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INTEGRATED PEST
MANAGEMENT IN APPLE
       CROP

        By
             Anju Basera
             I.D. 31719
APPLE
 A temperate fruit.
 Accounts for 10 per cent of total fruit production of
  country.
 India is the 9th largest producer.
 Washington states 1st in world.
 India produces about 1.3 million tonnes annually.
     58%               :     Jammu and Kashmir
     29%               :     Himachal Pradesh
     12%               :     Uttarakhand
     1%                :     Arunachal Pradesh
 10 to 30 per cent loss due to pest.
 120 insect pest are reported.
MAJOR PESTS OF APPLE

Common names         Scientific name                        Order          Family

San Jose scale       Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock   Hemiptera      Diaspididae

Woolly apple aphid   Eriosoma lanigerum Hausman             Hemiptera      Aphididae

European red mite    Panonychus ulmi Koch                   Acarina        Eriophyidae

Blossom thrips       Thrips flavus Schrank                  Thysanoptera   Thripidae

Codling moth         Cydia pomonella Linnaeus               Lepidoptera    Tortricidae

Apple root borer     Dorysthenes hugelli Redtenbacher       Coleoptera     Cerambycidae

Apple stem borer     Apriona cinerea Cheverlot              Coleoptera     Cerambycidae

Tent caterpillar     Malacosoma indica Walker               Coleoptera     Lasiocampidae

Indian gypsy moth    Lymantria obfuscata Walker             Lepidoptera    Lymantridae

Apple maggot         Rhagoletis pomonella                   Diptera        Tephritidae
CODLING MOTH
          Cydia pomonella Linneaus
           Lepidoptera : Tortricidae
 Most notorious of all the apple pests.
 In addition to apple, the fruits of pear, quince,
  walnut may be damaged.
 Adult forewings are dark grayish with waxy lines
  with a copper colored eye like circle toward
  margin.
 Egg laying singly on fruits, leaves and twigs.
 Full grown larva pinkish or creamy white with
  brown head.
 Larvae appears to be cannibalistic.
 Pupation takes place in bark of tree.
Integrated pest management
DAMAGE
 Larva causes the heaviest
  damage.

 Neonate larva enters the
  fruit through calyx and
  feeds on pulp.

 Infested fruits lose their shape and fall
  prematurely.

 30 to 70 per cent apple fruits are rendered
  unmarketable.
IPM
 Thorough clean up of orchard.
 Scrapping lose bark from old trees.
 Collection and destruction of fallen fruits.
 Mating disruption dispenser.
 Moth pheromone trap can be used.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
   Birds; Parus major and Passer domesticus prey upon
    overwintering larvae.
   Spray of Carpovirusine (GV of moth) at fortnightly
    interval.
   First release of Trichogramma embryophagum within
    the first appearance of moth.
   Subsequent release at weekly interval.
                   CHEMICAL CONTROL
   Spraying (before caterpillar enter into fruit), 700 ml
    endosulfan 35 EC, 2.0 kg carbaryl 50 WP in 500 lt of
    water/ha.
   In case of abundance tree should be banded with
    chemically treated bands.
SAN JOSE SCALE
Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock
      Hemiptera : Diaspididae
 Pest of 700 different species of fruits, shrubs
  and ornamental plants.
 Pest is active from March to December.
 Passes winter in nymphal stage in tree bark.
 Insect body covered with brown or black
  scales.
 Yellow lemon insect is visible when covering
  is lifted.
 Each female gives birth to 200-400 nymphs.
 Five to six generations in a year.
DAMAGE
 Nymph and female scales attack all
  above ground parts.

 Feeding site turns into a characteristic
  purplish red colour.

 Initially growth of plant is checked but as scale
  increases in number plant may die.

