Más contenido relacionado Similar a Elegant espaliers (20) Elegant espaliers1. Out of the Wilds and Into Your Garden
Gardening with Western L.A. County Native Plants
Project SOUND - 2010
© Project SOUND
2. Elegant Espaliers:
CA Natives in a Craftsman Style
Garden
C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake
CSUDH & Madrona Marsh Preserve
Madrona Marsh Preserve
December 4 & 7, 2010
© Project SOUND
3. Last May we visited the Victorian Era
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Henry_Treffry_Dunn_Rossetti_and_Dunton_at_16_Cheyne_Walk.jpg
Increased wealth, manufactured goods and exotic ‘stuff’ characterized the
Industrial Revolution/Victorian Era
© Project SOUND
4. Edwardian Gardens were very much a
revolt against the Victorian style
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3002/2930975253_e3036b0a45.jpg?v=0
Edwardian Style Garden – ‘Back to Nature & Country Gardens’
© Project SOUND
5. But there was an interesting revolutionary movement
afoot in England in the mid/late 1800’s …
http://designinspiration.typepad.com/design_inspiration_planet/books/
... a direct revolt against many of the ‘bad
aspects’ of the Industrial Revolution in England © Project SOUND
6. The Arts and Crafts Movement
Began in England in the 1860s as
a reform movement.
John Ruskin (1819-1900)
Movement’s philosophical leader
Most influential Victorian writer on
the arts and architecture
Member of the Pre-Raphaelite
Movement/Brotherhood.
Believed the decorative arts
affected the men who produced
them. The machine dehumanized
http://www.oldukphotos.com/london_famous_people.htm the worker and led to a loss of
dignity because it removed him
"all cast from the machine is from the artistic process and thus,
bad, as work it is dishonest."
from nature itself.
© Project SOUND
7. The Pre-Raphaelite
Brotherhood
Founded in 1848; a loose movement of
English painters, poets, and critics
In its time it was a revolutionary as
the Impressionistic Movement
Mission was to reform art by
rejecting ‘the mechanistic approach
adopted by artists after Raphael and
Michelangelo’.
Believed that the Classical poses and
elegant compositions of Raphael had
been a corrupting influence on the
teaching of art. Hence the name
"Pre-Raphaelite".
Best known painters:
Edward Burne-Jones
http://preraphaelitepaintings.blogspot.com/2009/01/edward-burne-jones-le-chant-damour.html Dante Gabriel Rossetti
John Everett Millais
Dante Gabriel Rossetti: - La Ghirlandata
Henry Le Jeune
© Project SOUND
8. The Brotherhood's early doctrines were
expressed in four declarations:
to have genuine ideas to
express;
to study Nature attentively, so
as to know how to express
them;
to sympathise with what is
direct and serious and
heartfelt in previous art, to the
exclusion of what is
conventional and self-parodying
and learned by rote;
and, most indispensable of all,
Henry Le Jeune
to produce thoroughly good
A Young Lady Sketching in a Landscape
pictures and statues
© Project SOUND
9. The Pre-Raphaelite Movement
Ruskin's book The Stones
of Venice (1853) had a
great impact on the
intellectuals of Victorian
England.
In it, he made a direct
connection between art,
nature, and morality - good
moral art was nature
expressed through man.
The English Arts & Crafts
Movement developed from
this idea
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stones_of_Venice_(book)
© Project SOUND
10. The Arts and Crafts William Morris (1834-1896)
Movement English textile designer, artist,
writer and socialist
Associated with both the Pre-
Raphaelite Brotherhood and the
English Arts and Crafts Movement.
Took Ruskin's ideas about nature,
art, morality and the degradation of
human labor and translated them
into a unified theory of design. By
doing so, Morris successfully wedded
aesthetics and social reform into
the Arts and Crafts Movement.
Chief contribution to the arts was as
a designer of repeating patterns for
wallpapers and textiles, many based
on a close observation of nature.
William Morris -
La Belle Iseult He was also a major contributor to
1858 the resurgence of traditional textile
arts and methods of production.
© Project SOUND
11. William Morris founded Morris & Co. in 1875
The goal was to create
design that was... " for
the people and by the
people, and a source of
pleasure to the maker and
the user."
Medieval Guilds were the
model for the ideal craft
production system –
provide honorable work
for the craftsman
The forms of Arts and
Crafts style typically
rectilinear/angular, with
stylized decorative motifs
reminiscent of medieval,
Japanese and Islamic
http://www.victorianweb.org/art/design/furniture/25.html design
http://barnyardgazette.blogspot.com/2009/04/william-morris-arts-and-crafts-movement.html © Project SOUND
12. Common themes of The Arts & Crafts Movement
1880-1910.
