   Experience & capabilities of project team
   Process or methods used in development
   Specific activities to be performed
   Programming languages or development tools to be used
   Probable number of bugs or defects & removal methods
   Environment or ergonomics of work space
   Geographic separation of team across locations
   Schedule pressure placed on the team
How can estimates be improved?

                   Experience!
                       Lessons learned
                       Best Practices
                   Revision
                   Monitor
                   Focus on deliverables
                   Control

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Work breakdown structure
Work breakdown structureWork breakdown structure
Work breakdown structureCOEPD HR
 
introduction to project management
introduction to project management introduction to project management
introduction to project management Shivam Singhal
 
Project Schedule Management - PMBOK6
Project Schedule Management - PMBOK6Project Schedule Management - PMBOK6
Project Schedule Management - PMBOK6Agus Suhanto
 
Project planning and scheduling
Project planning and schedulingProject planning and scheduling
Project planning and schedulingadeel hamid
 
Project Scope Management -
Project Scope Management - Project Scope Management -
Project Scope Management - dyaksa hanindito
 
PMP Chap 6 - Project Time management - Part2
PMP Chap 6 - Project Time management - Part2PMP Chap 6 - Project Time management - Part2
PMP Chap 6 - Project Time management - Part2Anand Bobade
 
How to create a work breakdown structure (wbs)
How to create a work breakdown structure (wbs)How to create a work breakdown structure (wbs)
How to create a work breakdown structure (wbs)Insaf Ali Soomro PMP
 
Project management tools and techniques
Project management tools and techniquesProject management tools and techniques
Project management tools and techniquesTata Dinyuy
 
Project Time Management - PMBOK 5th Edition
Project  Time Management - PMBOK 5th EditionProject  Time Management - PMBOK 5th Edition
Project Time Management - PMBOK 5th Editionpankajsh10
 
Project Management Office Roles Functions And Benefits
Project Management Office Roles Functions And BenefitsProject Management Office Roles Functions And Benefits
Project Management Office Roles Functions And BenefitsMaria Erland, PMP
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

Roles of project managers in oe
Roles of project managers in oeRoles of project managers in oe
Roles of project managers in oe
 
Work breakdown structure
Work breakdown structureWork breakdown structure
Work breakdown structure
 
Work breakdown structure
Work breakdown structureWork breakdown structure
Work breakdown structure
 
Final Project Closing
Final Project ClosingFinal Project Closing
Final Project Closing
 
Ms project lectures
Ms project lecturesMs project lectures
Ms project lectures
 
introduction to project management
introduction to project management introduction to project management
introduction to project management
 
Project Schedule Management - PMBOK6
Project Schedule Management - PMBOK6Project Schedule Management - PMBOK6
Project Schedule Management - PMBOK6
 
Project planning and scheduling
Project planning and schedulingProject planning and scheduling
Project planning and scheduling
 
Project Scope Management -
Project Scope Management - Project Scope Management -
Project Scope Management -
 
PMP Chap 6 - Project Time management - Part2
PMP Chap 6 - Project Time management - Part2PMP Chap 6 - Project Time management - Part2
PMP Chap 6 - Project Time management - Part2
 
Project Management
Project ManagementProject Management
Project Management
 
07 project cost management
07 project cost management07 project cost management
07 project cost management
 
How to create a work breakdown structure (wbs)
How to create a work breakdown structure (wbs)How to create a work breakdown structure (wbs)
How to create a work breakdown structure (wbs)
 
Project management tools and techniques
Project management tools and techniquesProject management tools and techniques
Project management tools and techniques
 
Project Control
Project ControlProject Control
Project Control
 
Project Time Management - PMBOK 5th Edition
Project  Time Management - PMBOK 5th EditionProject  Time Management - PMBOK 5th Edition
Project Time Management - PMBOK 5th Edition
 
Project scope management 1
Project scope management 1Project scope management 1
Project scope management 1
 