 Fruits will have distinct “measles”
  spots on the surface.
IPM

   Collection and destruction of infected pruned material.
   Adult emergence monitoring with special sex pheromone
    traps.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

   Parasite, Encarsia perniciasi with Aphytis diaspidis may give upto 86.5 per cent
    parasitism.
   Coccinellid predators.
         Chilocorus bijugus Mulsant
         Chilocorus rubidus Hope
         Pharoscymnus flexibilies Mulsant

CHEMICAL CONTROL

   Spray trees with
         Thiamethoxam            :        0.05%
   Tree basin
         Imidacloprid            :        0.007%
         Chlorpyriphos           :        0.05%
WOOLLY APPLE APHID
              Eriosoma lanigerum Hausman
                  Hemiptera : Aphididae
 Native of Eastern United States.
 First noticed in 1909 in Shimla on nursery stocks imported
  from Egland.
 Most active during March to October.
 Adult and nymph redish brown in colour.
 Covered with waxy filaments.
 Reproduces parthenogenetically.
 Each female produces 116 young ones in her life.
 13 generations a year.
 There is partial migration from aerial parts to the roots of
  infested plant in December
 Reverse migration from root to aerial parts takes place in April
  and May.
WOOLLY APPLE APHID NYMPHS   WOOLLY APPLE APHID ADULTS




          WOOLLY APPLE APHID AERIAL COLONY
DAMAGE

   Nymphs and adults suck cell sap from
    bark of twigs and from underground parts.
   Underground feeding produces
    large knots on roots.
   Heavily infected plant have a short fibrous   INFESTED ROOTS
    root system and yellowish foliage which
    can be easily uprooted.


                             IPM

   Aphids usually spread through infested stocks, avoid planting
    infested stocks.
   Use of resistant stocks Golden Delicius, Northern Spy and
    Morton Stocks 778, 779, 789 and 793.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
 Parasitoid, Aphelinus mali
 Predators
      Coccinella septempunctata
      Chrysoperla carnea
      Menochilus sexmaculus
      Syrphus confactor

                  CHEMICAL CONTROL

 Treat nursery plant with chlorpyriphos or fenitrothion 0.05%.
 For root forms: Methyl oxydemeton 25 EC in 500 lt of water/ha
  during winter.
 Spray tree with thiamethoxam 0.05%.
 Root fumigation: Paradichlorobenzene granules in 15 cm deep
  trench dug around infested tree.
EUROPEAN RED MITE
              Panonychus ulmi Koch
              Acarina : Tetranychidae
 This mite occurs on many deciduous fruits
  but is most injurious to apple.
 Adult male dull green to fulvous.
 Female bright to brownish red with curved
  spines on their back.
 Eggs are laid on the twigs and smaller branches of tree.
 Egg hatch into a six legged larval stage just before bloom.
 Larva passes through eight legged protonymph and
  deutonymph before becoming adult.
DAMAGE
 European red mite feeds on
  leaves.
 Severe mite injury produces
  browning and loss of colour
  in the leaves i.e. bronzing.

                         IPM
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
 Chrysoperla carnea
 Predatory mite, Ambelacious fallocis, Stethorus
  punctum important predator in Northwest.
CHEMICAL CONTROL

 For killing egg, a dormant or delayed dormant
  application of a 3%. Superior or regular type
  oil emulsion.
 Acaricidal fungicides such as binapacryl
  dinocap.     Propineb,   can    control  mite
  population.
 New acaricides: tebufenpyrad, fenazaquin,
  fenpyroximate.
TENT CATERPILLAR
                    Malacosoma indica Walker
                   Lepidoptera : Lasiocampidae
   Important pest of apple, in North Western India being more serious in
    Shimla hills.

   Pest is active from March-May, passes 9 moth of year in egg stage.

   Caterpillar is progeny of a light reddish brown moth with two whitish
    stripes running across each of the forewings.

   Male are short lived and female may survive for 2 to 5 days.

   Female lays egg in broad bands consisting of 200 to 400 eggs.

   Caterpillar soon after emergence gather near a fork and spins a big tent
    like web.

   Web is used for resting during night or when weather is bad.

   Pupation takes place in stem, between leaves and among dry debrish in
    ground.
ADULT AND EGGS OF TENT
      CATERPILLAR




LARVAE OF TENT CATERPILLAR
DAMAGE
 Caterpillars during the night rest
  at their nest and at day they feed
  on leaves.

 In severe infestation, the entire plant may be
  defoliated and subsequently the caterpillar
  may feed on bark of twigs.