Rejection of Classical/
Italianate architecture,
and the revival of the
Gothic Style.
Rebellion against
industrialization and mass
production by machines.
Leading figures believed
http://www.ukmodernfurniture.co.uk/softfurnishi in a socialist or utopian
society, striving for good
ng/artsandcrafts.html
quality of life for all,
including art for the
people, by the people.
http://www.blog.designsquish.com/index.php?/site/2009/03/ © Project SOUND
13. Common themes of The Arts & Crafts
Movement
Nostalgia for the medieval
age - seen as the golden
age of creativity and
freedom.
Artists and craftsman were
viewed as equals - art was
no longer a separate or
superior activity.
Revival of craftsmanship,
honesty in construction,
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/math5.pattern/lesson8art.html
Because of the cost of hand and truth to materials – no
production, the English Arts & fakes or cheap, gaudy
Crafts style was only available to mass-produced items
the wealthy © Project SOUND
14. Not surprisingly, the Arts & Crafts
Movement also influenced garden design
Large or small, [a garden] should
look both orderly and rich. It
should be well fenced from the
outside world. It should by no
means imitate either the
willfulness or the wildness of
nature, but it should look like a
thing never to seen except near
a house. It should, in fact, look
like part of the house.
William Morris
Hopes and Fears for Art 1882
http://www.hewnandhammered.com/hewn_and_hammered/2006/03
/book_review_gar.html
© Project SOUND
15. Gertrude Jekyll: an influential Arts & Crafts
garden designer
Wrote 14 influential
books, and co-wrote
many more.
Her writing included
practical advice, but
also had an almost
poetic description of
the enjoyment of
gardening – as
spiritual practice, not
just manual labor.
http://www.gertrudejekyllgarden.co.uk/
The close alignment of work, beauty and meaning was a key principle of
the Arts and Crafts movement, of which Jekyll was a central figure.
© Project SOUND
16. The English Arts & Crafts garden
Famous architects of the day viewed
house and garden as a unified whole.
The distinctions between ‘indoors’ and
‘outdoors’ were blurred – gardens were
a harmonious extension of the house.
Gardens were a venue for reform and
innovation, an opportunity to express
integrity and beauty, and a chance to
move beyond the artificiality of the
dominant Victorian paradigm.
Rejecting Victorian orderliness and
ostentation in favor of naturalism and
informality.
While certainly not “simple”, the overall effect is an inviting
one of comfort and ease rather than grandeur.
© Project SOUND
17. But what happened when the Arts &
Crafts Movement crossed the ocean?
Younger nation – less
rigid social structure;
‘land of opportunity’
‘Melting pot’ of many
cultures – with their
own distinct crafts
traditions
Less industrialized/
urban than England
So, the American Craftsman Different materials
Movement was influenced by
the English Arts & Crafts (woods; native plants;
Movement, but later (1900- etc.)
1920’s) and distinctly American
© Project SOUND
18. The Craftsman Movement: Arts & Crafts
American Style
Much influenced by Morris – key
figures visited him/his colleagues
Was both a social & design/stylistic
movement – but the components
were uniquely American
Focus on architecture and home
furnishing crafts: furniture, pottery,
printing, other decorative arts – not
so much textiles
‘The Craftsman’ magazine played a
key role in popularizing the
Movement
Key figures:
Elbert Hubbard – Roycroft Studios
Gustav Stickley
© Project SOUND
19. Craftsman Style furnishings are becoming
popular again…
? People furnishing their period
cottages – or parallels with our http://www.mydesignsecrets.com/2009/05/15/the-craftsman-style-home/
times
© Project SOUND
20. In America, the Arts & Crafts movement
inspired some influential architects
American architects like the Greene
brothers in Pasadena, Frank Lloyd
Wright in Chicago and many others
drew inspiration from the Arts &
Crafts/Craftsman Movements
Rediscovered the value in hand
crafting buildings and their contents
http://www.alpinestcraftsman.com/
using natural materials and creating
Greene & Greene - Pasadena a more holistic life style for their
occupants – very Arts & Crafts
Designers often designed both the
building/home and its contents – the
two were seen as inseparable
Once again, the Craftsman style –
with all of it’s handwork – was really
a style for the well-to-do
A. Tichenor house, Long Beach, 1904–05
© Project SOUND
21. Gambel House - Pasadena
Green & Green gardens
freely combined
elements from
different sources,
using stones in a
Japanese manner,
laying mission-style
padre tiles in brick-
edged terraces, and
integrating existing
orange groves.
