1. Dealing with
Legacy PHP
Applications
Clinton R. Nixon
crnixon@gmail.com

2. What is a legacy
application?
Code you didn't write

Code you wouldn't write

Untested code

Code with competing visions


3. What do we do with
legacy code?
We refactor!
Refactoring is safely changing the
implementation of code without
changing the behavior of code.

4. Bad code smells
What are some specific problems in legacy PHP code?
No separation between PHP and HTML

Lots of requires, few method calls

Global variables


5. No separation between PHP and HTML
<h1>Orders</h1>
<?php
$account = new Account($account_id);
$account->loadOrders();
foreach ($account->getOrders() as $order) {
echo '<h2>' . $order['id'] . '</h2>';
echo '<p>Status: ' .
lookup_status($order['status_id']) . '<br />;
echo 'Total: ';
$total = array_reduce($order['purchases'],
create_function('$a, $b', '$a += $b; return $a'));
echo $total . '</p>';
}
?>

6. Separating controllers and views
Even without a solid MVC architecture, this helps

You can do this in several safe and easy steps

You absolutely will find pain points


7. Why do I need to do this?
Your code complexity will increase

echo isn't as fun as it looks

You will find hidden bugs and mistakes


8. The simplest view class
class View {
protected static $VIEW_PATH = '/wherever/views/';
public function assign($name, $value) {
return $this->$name = $value;
}
public function render($filename) {
$filename = self::$VIEW_PATH . $filename;
if (is_file($filename)) {
ob_start();
include($filename);
return ob_get_clean();
}
}
}

9. Obvious improvements to make
Error handling

Assignment by reference

Changing view path

Display convenience method

Use-specific subclasses with helper methods


10. The separation process
Gather all your code

Sift and separate controller from view code

Assign variables to the view object

Change all variable references in the view code

Split the files

Find duplicated views


11. The rules of view code
Allowed:
Control structures

echo, or <?= $var ?>

Display-specific functions, never nested

Not allowed:
Assignment

Other function calls


12. Gather and sift code
The step you won't like: gather all code for this controller

Wipe brow

Draw a line at the top of the code

Move controller code above this line, fixing as necessary

At this point, everything is view code


13. Code gathered
<?php // View code goes below here ?>
<h1>Orders</h1>
<?php
$account = new Account($account_id);
$account->loadOrders();
foreach ($account->getOrders() as $order) {
echo '<h2>' . $order['id'] . '</h2>';
echo '<p>Status: ' .
lookup_status($order['status_id']) . '<br />;
echo 'Total: ';
$total = array_reduce($order['purchases'],
create_function('$a, $b', '$a += $b; return $a'));
echo $total . '</p>';
}
?>

14. Some controller code moved
<?php
$account = new Account($account_id);
$account->loadOrders();
?>
<?php // View code goes below here ?>
<h1>Orders</h1>
<?php foreach ($account->getOrders() as $order) { ?>
<h2><?= $order['id'] ?></h2>
<p>Status: <?= lookup_status($order['status_id'])
<br />
Total:
<?= array_reduce($order['purchases'],
create_function('$a, $b', '$a += $b; return $a'))
?>
</p>
<?php } ?>

15. Alternative control structures
<?php if ($foo): ?>
...
<?php endif; ?>
<?php foreach ($this as $that): ?>
...
<?php endforeach; ?>

16. Using alternative control structures
<?php
$account = new Account($account_id);
$account->loadOrders();
?>
<?php // View code goes below here ?>
<h1>Orders</h1>
<?php foreach ($account->getOrders() as $order): ?>
<h2><?= $order['id'] ?></h2>
<p>Status: <?= lookup_status($order['status_id']) ?>
<br />
Total:
<?= array_reduce($order['purchases'],
create_function('$a, $b', '$a += $b; return $a')) ?>
</p>
<?php endforeach; ?>

17. A frustrating problem
<?php foreach ($account->getOrders() as $order): ?>
<h2><?= $order['id'] ?></h2>
<p>Status: <?= lookup_status($order['status_id'])
?>
<br />
Total:
<?= array_reduce($order['purchases'],
create_function('$a, $b', '$a += $b; return $a'))
?>
</p>
<?php endforeach; ?>

18. Dealing with this problem
There are two approaches.
You can create a new array of variables for your view.

Or, you can encapsulate this logic in an object.


19. Our new order object
<?php
class Order {
...
public function getStatus() {
return lookup_status($this->getStatusId());
}
public function getTotal() {
return array_reduce($this->getPurchases(),
create_function('$a, $b', '$a += $b; return $a'));
}
}
?>

20. Logic removed from view code
<?php
$account = new Account($account_id);
$account->loadOrders();
$orders = $account->getOrders();
?>
<?php // View code goes below here ?>
<h1>Orders</h1>
<?php foreach ($orders as $order): ?>
<h2><?= $order->getId() ?></h2>
<p>Status: <?= $order->getStatus() ?>
<br />
Total: <?= $order->getTotal() ?>
</p>
<?php endforeach; ?>

21. Change all variables to
view object variables
Assign variables to the view object.

$view->assign('foo', $foo);
One-by-one, change variables in view code.

Test to convince yourself.

You will probably iterate back to the previous step.

Document inputs to the view.


22. View object created
<?php
$account = new Account($account_id);
$account->loadOrders();
$orders = $account->getOrders();
$view = new View();
$view->assign('orders', $orders);
?>
<?php // View code goes below here ?>
<h1>Orders</h1>
<?php foreach ($view->orders as $order): ?>
<h2><?= $order->getId() ?></h2>
<p>Status: <?= $order->getStatus() ?>
<br />
Total: <?= $order->getTotal() ?>
</p>
<?php endforeach; ?>

23. Separate the files
Create a new file for the view code.

Important! Search and replace $view with $this.