 When severe infestation 40-50 per cent plants
  in orchard may be defoliated producing a poor
  harvest.
IPM
 Pruning and burning of twigs
  containing egg mass (Dec-Jan).
 Mopping up the tent with pole and
  some rags dipped in kerosene
  tied on its end.
 Parasitoid Tachnid fly
 Virus also cause diseases to caterpillar.
 Spray 0.05% nimbecidine or B.t. based Halt
  0.02%
                        (Singh and Pandey, 2004)
INDIAN GYPSY MOTH
           Lymantria obfuscata Walker
            Lepidoptera : Lymantridae
 Pest of apricot, apple, walnut also forest trees.
 Female moth dark grey with atrophied wings.
 Males are comparatively active flier.
 Female lays a mass of round, shining and light
  grayish brown egg under the loose bark (June-July).
 Caterpillar 40-50 mm long and clothed in tuft of hairs.
 Larval period 66-100 days.
 Pupation takes place in ground among fallen leaves.
LIFE CYCLE OF INDIAN ZYPSY MOTH
DAMAGE
 Caterpillars are gregarious but
  voracious feeder.
 They eat voraciously on leaves
  at night time.
 Under heavy infestation entire
  leaf eaten sparing only hard vein.
 Defoliation of host completely results in failure of fruit
  formation.
                           IPM
 Egg mass covered with yellowish hair so easily
  visible they should be hunted and destroyed
  (between August-March).
 A band of burlap around the tree trunk affords shelter
  for larvae in day time these band examined
  frequently and larvae destroyed.
BIOCONTROL
 Egg parasitoid, Anastatuis kashmiriensis Mathur.
 Larval parasitoid, Cottesia melanoscela Ratzeburg,
  Glyptapantelos indiensis Marsh, G. flevicoxis Marsh
 Pupal parasitoid, Brachymera intermedia, B. lasus.

             CHEMICAL CONTROL
 Spray 700 ml endosulfan 35 EC or 2.0 kg carbaryl 50
  WP in 500 litres of water/ha.
APPLE STEM BORER
           Apriona cinerea Cheverlot
           Coleoptera : Cerambycidae
 Destructive stem borer of apple, peach, fig and other
  fruits.
 Adult beetles 35-50 mm long and grey in colour
  having long antennae.
 Female lays egg inside cavity on a shoot.
 Grub emerge in 7-8 days and start feeding by boring
  inside the stem.
 Grub longevity 2 years.
 Grub remains quiescent during winter and resume
  feeding in March.
 Pupation takes place inside a tunnel made in the
  woody tissue.
DAMAGE
 Caused by grub and adult, grub more
  destructive.

 Grub makes a tunnel and reaches close to
  trunk of tree.

 Vitality and productivity of plant is greatly
  impaired.

 Adult feed on bark and have an unusual habit
  of cutting more than they consume.
IPM
 Prune and burn all attacked shoot and
  branches during winter.

 Insert a cotton wick soaked in petrol or carbon
  disulphide or chloroform and sealing them with
  mud.

 Place Paradichlorbenzene 0.5 gm inside the
  holes and plug them.
APPLE ROOT BORER
           Dorysthenes hugelii Redtenbacher
               Coleoptera : Cerambycidae
   Very damaging root borer in Kumaon region of
    Himalayas.
   Adult beetle red chest nut in colour with head and
    thorax darker than elytra.
   Adults become active at night.
   Female lays egg in clusture about 8 mm deep in soil.
   Grub creamy white with black head and mandibles.
   Larval period lasts for 3 years.
   Male die soon after mating and female live for 10-12
    days only.
DAMAGE

 Caused by grub, young larva feeds on organic
  matter in the soil for sometime until finally it
  bores into the root.

