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Stress and Health Chapter 14
Stress ,[object Object],When we feel severe stress, our ability to cope with it is impaired. Lee Stone/ Corbis
Stress and Causes of Death ,[object Object]
Behavioral Medicine Centers for Disease Control (CDC) claim that half of the deaths in the US are due to people’s behaviors (smoking, alcoholism, unprotected sex, insufficient exercise, drugs, and poor nutrition). Psychologists and physicians have thus developed an interdisciplinary field of  behavioral medicine  that integrates behavioral knowledge with medical knowledge.
Health Psychology Health psychology  is a field of psychology that contributes to behavioral medicine. The field studies stress-related aspects of disease and asks the following questions: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],Stress and Illness
Stress and Stressors ,[object Object]
Stress and Stressors ,[object Object],When short-lived or taken as a challenge, stressors may have positive effects. However, if stress is threatening or prolonged, it can be harmful. Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
The Stress Response System Canon proposed that the stress response (fast) was a fight-or-flight response marked by the outpouring of  epinephrine  and  norepinephrine  from the  inner adrenal glands, increasing heart and respiration rates, mobilizing sugar and fat, and dulling pain.
The Stress Response System The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland also respond to stress (slow) by triggering the outer adrenal glands to secrete  glucocorticoids  (cortisol).
General Adaptation Syndrome According to Selye, a stress response to any kind of stimulation is similar. The stressed individual goes through three phases. EPA/ Yuri Kochetkov/ Landov
Stressful Life Events ,[object Object]
Significant Life Changes ,[object Object]
Daily Hassles ,[object Object]
Stress and the Heart ,[object Object],Plaque in coronary artery Artery clogged
Personality Types ,[object Object],Type A personalities are more likely to develop coronary heart disease.
Pessimism and Heart Disease ,[object Object]
Stress & Susceptibility to Disease ,[object Object]
Stress and the Immune System ,[object Object],Lennart Nilsson/ Boehringer Ingelhein International GmbH
Stress and Colds ,[object Object]
Stress and AIDS ,[object Object],UNAIDS/ G. Pirozzi
Stress and Cancer ,[object Object]
Stress and Immune Conditioning ,[object Object]
Health-Related Consequences Stress can have a variety of health-related consequences. Kathleen Finlay/ Masterfile
Promoting Health ,[object Object]
Coping with Stress ,[object Object],Emotion-focused coping  is when we cannot change a stressful situation, and we respond by attending to our own emotional needs.
Perceived Control ,[object Object]
Explanatory Style ,[object Object]
Social Support ,[object Object],Bob Daemmrich/ Stock, Boston
Managing Stress ,[object Object]
Aerobic Exercise ,[object Object]
Biofeedback, Relaxation, and Meditation ,[object Object]
Life-Style ,[object Object],Ghislain and Marie David De Lossy/ Getty Images
Spirituality & Faith Communities ,[object Object]
Intervening Factors Investigators suggest there are three factors that connect religious involvement and better health.
Managing Stress: Summary How can stress be managed?
Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors The elimination of smoking would increase life expectancy more than any other preventive measure.
Why Do People Smoke? ,[object Object],[object Object],Russel Einhorn/ The Gamma Liason Network
Why Do People Smoke? ,[object Object],[object Object]
Biopsychosocial Factors: Smoking
Helping Smokers Quit ,[object Object]
Ways to Quit Smoking ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Here are a few pointers on how to quit smoking:
Smoking Abstinence Programs ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Do Programs Work? Prevention programs do have an effect on smoking. Paul J. Milette/ Palm Beach Post
Obesity and Weight Control ,[object Object]
Body Mass Index (BMI) Obesity in children increases their risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer, thus shortening their life-expectancy.
Obesity and Mortality The death rate is high among very overweight men.
Social Effects of Obesity ,[object Object]
Physiology of Obesity ,[object Object]
Set Points and Metabolism When reduced from 3,500 calories to 450 calories, weight loss was a minimal 6% and the metabolic rate a mere 15%. The obese defend their weight by conserving energy.
The Genetic Factor Identical twin studies reveal that body weight has a genetic basis. The obese mouse on the left has a defective gene for the hormone leptin. The mouse on the right sheds 40% of its weight when injected with leptin. Courtesy of John Soltis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
Activity Lack of exercise is a major contributor to obesity. Just watching TV for two hours resulted in a 23% increase of weight when other factors were controlled (Hu et al., 2003).
Food Consumption Over the past 40 years average weight gain has increased. Health professionals are pleading with US citizens to limit their food intake.
Trading Risks Although cigarette smoking has declined over the years in the Americas, obesity is on the rise.
Losing Weight In the US, two-thirds of the women and half of the men say that they want to lose weight. The majority of them lose money on diet programs.
Plan to Lose Weight When you are motivated to lose weight, begin a weight-loss program, minimize your exposure to tempting foods, exercise, and forgive yourself for lapses. Joe R. Liuzzo
Alternative Medicine Other medicinal ways of achieving health

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Chapter 14 ap psych- Stress & Health