This synthesis of local and exotic traditions, of the naturalistic
and the formal, remains a remarkable achievement in the history
of the California garden
© Project SOUND
22. By the early 1900’s, many families wanted to
own their own homes & gardens – and those
homes needed to be close to work
http://catalog1.lapl.org/cgi-bin/cw_cgi?fullRecord+5905+968+22179+20+0
© Project SOUND
23. Differences between the American Craftsman
& English Arts & Crafts
Much more available to the mass
market in America – even in the
beginning.
Machines were used, but craftsmen
were still able to assemble and
finish the furniture, which lowered
the cost and made it affordable to
the common man.
The grain of the wood was much
more emphasized, along with the
forms of the pottery.
Walls had rich wood tones or earth-
tone paints. Very little wallpaper
was used, mostly just as borders.
© Project SOUND
24. Today, we tend to think of ‘Craftsman’ as
a design/aesthetic style
http://www.horizon-custom-homes.com/catalog/item/1584762/5216880.htm
The Arts and Crafts/Craftsman movement had
more to do with the creation of the Art Object
than with the Art object itself.
© Project SOUND
25. In America, the goal of ‘good, honest craft
for the common man’ became reality
Stickley’s ‘The Craftsman’ was an
important vehicle
In 1909, he stated that his magazine
"stands firmly for the development in
the country of a national arts and a
style of architecture which shall be a
true expression of the character and
needs of the American people, for a
form of industrial education which will
develop self-reliance and initiative and
foster creative ability, so that men
and women alike will be able to earn
their own living under any and all
circumstances, and to do the best
work that is in them-a training which
inevitably will make for more
reasonable and healthful standards of
life and work both for the individual
and the nation."
http://www.pdfclassicbooks.com/home-garden/home-
design/stickley-39-s-the-craftsman-magazine-all-31-
volumes/prod_24.html
© Project SOUND
26. ‘The Craftsman’ supplied
instructions for the
‘common man’
Designs for simple houses
– bungalows -that could be
built inexpensively by the
homeowner or local builder
Home woodworking
projects
Garden ideas
Think ‘Sunset Magazine’
with an artistic flair
© Project SOUND
http://clermontstatehistoricsite.blogspot.com/2010/02/what-style-is-it.html
27. In America, the goal of ‘good, honest craft for
the common man’ became reality –
the ‘Craftsman Bungalow’
http://www.oldhouseweb.com/blog/opposite-coast-bungalows/
The success of the Craftsman bungalow was because
it provided a solution to the desire of many families
to own their own modest home.
© Project SOUND
28. The ‘Craftsman Bungalow’ revolution
Once “kit” home manufacturers like Aladdin
and Sears began to offer bungalows through
their catalogs, their success was assured.
Prospective homeowners could have an entire
home shipped to their town by train.
With the help of a couple carpenters, the
homeowner could build a practical, simple,
attractive little home for a sum that was
manageable by huge numbers of Americans.
Mass production, however, meant that the
fine carpentry and detailing present in the
Craftsman homes were modified and distilled
into more generic equivalents. Nevertheless,
kit homes were generally built of good quality
materials that have held up extremely well
over the last century.
http://www.antiquehomestyle.com/plans/sears/1923sears/23sears-avalon.htm
The essential difference between the Craftsman "style" and the derivative
bungalow is the level of fine detail and workmanship.
© Project SOUND
29. ‘Mission’ vs ‘Craftsman Style’ bungalows
Craftsman Style: direct
descendent of the English Arts &
Crafts movement
Mission/Spanish style:
Architectural styling based on
churches built when Spanish
Missionaries moved into California
http://anartisticabstraction.blogspot.com/2010/03/whats-difference- – but incorporate some Craftsman
mission-style-vs-arts.html
elements too.
Featured thick adobe walls, stucco
siding, parapets, and red tile
roofs.
Ornamentation was detailed in
geometric patterns, ornamental
drainpipes, arched dormers, and
other details reminiscent of these
early churches.