 Young tree die immediately whereas the older
  ones become weaken and fall down eventually
  owing to the action of strong winds.
IPM
 Adult beetles can be light trapped and killed by
  dipping in water containing kerosene.
 Removal of undecomposed wood and manual
  destruction of borer.
 Avoid sandy soil for planting.
 Collect and destruct grubs during preparation
  of tree basin.
 Once the infestation has occurred, treat tree
  basin with phorate granules @ 100 g a.i. per
  tree.
APPLE MAGGOT
                   Rhagoletis pomonella
                    Diptera : Tephritidae
   A very injurious apple pest in North
    Eastern states and Canada.
   Adults (flies) are black with white
    bands between segments on
    abdomen.
   Wings are marked with oblique black bands.
   Maggots are carrot shaped, white and legless.
   Eggs are laid just under the skin of fruit.
   Maggot makes a tunnel through the apple when fully
    grown leaves the fruit and enter the soil for pupation.
   Adult emergence in mid June.
DAMAGE
 Caused by maggot.
 Maggots are called ‘railroad’ because they leave brown
  winding trail just under fruit skin.
 Burrowing of maggot sometime reduce apple to a brown
  rotten mass.
 Premature fall of infested fruits.
IPM
 Collection and destruction of all fallen infested fruits.
 Adult monitoring with “Sticky red sphere” and “Yellow sticky
  panel”.
 Spray before egg laying.
  Parathion (Parathion 50 EC) and Phosmet (Imidan 50 WP).
BLOSSOM THRIPS
             Thrips flavus Schrank
            Thysanoptera : Thripidae
 Blossom thrips are winged
  sucking     rasping     insects
  ranging from 5-14 mm in length.
 Their slender bodies are shiny
  pale or black with silver stripes.
 Life cycle completed in 11-43 days.
 Produce many generations in a year heaviest
  damage occur in spring.
 In colder region, life cycle is longer with fewer
  generations.
DAMAGE
 Nymph and adult feed by rasping the petal,
  vital flower parts and leaves.

 Affected leaves   and   blossom   may   fall
  prematurely.

 Heavily infected blossom may become
  distorted and may open only in one side.

 Unchecked growth of thrips may cause poor
  fruit set and thus severe crop loss.
IPM
 Clean cultivation and digging of beds in winter
  can expose them to natural enemies.
 Predators: Lady bird beetle, aphid lion.
 Spray of fenitrothion 0.05% at green tip stage.
 To check population a cluster of flower dipped
  in water and then thrips can be counted easily.
 If still > 10 thrips/blossom, 2nd spray of
  endosulfan 0.05% at pink bud stage.
CONCLUSION
 Most of IPM practices in Apple Crop
  should be done during dormant stage of
  tree (October to March)
   Less pest emergence during flowering and
    fruiting.
   Less damage to crop.
 To promote IPM implementation, special
  emphasis is necessary to generate
  increased awareness and transfer of
  recommended IPM practices.
THANK YOU

