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The Effects Of Bullying On The Gay Persons Self Esteem
The Effects of Bullying on the Gay Persons Self
Esteem


                          Abstract
The research that has been done regarding gay
 individuals and their self esteem is to show what effect
 does bullying have if any on their self esteem. In all the
 articles that are in the Lit review it is shown that
 bullying has long lasting effects on the self esteem.
Findings
 According to the authors' reports and the most recent
 publication from the National Center for Education
 Statistics on School Safety (Nolle, Guerino, &
 Dinkes, 2007), 43% of middle school educators report
 that student bullying occurs at school daily or weekly.
Findings
 “Homophobic bullying is recognized by psychologists as a
  serious problem for young
 Lesbians and gay men (D’Augelli, 1998; Rivers, 1995, 1996).
  Lesbian and gay
 Psychologists have examined the nature, frequency and
  psychological impact of
 In a study shown by D’Augelli it was found that up to half
  of lesbians and gay men have experienced some form of
  bullying in school and “many school problems of lesbian,
  gay, and bisexual students, such as poor academic
  performance, truancy, and dropping out of school, are
  direct or indirect results of verbal and physical abuse
  perpetrated by peers or others in school” (p. 200).”
Findings
 In another study it is shown that gay bullying is
 affecting not only the United States but other
 countries as well. There are reports in Australia where
 homophobic bullying is quite the normal and the
 article; “Gay and Lesbian Issues” sums it up perfectly. I
 would say that an affect that bullying has on gays is
 fear. “It is evident that only 16% of incidents of
 homophobic abuse, harassment and violence to the
 police and liaison officers were reported.”
 (Nagabhusha 2011 page 80-82)
Findings
 In a study by Rivers, some effects that gay bullying has on
  adolescents are that of posttraumatic
  stress, depression, and having more casual sexual partners
  than those who have not been bullied. There were also
  reports of using prescription and non prescription drugs
  and alcohol to cope with memories of bullying as adults.
  Nightmares and flashbacks or even suicide are some effects
  as well. (Rivers 2004). There are also reports of self loathing
  and internalizing the homophobia the adults felt as
  adolescents. 20% of gay men and women have
  contemplated or attempted suicide due to bullying
  experiences. In one study in the UK 21%of participants
  experienced psychological distress when in situations that
  remind them of their school days being bullied. (Rivers).
Findings
 Children’s mental health, achievement, self-
 concept, and a child’s ability to form social
 relationships.” (Birkett). This is why when there is
 bullying in schools and especially in the gay
 community it really effects them negatively as adults.
 72% of a sample of LGB adults who reported being
 bullied as children over their sexual orientation were
 likely to have played sick or were truant in order to
 avoid abuse at school. (Birkett).
 Other than the bullying and vicimizalation that gays feel in
  school there is also the feeling of having less peer
  interaction of a positive kind. There is limited supportive
  interaction between friends and family members.
  Adolescence is a developmental period during which
  questioning one’s place along the sexuality spectrum
  typically occurs. As the sexual aspect of the self emerges
  and becomes increasingly more central to
  identity, questions
 Of non-heterosexuality may arise and becomes a
  predominant focus for adolescents who question their own
  sexuality
Findings
 , in a large representative high school-based sample of
  adolescents, sexual minority youths were more likely than
  their peers to report being physically threatened, injured
  with a weapon, fearful of attending school, and of having
  property stolen or deliberately damaged by peers.
  (Williams).
       Even after the bullying is over the aftermath stays for a
  lifetime. Children who are involved in bullying behavior
  should be actively screened for psychiatric problems and
  suicidality. (Klomek). Name-calling and physical abuse are
  not the only ways of bullying. A newer trend of bullying has
  hit the surface and that is cyber bullying which is bullying
  over the internet.
Findings
 Espalage (2008) found that the types of bullying that
 can occur in schools can vary greatly. Rumor spreading
 (59%) and social isolation (27%), which could be
 considered relational forms of aggression, are also
 ways of bullying. The articles relate to each other
 because they build off each other in the way that it a
 common theme that when gay individuals are bullied
 it affects their self worth in the way of
 drugs, alcohol, promescuity, suicide, and self loathing.
Conclusion
 This literature review has reviewed current research to
  answer the following question: what is the effect of
  bullying on gay individuals. My hypothesis has been
  supported because bullying has affected gay people in the
  way of substance abuse, suicide and more. Further research
  can be done to show in what types of bullying effects gay
  people more whether it be name calling or physical
  bullying and what can be done to stop it. This research
  question is important because bullying and gay rights are
  important topics in today’s society and combing the two
  ideas is a way to get the message across that gay bullying
  has negative effects on these individuals
References
   Clarke, V., Kitzinger, C., & Potter, J. (2004). 'Kids are just cruel anyway': Lesbian and gay parents' talk
    about homophobic bullying. British Journal Of Social Psychology, 43(4), 531-550.
   Conoley, J. (2008). Sticks and stones can break my bones and words can really hurt me. School
    Psychology Review, 37(2), 217-220. Retrieved from
    http://search.proquest.com/docview/219655761?accountid=34899
   Espelage, D., Aragon, S., Birkett, M., & Koenig, B. (2008). Homophobic teasing, psychological
    outcomes, and sexual orientation among high school students: What influence do parents and
    schools have? School Psychology Review, 37(2), 202-216. Retrieved from
    http://search.proquest.com/docview/219656078?accountid=34899
   Gould MS, Greenberg T, Velting DM, et al. Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: a review
    of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;53:1155-11
   Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 34, No. 5, October 2005, pp. 471–482 ( C _ 2005)
   Nagabhushan, P. (2011). Speaking out: Stopping homophobic and transphobic abuse in queensland.
    Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review, 7(1), 80-82. Retrieved from
    http://search.proquest.com/docview/894273124?accountid=34899