© Project SOUND
http://www.thevictorianhouse.com/freeplans/houseplanmonth0803.htm
30. ‘The Craftsman’ and other books and
magazines offered garden designs for the
Craftsman Bungalow
Many are again available – as
reprints or on-line
Useful guidelines for the
homeowner who faced some
challenges:
Lack of knowledge of
gardening/plants
Limited budget
Small lot size/proximity of
neighbors
http://www.buildersbooksource.com/cgi-bin/booksite/24032.html
© Project SOUND
31. Craftsman style homes call for Craftsman
style gardens
Remember: the
movement saw
little distinction
between indoors
& outdoors – was
viewed (and used)
as a unified whole
http://archometrend.blogspot.com/2009_03_01_archive.html
The design garden principles are useful for anyone with a
smaller home & garden
© Project SOUND
32. Guidelines for a Craftsman Style garden
1. Keep it simple
2. Keep it informal/comfortable –
a garden to be used
3. Keep it in scale – don’t
overwhelm the house
4. Use well-designed hardscape
features consistent with the
architectural style
5. Use fences & screens for
http://www.violetcrownrealty.com/listings.html
privacy
8. Feature the gardener as 6. Use plants in a manner that
craftsman – the importance respects their nature
‘creating’ the garden
7. Make the most of limited space
© Project SOUND
33. Simple, informal &
in scale
According to Stickley,
informal gardens are “less
expensive, better adapted
to small spaces, and more
http://laplaces.blogspot.com/ http://www.mygreenlake.com/2010/03/cr
in harmony with our
[America’s] somewhat
aftsman-garden/
primitive landscape….”
“…In fact, a formal
garden would be quite out
of place with such simple,
unpretentious houses as
those we design. ”
© Project SOUND
34. Use well-designed hardscape features
consistent with the architectural style
Craftsman design prized
architectural detail and a
strong linking between house
and site - so hardscaping
elements define a Craftsman
garden more than its plants.
Keep it simple: - Remember,
the Arts and Crafts
movement – progenitor of the
Craftsman Bungalow style –
valued simple materials
honestly worked
© Project SOUND
35. Use well-designed hardscape features
consistent with the architectural style
A Craftsman-style wooden
arbor or pergola, a
distinctively designed slate
or brick pathway, or a
hand-forged gate ‘make’ a
Craftsman garden – and
within your budget.
You can craft your own –
even from original plans –
or purchase from available
vendors/builders
© Project SOUND
36. Use period designs, incorporate distinctive
construction details and use Craftsman
inspired hardware.
Wood:
Use materials which blend with the
surroundings.
Use woods stained medium to dark brown to
match the wood used inside the home and in
other garden structures.
Construction Techniques: Simple, elegant
joints to highlight the superior craftsmanship;
distinctive shapes of the period.
Metalwork: The style is enhanced with
simple authentic looking hardware, such as
iron strapping, copper accents and strong
simple gate pulls.
Lighting: Outdoor Craftsman porch and
patio lights can create an elegant nighttime
ambiance.
© Project SOUND
37. Original design sources
are readily available
http://www.mygreenlake.com/2010/03/craftsman-garden/
© Project SOUND
http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/DLDecArts/DLDecArts-
idx?type=div&did=DLDECARTS.HDV22N06.I0024&isize=M
38. The right design elements can transform
a Craftsman Bungalow’s front garden
http://www.sunset.com/garden/backyard-projects/outdoor-landscape-makeovers-00400000054442/page22.html
© Project SOUND
39. But lets turn to a common predicament in
bungalow (and other small) gardens
Narrow areas present
unique challenges for the
home gardener.
Fortunately, we can use
some ideas from the
Craftsman Bungalow garden
to transform these difficult
areas
http://www.northwestbotanicals.com/portfolio_chcraftsman.htm
© Project SOUND
40. Craftsman bungalow gardens have fences
Fences (an almost ubiquitous
facet of Craftsman gardens)
should be selected to
complement the house
This usually means some
type of wooden fence –
stained or painted
medium/dark.
http://craftsmanremodel.com/photofinish_exterior.html
Styles consisting of simple,
handmade pickets, or ones
with wide boards featuring
cut-out designs or lattice
were especially popular.