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Integrated pest management

  • 1. INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT IN APPLE CROP By Anju Basera I.D. 31719
  • 2. APPLE  A temperate fruit.  Accounts for 10 per cent of total fruit production of country.  India is the 9th largest producer.  Washington states 1st in world.  India produces about 1.3 million tonnes annually. 58% : Jammu and Kashmir 29% : Himachal Pradesh 12% : Uttarakhand 1% : Arunachal Pradesh  10 to 30 per cent loss due to pest.  120 insect pest are reported.
  • 3. MAJOR PESTS OF APPLE Common names Scientific name Order Family San Jose scale Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock Hemiptera Diaspididae Woolly apple aphid Eriosoma lanigerum Hausman Hemiptera Aphididae European red mite Panonychus ulmi Koch Acarina Eriophyidae Blossom thrips Thrips flavus Schrank Thysanoptera Thripidae Codling moth Cydia pomonella Linnaeus Lepidoptera Tortricidae Apple root borer Dorysthenes hugelli Redtenbacher Coleoptera Cerambycidae Apple stem borer Apriona cinerea Cheverlot Coleoptera Cerambycidae Tent caterpillar Malacosoma indica Walker Coleoptera Lasiocampidae Indian gypsy moth Lymantria obfuscata Walker Lepidoptera Lymantridae Apple maggot Rhagoletis pomonella Diptera Tephritidae
  • 4. CODLING MOTH Cydia pomonella Linneaus Lepidoptera : Tortricidae  Most notorious of all the apple pests.  In addition to apple, the fruits of pear, quince, walnut may be damaged.  Adult forewings are dark grayish with waxy lines with a copper colored eye like circle toward margin.  Egg laying singly on fruits, leaves and twigs.  Full grown larva pinkish or creamy white with brown head.  Larvae appears to be cannibalistic.  Pupation takes place in bark of tree.
  • 6. DAMAGE  Larva causes the heaviest damage.  Neonate larva enters the fruit through calyx and feeds on pulp.  Infested fruits lose their shape and fall prematurely.  30 to 70 per cent apple fruits are rendered unmarketable.
  • 7. IPM  Thorough clean up of orchard.  Scrapping lose bark from old trees.  Collection and destruction of fallen fruits.  Mating disruption dispenser.  Moth pheromone trap can be used.
  • 8. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL  Birds; Parus major and Passer domesticus prey upon overwintering larvae.  Spray of Carpovirusine (GV of moth) at fortnightly interval.  First release of Trichogramma embryophagum within the first appearance of moth.  Subsequent release at weekly interval. CHEMICAL CONTROL  Spraying (before caterpillar enter into fruit), 700 ml endosulfan 35 EC, 2.0 kg carbaryl 50 WP in 500 lt of water/ha.  In case of abundance tree should be banded with chemically treated bands.
  • 9. SAN JOSE SCALE Quadraspidiotus perniciosus Comstock Hemiptera : Diaspididae  Pest of 700 different species of fruits, shrubs and ornamental plants.  Pest is active from March to December.  Passes winter in nymphal stage in tree bark.  Insect body covered with brown or black scales.  Yellow lemon insect is visible when covering is lifted.  Each female gives birth to 200-400 nymphs.  Five to six generations in a year.
  • 10. DAMAGE  Nymph and female scales attack all above ground parts.  Feeding site turns into a characteristic purplish red colour.  Initially growth of plant is checked but as scale increases in number plant may die.  Fruits will have distinct “measles” spots on the surface.
  • 11. IPM  Collection and destruction of infected pruned material.  Adult emergence monitoring with special sex pheromone traps. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL  Parasite, Encarsia perniciasi with Aphytis diaspidis may give upto 86.5 per cent parasitism.  Coccinellid predators. Chilocorus bijugus Mulsant Chilocorus rubidus Hope Pharoscymnus flexibilies Mulsant CHEMICAL CONTROL  Spray trees with Thiamethoxam : 0.05%  Tree basin Imidacloprid : 0.007% Chlorpyriphos : 0.05%
  • 12. WOOLLY APPLE APHID Eriosoma lanigerum Hausman Hemiptera : Aphididae  Native of Eastern United States.  First noticed in 1909 in Shimla on nursery stocks imported from Egland.  Most active during March to October.  Adult and nymph redish brown in colour.  Covered with waxy filaments.  Reproduces parthenogenetically.  Each female produces 116 young ones in her life.  13 generations a year.  There is partial migration from aerial parts to the roots of infested plant in December  Reverse migration from root to aerial parts takes place in April and May.