  • 1. Stress and Health Chapter 14
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  • 4. Behavioral Medicine Centers for Disease Control (CDC) claim that half of the deaths in the US are due to people’s behaviors (smoking, alcoholism, unprotected sex, insufficient exercise, drugs, and poor nutrition). Psychologists and physicians have thus developed an interdisciplinary field of behavioral medicine that integrates behavioral knowledge with medical knowledge.
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  • 9. The Stress Response System Canon proposed that the stress response (fast) was a fight-or-flight response marked by the outpouring of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the inner adrenal glands, increasing heart and respiration rates, mobilizing sugar and fat, and dulling pain.
  • 10. The Stress Response System The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland also respond to stress (slow) by triggering the outer adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol).
  • 11. General Adaptation Syndrome According to Selye, a stress response to any kind of stimulation is similar. The stressed individual goes through three phases. EPA/ Yuri Kochetkov/ Landov
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  • 24. Health-Related Consequences Stress can have a variety of health-related consequences. Kathleen Finlay/ Masterfile
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  • 35. Intervening Factors Investigators suggest there are three factors that connect religious involvement and better health.
  • 36. Managing Stress: Summary How can stress be managed?
  • 37. Modifying Illness-Related Behaviors The elimination of smoking would increase life expectancy more than any other preventive measure.
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  • 44. Do Programs Work? Prevention programs do have an effect on smoking. Paul J. Milette/ Palm Beach Post
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  • 46. Body Mass Index (BMI) Obesity in children increases their risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, gallstones, arthritis, and certain types of cancer, thus shortening their life-expectancy.
  • 47. Obesity and Mortality The death rate is high among very overweight men.
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  • 50. Set Points and Metabolism When reduced from 3,500 calories to 450 calories, weight loss was a minimal 6% and the metabolic rate a mere 15%. The obese defend their weight by conserving energy.
  • 51. The Genetic Factor Identical twin studies reveal that body weight has a genetic basis. The obese mouse on the left has a defective gene for the hormone leptin. The mouse on the right sheds 40% of its weight when injected with leptin. Courtesy of John Soltis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
  • 52. Activity Lack of exercise is a major contributor to obesity. Just watching TV for two hours resulted in a 23% increase of weight when other factors were controlled (Hu et al., 2003).
  • 53. Food Consumption Over the past 40 years average weight gain has increased. Health professionals are pleading with US citizens to limit their food intake.
  • 54. Trading Risks Although cigarette smoking has declined over the years in the Americas, obesity is on the rise.
  • 55. Losing Weight In the US, two-thirds of the women and half of the men say that they want to lose weight. The majority of them lose money on diet programs.
  • 56. Plan to Lose Weight When you are motivated to lose weight, begin a weight-loss program, minimize your exposure to tempting foods, exercise, and forgive yourself for lapses. Joe R. Liuzzo
  • 57. Alternative Medicine Other medicinal ways of achieving health

Notas del editor

  1. OBJECTIVE 1 | List four leading causes of death and describe health psychology’s contribution to the field of behavioral medicine.
  2. OBJECTIVE 2 | Discus the importance of appraisal in the way we respond to stressful events.
  3. OBJECTIVE 3 | Identify and describe the dual-track system by which our body responds to stress, and give the three phases of the general adaptation syndrome.
  4. OBJECTIVE 4 | Discuss the health consequences of catastrophes, significant lie changes, and daily hassles.
  5. OBJECTIVE 5 | Discuss the role of stress in causing coronary heart disease, and contrast Type A and Type B personalities.
  6. OBJECTIVE 6 | Distinguish between a psychophysical illness and hypochondriasis.
  7. OBJECTIVE 7 | Describe the effect of stress on immune system functioning.
  8. OBJECTIVE 8 | Discuss the findings on the link between stress and AIDS.
  9. OBJECTIVE 9 | Discuss the findings on the link between stress and cancer.
  10. OBJECTIVE 10 | Describe the impact of learning on immune system functioning.
  11. OBJECTIVE 11 | Explain what it means to cope with stress, and contrast problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping.
  12. OBJECTIVE 12 | Describe how a perceived lack of control can affect health.
  13. OBJECTIVE 13 | Discuss the links among explanatory style, stress and health.
  14. OBJECTIVE 14 | Describe some of the ways that social support acts as a stress buffer.
  15. OBJECTIVE 15 | Explain the difference between coping with stress and managing stress.
  16. OBJECTIVE 16 | Discuss the advantages of aerobic exercise as a technique for managing stress and fostering well-being.
  17. OBJECTIVE 17 | Compare the benefits of biofeedback and relaxation training as stress-management techniques, and discuss meditation as a relaxation technique.
  18. OBJECTIVE 18 | Discuss the correlation between religiosity and longevity, and offer some possible explanations for this link.
  19. OBJECTIVE 19 | Explain why people smoke.
  20. OBJECTIVE 20 | Discuss ways of helping smokers to quit smoking – or preventing young people from ever starting.
  21. OBJECTIVE 21 | Discuss the adaptive advantage of a body that stores fat.
  22. OBJECTIVE 22 | Describe some of the social effects of obesity.
  23. OBJECTIVE 23 | Give arguments for and against the idea that genes determine body weight.
  24. OBJECTIVE 24 | Discuss the chances of success for an overweight person to lose weight.