© Project SOUND
http://www.penick.net/digging/?cat=9&paged=46
41. Several other guidelines relate to design
for small spaces
6. Use plants in a manner that
respects their nature
7. Make the most of limited
space
8. Feature the gardener as
craftsman – the importance
of ‘creating’ the garden in a
manner that enhances the
http://www.northwestbotanicals.com/portfolio_chcraftsman.htm gardeners creativity
And that’s where the ideal of espalier/narrow screens comes in
© Project SOUND
42. Vines & Climbers provided beauty and
practicality in small Craftsman gardens
http://www.ironaccents.com/49-gar262.html
Vines and climbers were often grown over arbors…but not
always © Project SOUND
43. They were also grown
vertically for shade or
to hide a bare wall
Espalier:
‘The art of growing woody
http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~joel/g148_f09/lecture_notes/craftsman_arch/sd_bungalow1.jpg
shrubs/trees in 2 dimensions’
Plants are pruned & trained
to grow in a very narrow
space
Narrow screen:
Plants are hedge-pruned to
form a very narrow (and
often tall) hedge
http://www.allposters.com/gallery.asp?aid=45319956&apnum=870360&LinkTypeID=2&PosterTypeID=1& © Project SOUND
DestType=7&Referrer%20=http://www.artsparx.com/bungalowstyle.asp
44. Espalier can be
formal or informal
Choice depends on the
style of garden/house
Both require regular
pruning and training
http://www.allposters.com/gallery.asp?aid=45319956&apnum=870360&LinkTypeID=2&PosterTypeID=1&
Both require choosing
DestType=7&Referrer%20=http://www.artsparx.com/bungalowstyle.asp
the correct plant
species – not all woody
shrubs/trees can be
espaliered
Most of the CA natives
that can be espaliered
work best as informal
espaliers
http://www.gardendesignonline.com/gardendesignonline/design/ © Project SOUND
45. Why not just use
native vines?
http://freshdirt.sunset.com/places/
Espalier provides:
More variety of plant material
Larger size
http://bammorgan.blogspot.com/2008/04/payne-foundation-garden-tour.html
© Project SOUND
46. What to do with that chain link fence?
‘Roger’s Red’ – Vitis californicus x ? Wine grape
© Project SOUND
47. * Vine Maple – Acer circinatum
© Clayton J. Antieau.
© Project SOUND
48. * Vine Maple – Acer circinatum
SW AK & southwest British Columbia to
northern California
In CA, in the Cascade and N. Sierra
Ranges
common component of coniferous
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?256,257,258 forest understory and along moist
stream banks
http://www.pennine.d
emon.co.uk/Arboretu
m/Acci.htm
http://www.ippswr.org/home/ippsna/Denver/PPT-PDF/Buzzo.pdf
© Project SOUND
49. Vine Maple is almost a vine in shady
forests
Size:
10-30+ ft tall
15-35 ft wide
Growth form:
Multi-trunk large shrub/tree
or more vine-like – depends
mostly on available light
Form of old plants often quite
unique & beautiful
Moderate growth rate; long-
lived
Foliage:
Typical Maple leaves – palmate
Winter deciduous
© 2003, G. D. Carr
Roots: can crown-sprout
http://www.pennine.demon.co.uk/Arboretum/Acci.htm
© Project SOUND
J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
50. Flowers: pretty, small
Blooms: spring (Mar-May)
Flowers:
Typical for Maples
Bright red & cream-colored
Quite small – it may
bloom without your
noticing
Seeds:
Typical samara of Maples
Bright orange-red color in
summer-fall – really showy
Vegetative reproduction:
Natural layering (rooting of
older branches that touch
the ground)
© Project SOUND
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acer_circinatum_03684.JPG
51. Vine Maple grows Soils:
in moist forests Texture: any well-drained
pH: slightly acidic (5.5 to 7.5)
Light:
Afternoon shade or even more
shady
Great plant for under tall trees –
pines, firs
Water:
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/acci1.htm Winter: need good water
Summer: best watered weekly in
warm weather – Zone 2-3
Fertilizer: likes a rich soil with
plenty of organics; fine to fertilize
(2/3 strength/dose)
Other: organic mulch a must
© Project SOUND
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/acci1.htm
52. Vine Maples
brighten dark places
As an attractive accent
plant – green foliage, red
samaras & fall foliage
color (maybe)
Along stream banks – for
a woodsy look
In large pots – can even
bonsai
As a tall informal or
semi-formal screen
As a narrow tree in shady
areas (like side-yards)
Espaliered along a wall,
fence or large trellis
Susan McDougall @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database © Project SOUND
© 2003, G. D. Carr
53. ‘Monroe’
Very deeply
dissected leaves
Looks like Japanese
Maples – good for
Asian-themed
garden
© Project SOUND
http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/forums/showthread.php?t=7254
54. ‘Pacific Fire’
Very red bark
Yellow-orange foliage in
fall – may be some red
leaves in cold climates.