  • 13. WOOLLY APPLE APHID NYMPHS WOOLLY APPLE APHID ADULTS WOOLLY APPLE APHID AERIAL COLONY
  • 14. DAMAGE  Nymphs and adults suck cell sap from bark of twigs and from underground parts.  Underground feeding produces large knots on roots.  Heavily infected plant have a short fibrous INFESTED ROOTS root system and yellowish foliage which can be easily uprooted. IPM  Aphids usually spread through infested stocks, avoid planting infested stocks.  Use of resistant stocks Golden Delicius, Northern Spy and Morton Stocks 778, 779, 789 and 793.
  • 15. BIOLOGICAL CONTROL  Parasitoid, Aphelinus mali  Predators Coccinella septempunctata Chrysoperla carnea Menochilus sexmaculus Syrphus confactor CHEMICAL CONTROL  Treat nursery plant with chlorpyriphos or fenitrothion 0.05%.  For root forms: Methyl oxydemeton 25 EC in 500 lt of water/ha during winter.  Spray tree with thiamethoxam 0.05%.  Root fumigation: Paradichlorobenzene granules in 15 cm deep trench dug around infested tree.
  • 16. EUROPEAN RED MITE Panonychus ulmi Koch Acarina : Tetranychidae  This mite occurs on many deciduous fruits but is most injurious to apple.  Adult male dull green to fulvous.  Female bright to brownish red with curved spines on their back.  Eggs are laid on the twigs and smaller branches of tree.  Egg hatch into a six legged larval stage just before bloom.  Larva passes through eight legged protonymph and deutonymph before becoming adult.
  • 17. DAMAGE  European red mite feeds on leaves.  Severe mite injury produces browning and loss of colour in the leaves i.e. bronzing. IPM BIOLOGICAL CONTROL  Chrysoperla carnea  Predatory mite, Ambelacious fallocis, Stethorus punctum important predator in Northwest.
  • 18. CHEMICAL CONTROL  For killing egg, a dormant or delayed dormant application of a 3%. Superior or regular type oil emulsion.  Acaricidal fungicides such as binapacryl dinocap. Propineb, can control mite population.  New acaricides: tebufenpyrad, fenazaquin, fenpyroximate.
  • 19. TENT CATERPILLAR Malacosoma indica Walker Lepidoptera : Lasiocampidae  Important pest of apple, in North Western India being more serious in Shimla hills.  Pest is active from March-May, passes 9 moth of year in egg stage.  Caterpillar is progeny of a light reddish brown moth with two whitish stripes running across each of the forewings.  Male are short lived and female may survive for 2 to 5 days.  Female lays egg in broad bands consisting of 200 to 400 eggs.  Caterpillar soon after emergence gather near a fork and spins a big tent like web.  Web is used for resting during night or when weather is bad.  Pupation takes place in stem, between leaves and among dry debrish in ground.
  • 20. ADULT AND EGGS OF TENT CATERPILLAR LARVAE OF TENT CATERPILLAR
  • 21. DAMAGE  Caterpillars during the night rest at their nest and at day they feed on leaves.  In severe infestation, the entire plant may be defoliated and subsequently the caterpillar may feed on bark of twigs.  When severe infestation 40-50 per cent plants in orchard may be defoliated producing a poor harvest.
  • 22. IPM  Pruning and burning of twigs containing egg mass (Dec-Jan).  Mopping up the tent with pole and some rags dipped in kerosene tied on its end.  Parasitoid Tachnid fly  Virus also cause diseases to caterpillar.  Spray 0.05% nimbecidine or B.t. based Halt 0.02% (Singh and Pandey, 2004)
  • 23. INDIAN GYPSY MOTH Lymantria obfuscata Walker Lepidoptera : Lymantridae  Pest of apricot, apple, walnut also forest trees.  Female moth dark grey with atrophied wings.  Males are comparatively active flier.  Female lays a mass of round, shining and light grayish brown egg under the loose bark (June-July).  Caterpillar 40-50 mm long and clothed in tuft of hairs.  Larval period 66-100 days.  Pupation takes place in ground among fallen leaves.
  • 24. LIFE CYCLE OF INDIAN ZYPSY MOTH
  • 25. DAMAGE  Caterpillars are gregarious but voracious feeder.  They eat voraciously on leaves at night time.  Under heavy infestation entire leaf eaten sparing only hard vein.  Defoliation of host completely results in failure of fruit formation. IPM  Egg mass covered with yellowish hair so easily visible they should be hunted and destroyed (between August-March).  A band of burlap around the tree trunk affords shelter for larvae in day time these band examined frequently and larvae destroyed.
  • 26. BIOCONTROL  Egg parasitoid, Anastatuis kashmiriensis Mathur.  Larval parasitoid, Cottesia melanoscela Ratzeburg, Glyptapantelos indiensis Marsh, G. flevicoxis Marsh  Pupal parasitoid, Brachymera intermedia, B. lasus. CHEMICAL CONTROL  Spray 700 ml endosulfan 35 EC or 2.0 kg carbaryl 50 WP in 500 litres of water/ha.