   Rivers, I. (2004). Recollections of bullying at school and their long-term implications for lesbians, gay
    men, and bisexuals. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 25(4), 169-175.
    doi:10.1027/0227-5910.25.4.169

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The Effects Of Bullying On The Gay Persons Self Esteem

  • 2. The Effects of Bullying on the Gay Persons Self Esteem Abstract The research that has been done regarding gay individuals and their self esteem is to show what effect does bullying have if any on their self esteem. In all the articles that are in the Lit review it is shown that bullying has long lasting effects on the self esteem.
  • 3. Findings  According to the authors' reports and the most recent publication from the National Center for Education Statistics on School Safety (Nolle, Guerino, & Dinkes, 2007), 43% of middle school educators report that student bullying occurs at school daily or weekly.
  • 4. Findings  “Homophobic bullying is recognized by psychologists as a serious problem for young  Lesbians and gay men (D’Augelli, 1998; Rivers, 1995, 1996). Lesbian and gay  Psychologists have examined the nature, frequency and psychological impact of  In a study shown by D’Augelli it was found that up to half of lesbians and gay men have experienced some form of bullying in school and “many school problems of lesbian, gay, and bisexual students, such as poor academic performance, truancy, and dropping out of school, are direct or indirect results of verbal and physical abuse perpetrated by peers or others in school” (p. 200).”
  • 5. Findings  In another study it is shown that gay bullying is affecting not only the United States but other countries as well. There are reports in Australia where homophobic bullying is quite the normal and the article; “Gay and Lesbian Issues” sums it up perfectly. I would say that an affect that bullying has on gays is fear. “It is evident that only 16% of incidents of homophobic abuse, harassment and violence to the police and liaison officers were reported.” (Nagabhusha 2011 page 80-82)
  • 6. Findings  In a study by Rivers, some effects that gay bullying has on adolescents are that of posttraumatic stress, depression, and having more casual sexual partners than those who have not been bullied. There were also reports of using prescription and non prescription drugs and alcohol to cope with memories of bullying as adults. Nightmares and flashbacks or even suicide are some effects as well. (Rivers 2004). There are also reports of self loathing and internalizing the homophobia the adults felt as adolescents. 20% of gay men and women have contemplated or attempted suicide due to bullying experiences. In one study in the UK 21%of participants experienced psychological distress when in situations that remind them of their school days being bullied. (Rivers).
  • 7. Findings  Children’s mental health, achievement, self- concept, and a child’s ability to form social relationships.” (Birkett). This is why when there is bullying in schools and especially in the gay community it really effects them negatively as adults. 72% of a sample of LGB adults who reported being bullied as children over their sexual orientation were likely to have played sick or were truant in order to avoid abuse at school. (Birkett).
  • 8.  Other than the bullying and vicimizalation that gays feel in school there is also the feeling of having less peer interaction of a positive kind. There is limited supportive interaction between friends and family members. Adolescence is a developmental period during which questioning one’s place along the sexuality spectrum typically occurs. As the sexual aspect of the self emerges and becomes increasingly more central to identity, questions  Of non-heterosexuality may arise and becomes a predominant focus for adolescents who question their own sexuality
  • 9. Findings  , in a large representative high school-based sample of adolescents, sexual minority youths were more likely than their peers to report being physically threatened, injured with a weapon, fearful of attending school, and of having property stolen or deliberately damaged by peers. (Williams).  Even after the bullying is over the aftermath stays for a lifetime. Children who are involved in bullying behavior should be actively screened for psychiatric problems and suicidality. (Klomek). Name-calling and physical abuse are not the only ways of bullying. A newer trend of bullying has hit the surface and that is cyber bullying which is bullying over the internet.