Widely available from
http://www.portlandnursery.com/plants/nati
commercial nurseries
vePicks/natives_acer_circinatum.shtml
© Project SOUND
55. Espalier with Vine
Maple
Note plant characteristics
Grows in shade – typical of
shrubs/vines that can be
espaliered
Open – almost vine-like –
growth habit
Pruning:
http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/acci1.htm
Start right away – good shape
begins early
Selectively prune out branches
that are ‘wrong’ for the design
Viney plants look best as
informal espaliers
Vine-like shrubs may be woody
enough to need little/no
support
© Project SOUND
http://humanhabitatrestoration.com/drive-byforestpark2.htm
56. Western Redbud - Cercis occidentalis
http://www.flickr.com/photos/82479320@N00/2366664105/
Species with open and dramatic
growth patterns can be trained
into unique, informal espaliers
© Project SOUND
http://www.californianativeflora.com/plants/western-redbud/introducing-cercis-occidentalis-western-redbud/
57. * Vine Hill Manzanita – Arctostaphylos densiflora
© 2006 Steve Matson
© Project SOUND
58. An adaptable Manzanita Soils:
Texture: quite adaptable –
more so than other Manzanitas
– takes clay soils
pH: any local; slightly acidic is
best
Light:
Full sun to part-shade
Water:
Winter: tolerates seasonal
flooding
Summer: likes to be fairly dry
– Zone 1-2 to 2 once
established
Fertilizer: likes poor soils; fine
with organic mulch
© Project SOUND
59. ‘Sentinel’ cultivar
8-10 ft tall & ft wide; upright
habit
Very ‘garden-tolerant’
One of the easiest Manzanitas
to grow
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/arctostaphylos-densiflora-sentinel-manzanita
© Project SOUND
60. ‘Howard McMinn’ cultivar
5-8+ ft tall & wide
Readily available
Very tolerant or garden
conditions; long-lived (50+ years)
Often trained as a small tree
http://www.elnativogrowers.com/images/Photos/arcdenhm_lsp_shrub.JPG
‘White Lanterns’ is more dense
http://www.nativeson.com/images/plants/arctohoward.jpg
http://www.wildscaping.com/plants/plantprofiles/Arcto_HowardMcMinn.htm © Project SOUND
61. ‘Howard McMinn’ as
an informal espalier
Species/cultivar should
have a naturally open
growth pattern
Choose your plant
http://www.plantsystematics.org/imgs/dws/r/Ericaceae_Arctostaphylos_densiflora_18888.html
carefully – the basic
structure is already be
established by the time
you purchase it
Time taken in the
choosing will be amply
rewarded
© Project SOUND
http://www.seasidegardencenter.com/natives.html
62. Selective pruning – removing all branches
that don’t grow where you want them
Need to start the
first year – literally
once it’s safely in
the ground
Remove entire
unwanted branches
above the collar
Poorly spaced
branches
http://camissonia.blogspot.com/2010/02/more-
manzanitas-in-bloom.html
Branches growing
out or in wrong
direction
http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/home_blog/2010/0
6/emily-green-dry-garden-bark-trees-shedding.html
© Project SOUND
63. Fremontodendrons make lovely espaliers
Often espaliered along dry
walls in England and Pacific
NW – the only way they can
be successfully grown
Fremontodendron x
‘California Glory’ makes an
excellent espalier.
Prune after flowering.
May want to provide support
http://www.seattlepi.com/nwgardens/75100_wingate20.shtml
© Project SOUND
64. Espalier requires
support – at least
early on
Branches may be too
thin to provide support
http://wildsuburbia.blogspot.com/2010/04/theodore-payne-foundation-annual-garden.html
Support structures
can permit training the
plant to a desired
pattern – you attach
the branch to the
support so it grows in
the desired direction
http://www.answers.com/topic/espalier © Project SOUND
65. Many choices for
support system
Should be sturdy & durable
Should be appropriate for
the garden design
Should allow for future
http://greenwalks.wordpress.com/2008/10/20/sidewalk-fig-espalier/ growth
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/victorygarden/grow/primers_projects/espalier/
© Project SOUND
http://blog.doleaf.com/2008/11/28/anise-espalier/
66. * Coast Silktassel – Garrya elliptica
http://groups.ucanr.org/mbmg/Al's_Corner/Garrya_elliptica_'James_Roof'.htm
© Project SOUND
68. * Bearbrush/Fremont’s Silktassel – Garrya fremontii
In the Cascade Range & Sierra
Nevada from OR to Madera &
Monterrey Co.
