Performance Monitoring for Efficiency
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"Performance Monitoring for Efficiency" presents an ongoing commissioning process to ensure buildings stay energy efficient over time. Tom Anderson's and Emily Cross' presentation at the 2012 Better Buildings by Design Conference uses the Burlington International Airport as a case study.
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Performance Monitoring for Efficiency
- 1. Performance Monitoring for Efficiency THOMAS ANDERSON, CCP EMILY CROSS, MASc, PEng, CEM Burlington, Vermont cx‐associates.com tom@cx associates.com tom@cx‐associates.com emily@cx‐associates.com
- 2. Efficiency Vermont is a Registered Provider with The American Institute of Architects Continuing Education Systems (AIA/CES). Credit(s) earned on completion of this program will be reported to AIA/CES for AIA members. Certificates of Completion for both AIA members and b C tifi t fC l ti f b th b d non-AIA members are available upon request. This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any material of construction or any method or manner of handling, using, distributing, or dealing in any material or product. Questions related to specific materials methods and services will be materials, methods, addressed at the conclusion of this presentation. 2
- 3. Learning Objectives Understand why performance monitoring is necessary Learn how to apply real time performance monitoring economically and effectively Know which basic performance metrics to include on every project Understand the best approaches to long term performance data archiving 3
- 4. Course Evaluations In order to maintain high‐quality learning experiences, please access the evaluation for this course by logging into CES Discovery and clicking on the Course Evaluation link on the left side of the page. h C E l i li k h l f id f h 4
- 5. Performance Monitoring Performance Monitoring • Part of the ongoing commissioning process for Part of the ongoing commissioning process for buildings and building systems 5
- 6. What is Commissioning? What is Commissioning? • Comprehensive QA process for buildings and Comprehensive QA process for buildings and building systems Soup to Nuts – Design Review – Equipment and Instrumentation Validation – Functional Performance Testing – Continuous Commissioning 6
- 7. What is Commissioning? What is Commissioning? • Comprehensive QA process for buildings and Comprehensive QA process for buildings and building systems Soup to Nuts – Design Review – Equipment and Instrumentation Validation – Functional Performance Testing – Continuous Commissioning 7
- 8. What is Commissioning? What is Commissioning? • Comprehensive QA process for buildings and Comprehensive QA process for buildings and building systems Soup to Nuts – Design Review – Equipment and Instrumentation Validation – Functional Performance Testing – Continuous Commissioning 8
- 9. What is Commissioning? What is Commissioning? • Comprehensive QA process for buildings and Comprehensive QA process for buildings and building systems Soup to Nuts – Design Review – Equipment and Instrumentation Validation – Functional Performance Testing – Performance Monitoring 9
- 10. Case Study: BIA Cx Case Study: BIA Cx Burlington International Airport Chiller Plant Upgrade AHU/Boiler Upgrade 10
- 11. Case Study: BIA Cx Case Study: BIA Cx Burlington International Airport Burlington International Airport Chiller Plant Upgrade pg Frictionless (Magnetic Bearing) Centrifugal Chiller Two Fan Induced Draft Cross flow Cooling Tower BTU Meters with Insertion Turbine Flow Meters 11
- 12. Case Study: BIA Cx Case Study: BIA Cx Burlington International Airport Burlington International Airport HVAC Upgrade Rooftop/VAVs (2) R ft /VAV (2) Condensing Boilers (2) Existing Ductwork Existing Ductwork 12
- 13. Design Review Design Review Chiller Plant • The control diagram at this time lacks the capability for facility operators monitor how much power the pumps and the chiller consume…we suggest that pump and chiller t th t d hill KW values be imported into the DDC control system and displayed on the DDC system and displayed on the DDC graphics…display of chiller kW, tonnage, and a kW per Ton performance metrics. kW per Ton performance metrics. 13
- 14. Design Review Design Review Chiller Plant • The piping diagram calls for glass “stick” type The piping diagram calls for glass stick type piping thermometers. These stick type piping thermometers are very difficult to read in the thermometers are very difficult to read in the field. We suggest the use of round dial type piping thermometers. These are far easier to piping thermometers. These are far easier to read in the field and will benefit facility operating staff. operating staff. 14