  • 27. APPLE STEM BORER Apriona cinerea Cheverlot Coleoptera : Cerambycidae  Destructive stem borer of apple, peach, fig and other fruits.  Adult beetles 35-50 mm long and grey in colour having long antennae.  Female lays egg inside cavity on a shoot.  Grub emerge in 7-8 days and start feeding by boring inside the stem.  Grub longevity 2 years.  Grub remains quiescent during winter and resume feeding in March.  Pupation takes place inside a tunnel made in the woody tissue.
  • 28. DAMAGE  Caused by grub and adult, grub more destructive.  Grub makes a tunnel and reaches close to trunk of tree.  Vitality and productivity of plant is greatly impaired.  Adult feed on bark and have an unusual habit of cutting more than they consume.
  • 29. IPM  Prune and burn all attacked shoot and branches during winter.  Insert a cotton wick soaked in petrol or carbon disulphide or chloroform and sealing them with mud.  Place Paradichlorbenzene 0.5 gm inside the holes and plug them.
  • 30. APPLE ROOT BORER Dorysthenes hugelii Redtenbacher Coleoptera : Cerambycidae  Very damaging root borer in Kumaon region of Himalayas.  Adult beetle red chest nut in colour with head and thorax darker than elytra.  Adults become active at night.  Female lays egg in clusture about 8 mm deep in soil.  Grub creamy white with black head and mandibles.  Larval period lasts for 3 years.  Male die soon after mating and female live for 10-12 days only.
  • 31. DAMAGE  Caused by grub, young larva feeds on organic matter in the soil for sometime until finally it bores into the root.  Young tree die immediately whereas the older ones become weaken and fall down eventually owing to the action of strong winds.
  • 32. IPM  Adult beetles can be light trapped and killed by dipping in water containing kerosene.  Removal of undecomposed wood and manual destruction of borer.  Avoid sandy soil for planting.  Collect and destruct grubs during preparation of tree basin.  Once the infestation has occurred, treat tree basin with phorate granules @ 100 g a.i. per tree.
  • 33. APPLE MAGGOT Rhagoletis pomonella Diptera : Tephritidae  A very injurious apple pest in North Eastern states and Canada.  Adults (flies) are black with white bands between segments on abdomen.  Wings are marked with oblique black bands.  Maggots are carrot shaped, white and legless.  Eggs are laid just under the skin of fruit.  Maggot makes a tunnel through the apple when fully grown leaves the fruit and enter the soil for pupation.  Adult emergence in mid June.
  • 34. DAMAGE  Caused by maggot.  Maggots are called ‘railroad’ because they leave brown winding trail just under fruit skin.  Burrowing of maggot sometime reduce apple to a brown rotten mass.  Premature fall of infested fruits.
  • 35. IPM  Collection and destruction of all fallen infested fruits.  Adult monitoring with “Sticky red sphere” and “Yellow sticky panel”.  Spray before egg laying. Parathion (Parathion 50 EC) and Phosmet (Imidan 50 WP).
  • 36. BLOSSOM THRIPS Thrips flavus Schrank Thysanoptera : Thripidae  Blossom thrips are winged sucking rasping insects ranging from 5-14 mm in length.  Their slender bodies are shiny pale or black with silver stripes.  Life cycle completed in 11-43 days.  Produce many generations in a year heaviest damage occur in spring.  In colder region, life cycle is longer with fewer generations.
  • 37. DAMAGE  Nymph and adult feed by rasping the petal, vital flower parts and leaves.  Affected leaves and blossom may fall prematurely.  Heavily infected blossom may become distorted and may open only in one side.  Unchecked growth of thrips may cause poor fruit set and thus severe crop loss.
  • 38. IPM  Clean cultivation and digging of beds in winter can expose them to natural enemies.  Predators: Lady bird beetle, aphid lion.  Spray of fenitrothion 0.05% at green tip stage.  To check population a cluster of flower dipped in water and then thrips can be counted easily.  If still > 10 thrips/blossom, 2nd spray of endosulfan 0.05% at pink bud stage.
  • 39. CONCLUSION  Most of IPM practices in Apple Crop should be done during dormant stage of tree (October to March)  Less pest emergence during flowering and fruiting.  Less damage to crop.  To promote IPM implementation, special emphasis is necessary to generate increased awareness and transfer of recommended IPM practices.