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Nephrotic Syndrome In  Children 肾 病 综 合 征 华中科技大学同济医学院 附属同济医院儿科教研室 刘 铜 林
Idiopathic  nephrotic  syndrome  (INS) Simple  nephrosis  ,   nephr i tic  nephrosis Minimal  change  nephropathy  (MCN) Non-minimal  change  nephropathy (non-MCN) Massive (heavy , excessive) proteinuria Hypo-proteinemia  ,  hypo-albuminemia Hyper-lipidemia  ,  hyper-cholesterolemia Pitting  edema  ,  non- pitting  edema  Anasarca  , ascites  ,   pleural  effusion Corticosteroid , prednisone  , methylprednisolone Key  words
Definition Classification Etiology Pathology Pathophysiology  Clinical  Manifestation  Complication Laboratory  Data Diagnosis Treatment Main Contents
Male  patient, 4  years  old, Complaint of : edema , oliguria  and proteinuria for 7  days.
Nephrotic syndrome  (NS)  results from  increased  permeability  of  glomerular  basement membrane  ( GBM )  to plasma  protein.  It  is  a syndrome  characterized  by  massive  proteinuria,  hypo-albuminemia,  hyper-cholesterolemia ,  Hypercoagulable state  and  pitting  edema.  (4-increase,  1-decrease). Definition
Nephrotic  Criteria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Nephr i tic  Criteria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],肾炎型 NS (Nephritic-type NS)
Clinical  Classification  of  NS ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Etiology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Secondary NS :  DIAMOND ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Pathology
Pathology: Minimal Change Nephropathy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
MCN:  normal glomerulus  in  LM
 
MCN: fusion of foot process  of epithelial  in  EM
MsPGN:   Mesangial proliferation and expansion IgG and C3 deposits in mesangial
2.INS 的发病机制: 肾小球毛细血管滤过屏障结构 电荷屏障与分子屏障 INS 的病因与发病机制
Pathophysiology   : pathogenesis of  proteinuria
Pathophysiology   : pathogenesis of proteinuria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pathophysiology   : pathogenesis of proteinuria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pathophysiology : pathogenesis of  proteinuria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],MCN  may be associated  with a  primary  disorder of T–cell  lymphocyte  function.
Pathophysiology   :    pathogenesis of proteinuria ,[object Object],[object Object]
Pathophysiology :    pathogenesis of hypoalbuminemia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pathophysiology :    pathogenesis of hyperlipidemia ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Pathophysiology :   pathogenesis of  Hypercoagulable state
Pathophysiology :   pathogenesis of edema ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
INS 的病理生理 致病因素  高脂血症 ↓  ↑ 肾小球损伤  脂蛋白合成↑ ↓  ↑ 通透性↑— 大量蛋白尿  —  低蛋白血症 ↓ 低血容量  低血浆胶体渗透压  ↓ ADH ↑ 、 RAAS ↑ 、心钠素↓  体液进入间质或体腔 ↓ 肾炎型 INS 时  水钠潴留 GFR ↓ 凹陷性水肿
Clinical  Manifestation ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Ascites  and   abdomen distention  Edema  in  scrotum  and  penis
Clinical  Manifestation Edema  in  scrotum and  penis
Clinical  Manifestation Pitting  edema  and  abdomen  distention
Complications ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Complications ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Laboratory Data ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Laboratory  Data ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Diagnosis and differential diagnosis ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],The pathway of diagnosis :
Treatment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
General therapy  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Anticoagulation   therapy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Corticosteroid—prednisone  therapy ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Induction  phase  and  maintanence  phase
Response   to  Steroid  therapy  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],According to  response to prednisone   therapy
(1) 激素敏感型 INS  (steroid-responsive NS)   : 以口服泼尼松足量治疗≤ 8 周,尿蛋白转阴者 (2) 激素耐药型 INS  (steroid-resistant NS)  : 以口服泼尼松足量治疗满 8 周,尿蛋白仍阳性者 (3) 激素依赖型 INS  (steroid-dependent NS) : 对泼尼松敏感,但减量或停药 1 个月内复发,且重复 2 次以上者。 (4) 复发( relapse ) 与频复发( frequent  relapse ) : 尿蛋白由阴性转为阳性,持续在 2 周以上者为复发。 病程中半年内复发≥ 2 次, 1 年内复发≥ 3 次者为频复发 INS 的治疗方法 根据激素疗效对 INS 分型 :
Immunosuppressive  agent  therapy   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Indication:
Immunosuppressive  agent  therapy   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Pulse therapy   ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
1.What is nephrotic syndrome ? 2.What are the main clinical types of INS ? 3.What is the diagnostic criteria of INS ? 4.What are the pathological types of INS ? 5.What are the common complications of INS ? 6.How do you treat INS (general  principles) ? 7.How do you evaluate the response of steroid therapy ? Questions