- 15. Design Review Design Review HVAC Systems • Cross connects Cold/Hot duct cross connection: The new VAV boxes are shown connected to either the existing hot or cold duct mains…To mitigate main duct pressure losses, could the separate hot and cold duct mains be cross connected to equalize air flow? d i b d li i fl ? 15
- 16. Equipment Checkout: Leaks Equipment Checkout: Leaks • Air Leaks: loss of conditioned air wasted fan energy – Existing ducts: seams joints corners not sealed Existing ducts: seams, joints, corners, not sealed 16
- 17. Equipment Checkout: Leaks Equipment Checkout: Leaks • Air Leaks: loss of conditioned air wasted fan energy – New equipment: damaged closure mechanisms and gaskets, as installed 17
- 19. Equipment Checkout: Pressure Drop Equipment Checkout: Pressure Drop • VAV box air inlet • 4 inch round duct runout installed • 6 inch round duct runout specified 6 inch round duct runout specified • 4 to 5 times inlet static pressure drop C0 = 19 C0 = 89 specified installed 19
- 20. Equipment Checkout: Pressure Drop Equipment Checkout: Pressure Drop • Piping strainer inaccessible Piping strainer inaccessible Roof Strainer Top of duct 20
- 21. Equipment Checkout: Retrofit Equipment Checkout: Retrofit • Known Issue 21
- 22. Equipment Checkout: Retrofit Equipment Checkout: Retrofit • Opportunities for Communication 22
- 23. Equipment Checkout: Per Drawings? Equipment Checkout: Per Drawings? • Cogged vs Standard fan V‐belts Cogged vs. Standard fan V‐belts 23
- 24. Equipment Checkout: Per Drawings? Equipment Checkout: Per Drawings? • Counterflow piping pp g 24
- 25. Equipment Checkout: Air Quality Equipment Checkout: Air Quality • Standing water not permitted per ASHRAE 62.1 • CHW pipe insulation remained to be installed, no drain 25
- 27. Instrumentation: Gauges and Sensors Instrumentation: Gauges and Sensors • Pete’s plugs for validation of piping sensors and gauges • Round vs Stick thermometers are easier to read Round vs. Stick thermometers are easier to read specified installed • Calibrate/compare against NIST certified test instruments • Location of thermostats and control system sensors – Avoid interference from direct sun or equipment exhaust Avoid interference from direct sun or equipment exhaust 27
- 28. Instrumentation: DDC Program Validation Instrumentation: DDC Program Validation 28
- 29. Instrumentation: DDC Program Validation Instrumentation: DDC Program Validation • Sensor scaling errors Sensor scaling errors – 0 to 5 V or 0 to 10 V? – Chill Chiller percent load displayed found to be one t l d di l d f dt b third of actual per BTU meters • Ph i l h k Physical checks – Outside air dampers found in a position other than commanded by the DDC system – Too much outside air being brought in (expensive) 29
- 30. Functional Performance Testing: Chiller Functional Performance Testing: Chiller • Chilled water pump rate of flow change Chilled water pump rate of flow change found to be too rapid • Minimum chiller flow was not maintained 30
- 31. Functional Performance Testing: HVAC Functional Performance Testing: HVAC • Software programmed with an Software programmed with an economizer mode lockout when the outdoor air temperature drops below td i t t d b l 40F. • Outside Air Control: configured for damper position rather than flow. damper position rather than flow. 31
- 32. Functional Performance Testing: Controls Functional Performance Testing: Controls Chiller MER exhaust fan stays on after alarm clears MER temperature > 80F MER temperature > 80F Refrigerant leak detection 32
- 33. Up Next: Performance Monitoring Up Next: Performance Monitoring Thomas Anderson tom@cx‐associates.com @ i 802.861.2715 x11 33
- 34. Why Performance Monitoring? Why Performance Monitoring? • How many miles per gallon is my building getting? 34
- 35. Building Energy Tracking Building Energy Tracking • How does my building compare to peer How does my building compare to peer building? • Am I using what is expected? • Has anything changed? Has anything changed? • Am I improving over time? 35
- 36. System Energy Tracking System Energy Tracking • Are systems behaving as they should? • How efficient are my systems? • Today’s performance vs 3 years ago? Today s performance vs. 3 years ago? 36
- 37. System Energy Tracking System Energy Tracking • Building energy efficiency depreciates 2% to 3% a year 37