Project Management Office Roles Functions And Benefits
Project Management Office Roles Functions And BenefitsProject Management Office Roles Functions And Benefits
Project Management Office Roles Functions And Benefits
 
PMP PMBOK 6th
PMP PMBOK 6thPMP PMBOK 6th
PMP PMBOK 6th
 
Project Time Management
Project Time ManagementProject Time Management
Project Time Management
 

Destacado

WBS presentation
WBS presentationWBS presentation
WBS presentationjpstewar
 
Work Breakdown Structure Use This
Work Breakdown Structure Use ThisWork Breakdown Structure Use This
Work Breakdown Structure Use Thisproject management
 
Work Breakdown Structure ( WBS) : For a Project Management Process
Work Breakdown Structure ( WBS) : For a Project Management ProcessWork Breakdown Structure ( WBS) : For a Project Management Process
Work Breakdown Structure ( WBS) : For a Project Management ProcessDhawal Thakkar PMP
 
WBS Structure –Essential Element In Project Management
WBS Structure –Essential Element In Project ManagementWBS Structure –Essential Element In Project Management
WBS Structure –Essential Element In Project ManagementAnjali Rao
 
project on software industry
project on software industryproject on software industry
project on software industryAamir chouhan
 
work breakdown structure
work breakdown structurework breakdown structure
work breakdown structureStefan Csosz
 
Work breakdown Structure
Work breakdown StructureWork breakdown Structure
Work breakdown StructureNicola2903
 
project on construction of house report.
project on construction of house report.project on construction of house report.
project on construction of house report.Hagi Sahib
 
26 tabel rincian struktur kerja
26  tabel rincian struktur kerja26  tabel rincian struktur kerja
26 tabel rincian struktur kerjaAinul Yaqin
 
Best Link building techniques of 2016
Best Link building techniques of 2016Best Link building techniques of 2016
Best Link building techniques of 2016Ally Digital Media
 
Submittal -User Manual
Submittal -User ManualSubmittal -User Manual
Submittal -User ManualNiyas Sulaiman
 
The Importance Of The Construction Submittal Process
The Importance Of The Construction Submittal ProcessThe Importance Of The Construction Submittal Process
The Importance Of The Construction Submittal ProcessSafe Rise
 
Top 7 WBS Mistakes Project Managers Make
Top 7 WBS Mistakes Project Managers MakeTop 7 WBS Mistakes Project Managers Make
Top 7 WBS Mistakes Project Managers Makejoshnankivel
 
Developing for SharePoint Online
Developing for SharePoint OnlineDeveloping for SharePoint Online
Developing for SharePoint OnlineAri Bakker
 

Destacado (20)

WBS presentation
WBS presentationWBS presentation
WBS presentation
 
Wbs For Building Project
Wbs For Building ProjectWbs For Building Project
Wbs For Building Project
 
Work Breakdown Structure
Work Breakdown StructureWork Breakdown Structure
Work Breakdown Structure
 
Work Breakdown Structure Use This
Work Breakdown Structure Use ThisWork Breakdown Structure Use This
Work Breakdown Structure Use This
 
Work Breakdown Structure ( WBS) : For a Project Management Process
Work Breakdown Structure ( WBS) : For a Project Management ProcessWork Breakdown Structure ( WBS) : For a Project Management Process
Work Breakdown Structure ( WBS) : For a Project Management Process
 
WBS Structure –Essential Element In Project Management
WBS Structure –Essential Element In Project ManagementWBS Structure –Essential Element In Project Management
WBS Structure –Essential Element In Project Management
 
Work Breakdown Structure
Work Breakdown StructureWork Breakdown Structure
Work Breakdown Structure
 
project on software industry
project on software industryproject on software industry
project on software industry
 
Wbs Building Use This
Wbs Building Use ThisWbs Building Use This
Wbs Building Use This
 
work breakdown structure
work breakdown structurework breakdown structure
work breakdown structure
 
Work breakdown Structure
Work breakdown StructureWork breakdown Structure
Work breakdown Structure
 
project on construction of house report.
project on construction of house report.project on construction of house report.
project on construction of house report.
 
