1. GENERIC END USE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OPTIONS IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
D PAWAN KUMAR

2.  Rescheduling loads/Staggering.
 Storage of products/in process
material/process utilities like refrigeration
 Shedding of non essential loads
 Operation of captive /cogen power generation
 Reactive power compensation
 Adoption of MD control automation.

3.  The generic areas for motor energy efficiency
improvement include:-
 Ensuring rated voltage, frequency at input terminals.
 Avoidance of oversized motors and part load inefficiencies
 Optimum cable sizing and power factor improvement .
 Choice of solid state low loss starters and motor controllers
 Choice of state-of-the-art efficient variable speed system s
such as V/F controls
 Good maintenance practices
 Avoidance of idle operations, interlocking adoption
 Avoidance of spurious bearings, consumables
 Ensuring efficiency and quality assurance in case of
rewinding
 Harmonics filtration for THD control.
 Adoption of efficient gear couplings, belt drives

4.  Generic energy efficiency improvement opportunities in refrigeration
plants include:-
 Better upkeep and maintenance of all heat transfer surfaces, i.e., evaporator,
condenser and cooling tower
 Avoidance of leakages/replenishment of refrigerant
 Thermal insulation upkeep/up gradation
 Avoidance of part load operations in compressor, chilled water pumps and cooling
water pumps
 Maximizing operating evaporator temperature (compressor suction pressure)
while satisfying process temperature requirements
 Minimizing condenser temperature (compressor discharge pressure) by improved
heat rejection in condenser circuit
 Ensuring adequacy of chilled water, condenser water flows
 Avoidance of idle operations
 Avoidance of idle flows of chilled water through non-operational chillers
 Adopting two stage or three stage absorption systems for steam economy
 Adoption of eco-friendly VAR systems and non CFC, VCR systems in place
of CFC based VCR systems existing (VAR - Vapor Absorption
Refrigeration; VCR - Vapor Compressors Refrigeration)

5.  The generic opportunities for pumping system energy efficiency improvement
include:-
 Operation of the pump at a duty point close to the best efficiency point in
terms of head and flow. In other words, choice of right pump for given duty.
 Minimum restrictions in suction path and providing maximum possible
suction head for pump.
 Minimum restrictions in discharge path, especially throttling controls.
 Good maintenance practices to avoid recirculation effects and proper
condition of impellers (wear-out, pitting, etc).
 Ensuring good dynamic balancing of shaft and fit condition of bearings
 Ensuring correct voltage supply.
 Operating at minimum possible discharge pressure, with respect to end use
requirements.
 Rationalizing the pipe size for optimum pressure drops
 Minimizing losses in bends/valves
 Good housekeeping practices
 Replacement option by high efficiency pumps
 Need based option of variable speed drives for efficient capacity control

6.  The generic opportunities for energy efficiency improvement in
fans and fan systems include:-
 Operation of fan at close to best efficiency duty point.
 Minimum restrictions in suction path (no dampers)
 Minimum restrictions in discharge path (no dampers)
 Operation at rational head and flow, vis-à-vis process requirements.
 Ensuring correct voltage and frequency at supply
 Good maintenance practices
 Good housekeeping practices
 Minimizing in leak air / gas
 Minimizing out leak air / gas
 Rationalizing duct size for minimizing pressure drops
 Minimizing sharp bends
 Replacement options by higher efficiency fans
 Need based option of variable speed drives if capacity control is
required for end use
 Minimizing slippage losses in belts

7.  Generic energy efficiency opportunities in
air compressors and system include;-
 Use of compressed air at optimum pressure,
minimization of line pressure drops
 Avoiding unload operations
 Good practices in maintenance and housekeeping
 Leakage avoidance.
 Replacement by high efficiency compressors
 Suction air cooling
 Improving heat transfer in inter and after coolers
 Replacing pneumatic tools by electric tools to save
on conversion efficiency
 Adopting energy efficient drying systems, air
ambiators, filters, nozzles.

8.  The generic energy audit and efficiency
improvement opportunities in industrial lighting
include:
 Choice of most energy efficient lighting devices
 Right positioning of the lighting devices
 Use of lights only when needed
 Use of energy efficient starters
 Application of appropriate controllers
 Good housekeeping / maintenance practices (cleanliness of
surfaces)
 Ensuring correct voltage and frequency of input supply