  • 10. Findings  Espalage (2008) found that the types of bullying that can occur in schools can vary greatly. Rumor spreading (59%) and social isolation (27%), which could be considered relational forms of aggression, are also ways of bullying. The articles relate to each other because they build off each other in the way that it a common theme that when gay individuals are bullied it affects their self worth in the way of drugs, alcohol, promescuity, suicide, and self loathing.
  • 11. Conclusion  This literature review has reviewed current research to answer the following question: what is the effect of bullying on gay individuals. My hypothesis has been supported because bullying has affected gay people in the way of substance abuse, suicide and more. Further research can be done to show in what types of bullying effects gay people more whether it be name calling or physical bullying and what can be done to stop it. This research question is important because bullying and gay rights are important topics in today’s society and combing the two ideas is a way to get the message across that gay bullying has negative effects on these individuals
  • 12. References  Clarke, V., Kitzinger, C., & Potter, J. (2004). 'Kids are just cruel anyway': Lesbian and gay parents' talk about homophobic bullying. British Journal Of Social Psychology, 43(4), 531-550.  Conoley, J. (2008). Sticks and stones can break my bones and words can really hurt me. School Psychology Review, 37(2), 217-220. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/219655761?accountid=34899  Espelage, D., Aragon, S., Birkett, M., & Koenig, B. (2008). Homophobic teasing, psychological outcomes, and sexual orientation among high school students: What influence do parents and schools have? School Psychology Review, 37(2), 202-216. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/219656078?accountid=34899  Gould MS, Greenberg T, Velting DM, et al. Youth suicide risk and preventive interventions: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;53:1155-11  Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 34, No. 5, October 2005, pp. 471–482 ( C _ 2005)  Nagabhushan, P. (2011). Speaking out: Stopping homophobic and transphobic abuse in queensland. Gay and Lesbian Issues and Psychology Review, 7(1), 80-82. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/894273124?accountid=34899   Rivers, I. (2004). Recollections of bullying at school and their long-term implications for lesbians, gay men, and bisexuals. Crisis: The Journal of Crisis Intervention and Suicide Prevention, 25(4), 169-175. doi:10.1027/0227-5910.25.4.169

Notas del editor

  1. There is also stipulation of who is reporting these cases of abuse. Only 16% of abuse cases go reported and that is because the shame gets worse by telling someone about the abuse. (2011). Nagabhushan, P. (2011).
  2. Adolescent gay bullying doesn’t only occur in “out” adolescents, it also occurs with those who are questioning their sexuality. Students who are questioning their sexuality are bullied more often taking a toll on their self esteem as well as act more truant than other students and are having depression as well as suicidal thoughts/ attempts
  3. Less social support from their peers may encourage negative bullying and the affects. Truancy, prostitution and running away are common negative side effects of bullying. (Williams 2008). There is definitely a connection between peers and the experience of how gay individuals turn out. If their experience is a good one then they will more than likely end up healthy and well adjusted and if they are bullied mercilessly then their experience will be a bad one.
  4. )”. Other affects that can occur would be self harming, risk taking behaviors, eating disorders, and alcohol and drug abuse. Suicide is one of the affects that bullying has on gay individuals because they are teased mercilessly and has no way to escape it but to take their own life.
  5. This research question is important because bullying and gay rights are important topics in today’s society and combing the two ideas is a way to get the message across that gay bullying has negative effects on these individuals