- 38. System Energy Tracking System Energy Tracking Expectations for building operators: • Manage systems efficiently • But we do not provide efficiency ut we do not provide efficiency feedback in our designs 38
- 39. Energy Management Energy Management You cannot manage… …What you cannot measure What you cannot measure 39
- 40. What To Measure What To Measure • Building Service Building Service ‐ Electrical ‐ Fuel • Central Plants ‐ Heating ‐ Cooling ‐ Refrigeration 40
- 41. Other Sub Groups Other Sub Groups • Key Lighting Circuits Key Lighting Circuits ‐ Exterior Lighting ‐ Key Lighting Zones • Computer Rooms p • Central Air Handlers • Central Pumps 41
- 42. Devices BTU Meters BTU Meters • Liquids: ‐ Heating Hot Water ‐ Chilled Water Chilled Water ‐ Domestic Hot Water 42
- 44. Turbine Meters 44
- 45. Ultrasonic Meters • Clamp‐on • Non‐Invasive • Good for Retrofits • Clean or Unclean Liquids Clean or Unclean Liquids 45
- 46. Ultrasonic 46
- 47. Electromagnetic Meter • Critical water flow applications Critical water flow applications • Open loop • “Dirty Water” ‐ Gray Water Gray Water ‐ Sea Water ‐ Process Liquids d 47
- 48. Electromagnetic Meter 48
- 49. Power Monitoring • Key Electrical Sub‐circuits Key Electrical Sub‐circuits ‐ Exterior Lighting / Interior Lighting • Key large equipment ‐ Chillers ‐ Large Compressors, etc… •Pi Primary Electrical Service – P ibl El t i l S i Possibly 49
- 50. Power Monitoring • Measure True kW • Also: ‐ Voltage ‐ Power Factor 50
- 51. Power Monitoring 51
- 52. VFD Power Loss 52
- 53. VFD Power Loss IO 53
- 55. Performance Metrics Building Annual Energy: Building Annual Energy: • kBTU/Square Foot/Year • EUI: Energy Use Index • “Miles per Gallon” for Buildings • For Electrical and Fuels • Also: kWH/Square Foot/Year Also: kWH/Square Foot/Year 55
- 56. Unit Conversion • Electrical: ‐ kWH/YR x 3.41 kBTU/kWH • Fossil Fuel: ‐ Fuel Units/YR x BTU Per Unit/ 1,000 Fuel Units/YR x TU Per Unit/ ,000 • Units Delivered to Building (not source Energy) Energ ) 56
- 57. Information Presentation 57
- 58. 58
- 59. Cooling Plant 59
- 60. Cooling Plant 60
- 61. Typical Pump 59
- 62. Cx of Performance Monitoring Commissioning: • BTU Meters: Water • Upstream/Downstream straight piping • T&B Accuracy Verification T&B Accuracy Verification ‐ vs. Balance Valve ‐ vs. Pump Curve q p p ‐ vs. Equipment Pressure Drop 62
- 63. BTU Meters: Water • Temperature ‐ +/‐ 0.1°F Accuracy Goal ‐ Insertion Temperature Probe ‐ ≈ with +/‐ 0.1°F Accuracy ‐ ≈ RTD Type: Not Thermister ‐ Must Have Insertion Test Ports! Must Have Insertion Test Ports! 63
- 64. Power Meters • Goal: +/‐ 0 1 kW (True kW) Goal: +/‐ 0.1 kW (True kW) • 3 Phase: Sum of 3 legs • Precision field meter required ‐ +/‐ $2 000 meter cost +/ $2,000 meter cost • Stable operation required 64
- 65. VFD Based Power • +/‐ 0.1 kW Accuracy Goal • Compare VFD Display with building BMS • Check for 0 0 KW when off Check for 0.0 KW when off 65
- 66. Data Acquisition • Capture Related Data Capture Related Data • Outside Air Temperature (All) • Cooling Plants ‐ OA Enthalpy OA Enthalpy ‐ CHWS Temperature ‐ Condenser Water Temperature d ‐ To Chiller 66
- 67. Correlate Related Data • Heating: BTUH vs Average Hourly OA Temp Heating: BTUH vs. Average Hourly OA Temp • Fans: kW/kCFM/HR vs. Average Hourly OA Temp • Cooling Plant ‐ kW/Ton vs. Average Hourly Enthalpy ‐ kW/Ton vs. Average Hourly Condenser Temp 67
- 68. Data Management Central Plants Central Plants • Data Frequency: Every Minute • Then 15 Minute Average • Then Hourly Average • Then Daily Average, etc... 68
- 69. Data Management • Too Much Data to Store Too Much Data to Store • Develop Average Data ‐ For Permanent Storage • Dump detailed data after +/‐ 90 Dump detailed data after +/ 90 days or so 69
- 70. Further Resources “The Building Performance Tracking The Building Performance Tracking Handbook,” California Commissioning Collaborative – cacx.org C ll b ti ASHRAE Guideline 22‐2008 – “Instrumentation for Monitoring Central Instrumentation for Monitoring Central Chilled‐Water Plant Efficiency” 70
- 71. Further Resources CBECS – Commercial Building Energy CBECS – Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey Benchmarking Building Energy Performance Benchmarking Building Energy Performance Oak Ridge National Laboratory – eber.ed.ornl eber ed ornl 69
- 72. Questions? Thomas Anderson Thomas Anderson Emily Cross Emily Cross tom@cx‐associates.com emily@cx‐associates.com 802.861.2715 x11 802 861 2715 11 802.861.2715 x14 802 861 2715 14 Visit our blog at: http://buildingenergy.cx‐associates.com/ 110 Main Street 110 Main Street Studio 1B Burlington, VT 05401 802.861.2715 72