UPES-First Indian University to implement SAP
UPES-First Indian University to implement SAPUPES-First Indian University to implement SAP
UPES-First Indian University to implement SAP
 
26 tabel rincian struktur kerja
26  tabel rincian struktur kerja26  tabel rincian struktur kerja
26 tabel rincian struktur kerja
 
Sethulakshmi
SethulakshmiSethulakshmi
Sethulakshmi
 
Best Link building techniques of 2016
Best Link building techniques of 2016Best Link building techniques of 2016
Best Link building techniques of 2016
 
Submittal -User Manual
Submittal -User ManualSubmittal -User Manual
Submittal -User Manual
 
The Importance Of The Construction Submittal Process
The Importance Of The Construction Submittal ProcessThe Importance Of The Construction Submittal Process
The Importance Of The Construction Submittal Process
 
Top 7 WBS Mistakes Project Managers Make
Top 7 WBS Mistakes Project Managers MakeTop 7 WBS Mistakes Project Managers Make
Top 7 WBS Mistakes Project Managers Make
 
Developing for SharePoint Online
Developing for SharePoint OnlineDeveloping for SharePoint Online
Developing for SharePoint Online
 

Similar a WBS PROJECT

1 2. project management
1 2. project management1 2. project management
1 2. project managementakashsaini8
 
Schedule Development
Schedule DevelopmentSchedule Development
Schedule DevelopmentChris Carson
 
Chapter 2 Work Break down Structure (1).ppt
Chapter 2 Work Break down Structure (1).pptChapter 2 Work Break down Structure (1).ppt
Chapter 2 Work Break down Structure (1).pptssuser8cd298
 
Primavera6.0
Primavera6.0Primavera6.0
Primavera6.0niict
 
Introduction To Project Management
Introduction To Project ManagementIntroduction To Project Management
Introduction To Project ManagementUW Madison
 
PM Training Slides
PM Training SlidesPM Training Slides
PM Training SlidesAhmed303
 
Using Rational Requisite Pro to Manage Projects
Using Rational Requisite Pro to Manage ProjectsUsing Rational Requisite Pro to Manage Projects
Using Rational Requisite Pro to Manage Projectsmlevine
 
The Powerof One+Pmo Overview
The Powerof One+Pmo OverviewThe Powerof One+Pmo Overview
The Powerof One+Pmo OverviewDJ EVERETTE
 
Project management part 3
Project management part 3Project management part 3
Project management part 3hkbhadraa
 
PMP Training - 05 project scope management
PMP Training - 05 project scope managementPMP Training - 05 project scope management
PMP Training - 05 project scope managementejlp12
 
Module 4 - IDP.pptx
Module 4 - IDP.pptxModule 4 - IDP.pptx
Module 4 - IDP.pptxRAJESH S
 
Introduction to Scrum.ppt
Introduction to Scrum.pptIntroduction to Scrum.ppt
Introduction to Scrum.pptMohan Late
 
Is5540 course review
Is5540 course reviewIs5540 course review
Is5540 course reviewAsa Chan
 
Northern Finishing School: IT Project Managment
Northern Finishing School: IT Project ManagmentNorthern Finishing School: IT Project Managment
Northern Finishing School: IT Project ManagmentSiwawong Wuttipongprasert
 

Similar a WBS PROJECT (20)

1 2. project management
1 2. project management1 2. project management
1 2. project management
 
Schedule Development
Schedule DevelopmentSchedule Development
Schedule Development
 
lecture16.ppt
lecture16.pptlecture16.ppt
lecture16.ppt
 
Chapter 2 Work Break down Structure (1).ppt
Chapter 2 Work Break down Structure (1).pptChapter 2 Work Break down Structure (1).ppt
Chapter 2 Work Break down Structure (1).ppt
 