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Nephrotic Syndrome

  • 1. Nephrotic Syndrome In Children 肾 病 综 合 征 华中科技大学同济医学院 附属同济医院儿科教研室 刘 铜 林
  • 2. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) Simple nephrosis , nephr i tic nephrosis Minimal change nephropathy (MCN) Non-minimal change nephropathy (non-MCN) Massive (heavy , excessive) proteinuria Hypo-proteinemia , hypo-albuminemia Hyper-lipidemia , hyper-cholesterolemia Pitting edema , non- pitting edema Anasarca , ascites , pleural effusion Corticosteroid , prednisone , methylprednisolone Key words
  • 3. Definition Classification Etiology Pathology Pathophysiology Clinical Manifestation Complication Laboratory Data Diagnosis Treatment Main Contents
  • 4. Male patient, 4 years old, Complaint of : edema , oliguria and proteinuria for 7 days.
  • 5. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) results from increased permeability of glomerular basement membrane ( GBM ) to plasma protein. It is a syndrome characterized by massive proteinuria, hypo-albuminemia, hyper-cholesterolemia , Hypercoagulable state and pitting edema. (4-increase, 1-decrease). Definition
  • 6.
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  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. MCN: normal glomerulus in LM
  • 15.  
  • 16. MCN: fusion of foot process of epithelial in EM
  • 17. MsPGN: Mesangial proliferation and expansion IgG and C3 deposits in mesangial
  • 18. 2.INS 的发病机制: 肾小球毛细血管滤过屏障结构 电荷屏障与分子屏障 INS 的病因与发病机制
  • 19. Pathophysiology : pathogenesis of proteinuria
  • 20.
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  • 28. INS 的病理生理 致病因素 高脂血症 ↓ ↑ 肾小球损伤 脂蛋白合成↑ ↓ ↑ 通透性↑— 大量蛋白尿 — 低蛋白血症 ↓ 低血容量 低血浆胶体渗透压 ↓ ADH ↑ 、 RAAS ↑ 、心钠素↓ 体液进入间质或体腔 ↓ 肾炎型 INS 时 水钠潴留 GFR ↓ 凹陷性水肿
  • 29.
  • 30. Ascites and abdomen distention Edema in scrotum and penis
  • 31. Clinical Manifestation Edema in scrotum and penis
  • 32. Clinical Manifestation Pitting edema and abdomen distention
  • 33.
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  • 43. (1) 激素敏感型 INS (steroid-responsive NS) : 以口服泼尼松足量治疗≤ 8 周,尿蛋白转阴者 (2) 激素耐药型 INS (steroid-resistant NS) : 以口服泼尼松足量治疗满 8 周,尿蛋白仍阳性者 (3) 激素依赖型 INS (steroid-dependent NS) : 对泼尼松敏感,但减量或停药 1 个月内复发,且重复 2 次以上者。 (4) 复发( relapse ) 与频复发( frequent relapse ) : 尿蛋白由阴性转为阳性,持续在 2 周以上者为复发。 病程中半年内复发≥ 2 次, 1 年内复发≥ 3 次者为频复发 INS 的治疗方法 根据激素疗效对 INS 分型 :
  • 44.
  • 45.
  • 46.
  • 47. 1.What is nephrotic syndrome ? 2.What are the main clinical types of INS ? 3.What is the diagnostic criteria of INS ? 4.What are the pathological types of INS ? 5.What are the common complications of INS ? 6.How do you treat INS (general principles) ? 7.How do you evaluate the response of steroid therapy ? Questions