A disjunct population occurs in
the Transverse/Peninsular
ranges in Riverside, Orange, and
San Diego counties, California
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Garrya+fremontii
On rocky slopes, rolling hills, or
steep canyons from 2,500 to
7,000 feet in chaparral, foothill
woodland, montane forest
© 2010 Julie Kierstead Nelson
© Project SOUND
69. Flowers are glorious
Blooms: early spring -
usually Jan-Mar in western
L.A. Co.
Flowers:
Dioecious (sep.
male/female plants)
Flowers small & buff
colored
On long, silky tassels –
hence the common name
Nothing really looks like
the Silktassels – super
showy
Fruit: a small purple berry
© 2008 Keir Morse
with 1-4 seeds ; eaten by
songbirds & small animals
© Project SOUND
70. Bearbrush is primarily Soils:
a chaparral plant Texture: well-drained – sandy
or rocky best
pH: better with slightly
acidic (5.5-6.5)
Light: full sun to light shade
Water:
Winter: needs adequate
Summer: fairly drought
© 2010 Julie Kierstead Nelson tolerant once established –
Zone 1-2, with some water in
mid-summer
This is the best choice for a Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
Silktassel in hotter inland gardens
Other: re-sprouts from the
crown or root after severe
pruning/burning
© Project SOUND
71. Why are Garryas so
good for espalier?
Evergreen
Good size – not too
large
Interesting foliage
and bark
Open growth pattern –
natural growth is
rangy
Will take the pruning
and training required
for espalier
http://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/4374971109/
© Project SOUND
72. Garryas can be
formal or informal
espaliers
Note the regular growth
pattern
The choice is up to you
© Project SOUND
http://eleanorathens.blogspot.com/2009/01/facade-greening-foundation-shrubs-and.html http://www.cnr.vt.edu/dendro/dendrology/syllabus2/facts
heet.cfm?ID=836
73. Classical forms of
formal espalier
Very formal, named patterns
History dates back to
Islamic & medieval gardens
http://www.livingwallart.com/living-walls/pleaching-and-espalier/
Most often used for fruit
trees with regular growth
patterns – apples, pears,
pomegranates, etc.
Not difficult, but require
regular maintenance and
choice of proper species
Many good books and on-line
resources
http://www.edenwines.co.uk/Glossary_e.html © Project SOUND
75. Many Ceanothus look better as informal espaliers or
screens Many have growth pattern not suited
to formal pruning
Good choices for informal espalier/
narrow screen:
Ceanothus thyrsiflorus – species &
cultivars
Ceanothus ‘Concha’
Ceanothus 'Dark Star‘
Ceanothus 'Julia Phelps‘
Ceanothus ‘Skylark’
http://www.calfloranursery.com/pages_whatsnew/whatsnewmar07.html
© Project SOUND
76. Those with more open habits can be
trained more formally
Ceanothus
‘Ray Hartman’
http://www.julieorrdesign.com/saratoga-landscape-design-makeover/kleckner-033
© Project SOUND
78. Lakeside/San Diego Ceanothus – Ceanothus cyaneus
Endemic to south Peninsular Range (San
Diego Co.), RARE
Dry shrubby slopes, chaparral to 1200'
Typically, in a dense, almost impenetrable
chaparral with a mix of Chamise and other
shrubs such as manzanita.
Kate Sessions first brought it to
the gardener’s attention
© 2009 Anna Bennett
© Project SOUND
79. Characteristics of San Diego Ceanothus
Size:
6-15 ft tall
6-10 ft wide
Growth form:
Mounded large shrub to small,
multi-trunk tree
More ‘open’ than some
Ceanothus
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/ceanothus- Fast-growing; short-lived (to
cyaneus?selected_image_name=Ceanothus_cyaneus-2
15 years in gardens)
Foliage:
Simple, opposite leaves – shiny
green above & pale beneath
Evergreen; pleasant looking
year-round
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceanothus_cyaneus_2.jpg
© Project SOUND
80. Flowers are
particularly showy
Blooms:
Usually Apr-June in wild
Off & on from Apr-Nov in
garden, with main bloom in
Spring
Flowers:
Medium blue (start out
darker)
Typical shape of Ceanothus
More showy than many
Ceanothus:
Many, many flowers
Flowering stalks held
above the foliage
http://tchester.org/srp/plants/pix/lakeside_ceanothus.html
Cultivars take advantage of
nice flower characteristics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C © Project SOUND
eanothus_cyaneus_2.jpg
81. San Diego Ceanothus: Soils:
a plant of the S. Chaparral Texture: well-drained – rocky
or sandy is best. Will take
some clays
pH: any local except pH > 8.0;
fine with mildly acidic (5.5-
6.0)
Light: full sun to partial shade
Water:
Winter: supplement in low-
rainfall years
Summer: occasional water
© 2009 Anna Bennett
once established – Zone 1-2 –
give some water in Aug
Other: tolerates heat better than (you’re the summer monsoon)
most Ceanothus
Fertilizer: likes organic mulch
© Project SOUND
82. San Diego
Ceanothus
As a foundation plant
In back-bed area – as an
evergreen background
As a quick-growing (but
http://tchester.org/srp/plants/pix/lakeside_ceanothus.html
short-lived) informal
screen or hedge
To espalier along a wall
or fence – has good
characteristics
http://ohric.ucdavis.edu/photos/ornament2.htm © Project SOUND
83. Cultivar ‘Sierra Blue’
Ceanothus cyaneus X C. ?