MIS Project management
MIS Project managementMIS Project management
MIS Project management
 
Primavera6.0
Primavera6.0Primavera6.0
Primavera6.0
 
Project scheduling
Project schedulingProject scheduling
Project scheduling
 
Day 2 scope
Day 2 scopeDay 2 scope
Day 2 scope
 
Introduction To Project Management
Introduction To Project ManagementIntroduction To Project Management
Introduction To Project Management
 
PM Training Slides
PM Training SlidesPM Training Slides
PM Training Slides
 
6396901
63969016396901
6396901
 
Using Rational Requisite Pro to Manage Projects
Using Rational Requisite Pro to Manage ProjectsUsing Rational Requisite Pro to Manage Projects
Using Rational Requisite Pro to Manage Projects
 
The Powerof One+Pmo Overview
The Powerof One+Pmo OverviewThe Powerof One+Pmo Overview
The Powerof One+Pmo Overview
 
Ch05
Ch05Ch05
Ch05
 
Project management part 3
Project management part 3Project management part 3
Project management part 3
 
PMP Training - 05 project scope management
PMP Training - 05 project scope managementPMP Training - 05 project scope management
PMP Training - 05 project scope management
 
Module 4 - IDP.pptx
Module 4 - IDP.pptxModule 4 - IDP.pptx
Module 4 - IDP.pptx
 
Introduction to Scrum.ppt
Introduction to Scrum.pptIntroduction to Scrum.ppt
Introduction to Scrum.ppt
 
Is5540 course review
Is5540 course reviewIs5540 course review
Is5540 course review
 
Northern Finishing School: IT Project Managment
Northern Finishing School: IT Project ManagmentNorthern Finishing School: IT Project Managment
Northern Finishing School: IT Project Managment
 