Test one more time.


24. Our two files
<?php
$account = new Account($account_id);
$account->loadOrders();
$orders = $account->getOrders();
$view = new View();
$view->assign('orders', $orders);
$view->display('orders.tpl');
?>
<h1>Orders</h1>
<?php foreach ($this->orders as $order): ?>
<h2><?= $order->getId() ?></h2>
<p>Status: <?= $order->getStatus() ?>
<br />
Total: <?= $order->getTotal() ?>
</p>
<?php endforeach; ?>

25. Find duplicated views
As you do this to multiple controllers, you will see

repetition.
There will probably be subtle differences.

Take the time to re-work these so you can re-use view

files.
Note! You can include views in other views with

$this->render('included_file.tpl');

26. Using nested requires
instead of function calls
<?php
require_once('db_setup_inc.php');
require_once('account_auth_inc.php');
require_once('i18n_inc.php');
echo '<h1>Orders for account #' . $account_id .
'</h1>';
require('get_all_orders_inc.php');
...

27. Untangling a require web
Require statements which call other require statements.

Can be very complex.

Dependent on application structure.


28. Important reasons to
untangle this web
Remove unneeded complexity.

Create less procedural code.

Prior to PHP 5.2, require_once and include_once

are more expensive than you would think.
If you are requiring class definitions, and you have a

standard file naming method, use __autoload().

29. The untangling process
Identify inputs

Identify outputs

Wrap the file in a method

Refactor method

Move method to correct location


30. Identify inputs and outputs
Find all variables expected to be set before this file is

included.
One possible way: execute this file by itself.

Find all variables expected to be set or mutated by this

file.
Set variables are easy: comment out the require and

watch the errors.
Mutated is the set of inputs changed. Learn to search for

these!

31. account_auth_inc.php
<?php
$auth_token = $_COOKIE['token'];
if ($auth_token) {
$acct_id = $db->GetOne('SELECT acct_id FROM
logins WHERE auth_token = ?', array($auth_token));
}
if ($acct_id) {
$acct = new Account($acct_id);
} else {
$acct = null;
}
$_COOKIE['token'] = gen_new_token($auth_token);

32. Wrap the file in a function
Wrap the entire include in a function.

Pass all input variables.

Return all output variables as an array.

And then, call that function at the bottom of the required

file!
This is a mess!


33. Function-wrapped
<?php
function account_auth($db, $auth_token) {
if ($auth_token) {
$acct_id = $db->GetOne('SELECT acct_id FROM
logins WHERE auth_token = ?',
array($auth_token));
}
if ($acct_id) {
$acct = new Account($acct_id);
} else {
$acct = null;
}
return array($acct, gen_new_token($auth_token));
}
list($acct, $_COOKIE['token']) = account_auth($db,
$_COOKIE['token']);

34. Refactor until complete
Tease out the functions, or objects, inside this function.

If you are returning a lot of data, see if it can be an

object.
Leave your temporary big function in place, so that your

outside code doesn't break. Keep updating it to deal with
your refactoring.

35. Moved token handling to Account
<?php
function account_auth($db, $auth_token) {
// Instead of null, we now return an unloaded Account.
$acct = new Account();
if ($auth_token) {
// SQL code from before
$acct->loadFromToken($auth_token);
// Token generation and cookie setting
$acct->genNewToken($auth_token);
}
return $acct;
}
$acct = account_auth($db, $_COOKIE['token']);

36. Move to correct location
Finally!

Figure out where these functions or objects should live in

your application.
Move them there.

Find where the require is called throughout your

application, and replace that with your new function call
or object method.

37. Global variables everywhere
<?php
$account_id = $_POST['acct_id'];
$account = new Account($account_id);
function getPurchases() {
global $account;
global $database;
...
}
function getLanguage() {
global $account;
global $database;
global $i18n;
...
}

38. Removing globals one by one
Common globals:
$_POST and $_GET

Session or cookie data

Database handles

User account

Language


39. Do you still have
register_globals on?
You may have heard: this is a bad idea.

You may think that it will be impossible to fix.

It's not. Turn on E_ALL.

Spider your site and grep for uninitialized variables.

It's some work, but not as hard as you think. It's worth it.


40. $_POST and $_GET
These aren't horrible.

But not horrible isn't a very high standard.

class InputVariable {
public function __construct($name) {...}
public function isSet() {...}
public function isGet() {...}
public function isPost() {...}
public function getAsString() {...}
public function getAsInt() {...}
...
}

41. The database global object
Very common in PHP code

Again, not horrible

Prevents testing

Prevents multiple databases


42. Parameterizing the DB handle
Does it need to be everywhere?

Can you pass it in to a function or to a constructor?

The process is simple.

Add database parameter.

Pass in that global variable.

If the call is not in global scope, find out how to pass in

that variable to the current scope.
Repeat.


43. Parameterizing globals
<?php
$account_id = $_POST['acct_id'];
$account = new Account($database, $account_id);
function getPurchases($account) {
global $account;
global $database;
...
}
function getLanguage($account, $i18n) {
global $account;
global $database;
global $i18n;
...
}

44. Maybe it does have to be everywhere.
Use a singleton.

But not really.

Make a way to change the singleton instance.

Global define or environment variable.

Static mutator.


45. A quick recap
What are some specific problems in legacy PHP code?
Mixed PHP and HTML – confusion between controller

and view
Use of require statements instead of function calls

Unnecessary global variables causing dependencies


46. Further reading
Working Effectively With Legacy Code, Michael Feathers

Refactoring, Martin Fowler


47. Questions?
crnixon@gmail.com
Slides available at:
http://clintonrnixon.net