Fast growing to 15 ft. tall &
wide
Fine in sandy or clay soils
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/ceanothus-cyaneus-x-sierra-blue-ceanothus
Longer lived in garden than
straight species
Pretty much looks like C.
cyaneus in terms of
growth characteristics,
flowers
Good choice for espalier
http://www.yerbabuenanursery.
com/viewplant.php?pid=0641
© Project SOUND
84. Cultivar ‘Cal-Poly’
Hybrid w/ C. cyaneus
parent
Many of the best
attributes of C.
cyaneus
Fast growth
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ceanothuscalpoly.jpg Needs pruning/training
– good choice for
espalier
© Project SOUND
http://www.theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Ceanothus_cyaneus_'Cal_Poly'&redirect=no
85. English & French gardeners must grow
Ceanothus against warm, dry walls
So Ceanothus can be
shaped – informally or
formally – into a hedge,
screen or espalier
http://www.gardenaction.co.uk/plantfinder/cea
nothus-california-lilac_1.asp
http://bonsaitreesforsaleonline.com/grow-
bonsai-ceanothusblue-frost-for-shohin-
bonsai-tree-unique
‘Blue Frost’ Ceanothus
http://www.qualitycottages.co.uk/sup915.php © Project SOUND
86. Espalier with Choose species or cultivars with more
open growth habit – except for informal
Ceanothus espalier, which can be dense
Choose species that can take shaping
For a formal espalier, choose a plant
with even branches
Start shaping right away – 1st year
http://www.gardenersworld.com/plant-detail/PL00001245/158/california-lilac
http://casaconiglio.blogspot.com/2010/04/ruth.html
© Project SOUND
87. Training Ceanothus to narrow
screen or formal espalier
http://www.keith-allen.co.uk/garden/c.htm http://bammorgan.blogspot.com/2008/04/payne-foundation-garden-tour.html
Ceanothus "Ray Hartmann" and
Cercis Occidentalis
© Project SOUND
88. Lemonadeberry – Rhus integrifolia
http://www.sanelijo.org/about/images/lemonadeberry.jpg
© Project SOUND
90. Cuts that increase the number of new
outer branches: Tip-pruning and shearing
Tip-pruning (pinching) involves
removal of the growing tip;
stimulating the growth of lateral
branches
Shearing (hedging)
A form of heading that makes no
attempt to cut back to a bud.
Because plants chosen for
shearing typically have many
lateral buds close together, you'll
usually end up cutting near a bud.
Shearing stimulates many buds to
produce new growth - so you'll be
repeating the job regularly after
you start.
http://www.lowes.com/lowes/lkn?action=howTo&p=LawnGarden/PruningPlants
© Project SOUND
91. Both Lemonadeberry & Toyon
can also be espaliered
http://tmousecmouse.b
logspot.com/2009/12/n
ative-plant-of-month-
toyon.html
© Project SOUND
92. One last situation that could use an
espalier – the ugly wall
We need a better
backdrop
And an espalier
plant that:
Is not too big (or
can be kept small)
Evergreen
Good flowers
and/or fruits
Can be trained to a
http://www.mymodremod.com/?tag=landscaping&paged=2
formal espalier
© Project SOUND
93. Rhamnus species are appropriate for
smaller formal espaliers
http://www.flickr.com/photos/59782114@N00/247282539
http://www.ecnca.org/plants/Rhamnus_ilicifolia.htm
Rhamnus crocea Rhamnus ilicifolia
© Project SOUND
94. Coffeeberry - Frangula california
Formal or
informal? why?
Screen or
espalier? Why?
http://www.eol.org/pages/483223
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/rhamnus-californica
© Project SOUND