WBS PROJECT

  • 1. The Work Breakdown IT project management
  • 2. Project Time Management PMBOK®  Activity definition  Identifying what activities must be completed to produce the project scope deliverables  Activity sequencing  Determining whether activities can be completed sequentially or in parallel and any dependencies that may exist among them  Activity resource estimation  Identifying the type of resources (people, technology, facilities, etc.) and the quantity of resources needed to carry out project activities  Activity duration estimation  Estimating the time to complete each activity  Schedule development  Based on the availability of resources, the activities, their sequence, and time estimates, a schedule for the entire budget can be developed  Schedule control  Ensuring that proper processes and procedures are in place in order to control changes to the project schedule
  • 3. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)  The WBS represents a logical decomposition of the work to be performed and focuses on how the product, service, or result is naturally subdivided. It is an outline of what work is to be performed  PMBOK Guide® (17).
  • 5. Deliverables versus Milestones  Deliverables  Tangible, verifiable work products  Reports, presentations, prototypes, etc.  Milestones  Significant events or achievements  Acceptance of deliverables or phase completion  Cruxes (proof of concepts)  Quality control  Keeps team focused
  • 6. Developing the WBS  A work package is developed for each of the phases and deliverables defined in the Deliverable Structure Chart (DSC)
  • 7. Deliverable: Test Results Report  Logical Activities: 1. Review the test plan with the client so that key stakeholders are clear as to what will be tested, how the tests will be conducted, and when the tests will be carried out. 2. Carry out the tests as outlined in the plan. 3. Once the test results are collected, we need to analyze them. 4. The results should be summarized in the form of a report and presentation to the client. 5. If all goes well, the client will sign-off or approve the test results and then we can move on to the implementation phase of the project. If not, then we need to address and fix any problems. What are the deliverables? Milestones?
  • 9. The WBS Should Follow the Work Package Concept
  • 10. Sample Intranet WBS Organized by Product 10 Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007
  • 11. Sample Intranet WBS Organized by Phase 11 Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007
  • 12. Intranet WBS in Tabular Form 1.0 Concept 1.1 Evaluate current systems 1.2 Define Requirements 1.2.1 Define user requirements 1.2.2 Define content requirements 1.2.3 Define system requirements 1.2.4 Define server owner requirements 1.3 Define specific functionality 1.4 Define risks and risk management approach 1.5 Develop project plan 1.6 Brief Web development team 2.0 Web Site Design 3.0 Web Site Development 4.0 Roll Out 5.0 Support 12 Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007
  • 13. Intranet WBS and Gantt Chart in Microsoft Project 13 Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007
  • 14. Intranet Gantt Chart Organized by Project Management Process Groups 14 Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007
  • 15. Approaches to Developing WBSs  Using guidelines: some organizations, like the DOD, provide guidelines for preparing WBSs  The analogy approach: review WBSs of similar projects and tailor to your project  The top-down approach: start with the largest items of the project and break them down  The bottom-up approach: start with the specific tasks and roll them up  Mind-mapping approach: mind mapping is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas 15 Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007
  • 16. Sample Mind-Mapping Approach for Creating a WBS 16 Information Technology Project Management, Fifth Edition, Copyright 2007
  • 17. The WBS…  Should be “deliverable-oriented”  Should support the project’s MOV  Have enough detail to support planning and control  Should involve those who will be doing the work  Should include learning cycles and past lessons learned
  • 18. Estimation Techniques - Traditional Project Management Approaches  Guesstimating  Delphi Technique  Time Boxing  Top-Down  Bottom-Up  Analogous Estimates (Past experiences)  Parametric Modeling (Statistical)
  • 19. Guestimating Estimation by guessing or just picking numbers out of the air is not the best way to derive a project’s schedule and budget. Unfortunately, many inexperienced project managers tend to guesstimate, or guess at the estimates, because it is quick and easy.
  • 20. Delphi Technique  Involves multiple, anonymous experts  Each expert makes an estimate  Estimates compared  If close, can be averaged  If not, do another iteration until consensus is reached
  • 21. Time Boxing  A “box” of time is allocated for a specific activity, task, or deliverable  Can focus a team if used effectively  Can demoralize a team if not used effectively
  • 22. Top-Down  Top & middle managers determine overall project schedule &/or cost  Lower level managers are expected to breakdown schedule/budget estimates into specific activities (WBS)
  • 23. Bottom-Up  Schedules & budgets are constructed from WBS  Starts with people who will be doing the work  Schedules & budgets are the aggregate of detailed activities & costs
  • 24. Analogous Estimates  Similar to Top-Down approach  Use information from previous, similar projects as a basis for estimation
  • 25. Parametric Modeling  Use project characteristics (parameters) in a mathematical model to estimate  Example: $50/ LOC based on:  Programming language  Level of expertise  Size & complexity
  • 26. Estimates are made for each activity in the WBS Results Report 6.2 Test 6.2.1 Review test plan with client 1 day 6.2.2 Carry out test plan 5 days 6.2.3 Analyze results 2 days 6.2.4 Prepare test results report and presentation 3 days 6.2.5 Present test results to client 1 day 6.2.6 Address any software issues or problems 5 days How did we come up with these estimates? Using a technique, or combination of techniques, with the exception of guestimating!
  • 27. What can cause inaccurate estimates?  Scope changes  No (or poor)  Overlooked tasks methodology  Poor developer-user  Changes in team communication  Red tape  Poor understanding  Lack of project control of project goals  Not identifying or  Insufficient analysis understanding impact of risks
  • 28. Other Factors to Consider When Estimating  Rate at which requirements may change  Experience & capabilities of project team  Process or methods used in development  Specific activities to be performed  Programming languages or development tools to be used  Probable number of bugs or defects & removal methods  Environment or ergonomics of work space  Geographic separation of team across locations  Schedule pressure placed on the team
  • 29. How can estimates be improved?  Experience!  Lessons learned  Best Practices  Revision  Monitor  Focus on deliverables  Control