Athena slide mang_coban_acbn

SCNP,SCNA
ISA
Pix Firewall -CCNA,CCDA
Check-point -CCNP,CCDP
-CCIE

-Win 2K+App
-Linux
-IBM Lotus Note
LAN -MCP,MCSA,MCSE
Manag
e-ment

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Content

• Chapter 1: Computer Hardware
– Computer Hardware Overview
– Leading Hardware Manufacturers
– Common Hardware Component (Capacity- Performance-
Features– Prices)
• Chapter 2: Software and Operating System
– What is the software?
– How is software categorized?
– What is an operating system ?
– What does an operating system do?
• Chapter 3: Network Computer
– What is a Network?
– Why we use a Network?
– Advantages of LAN
– Types of Network

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Contain

• Chapter 4: LAN Terminology and Components
– Transmission Media
– LAN Topologies
• Chapter 5: TCP/IP
– Converting
– Decimal to binary ( binary to decimal)
– Decimal to hexadecimal (hexadecimal to decimal)
– Binary to hexadecimal (hexadecimal to binary)
– Understanding TCP/IP
– IP address and Subnetting
– Protocol for TCP/IP

• Chapter 6: LAN ARCHITECTURE
• Chapter 7: Hands on LAB
• Chapter 8: LAN Networking devices
– Network Adapter Card
– Repeater & Hub
– Bridge
– Switch
– Router
– Gateway

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Contain

• Chapter 9: Wan Overview
– WAN Transmission Technology
– Leased Line
– ADSL
– PSTN
• Chapter 10: Setup a WAN
• Chapter 11 : Wireless LAN
• Chapter 12 : Firewall Concepts
• Chapter 13 : Virus ,Worm and Trojan

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Contain

• Final Exam
• Hands on Lab Exam

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Chapter 1: Computer Hardware

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Objective

Lesson 1:
Computer Hardware Overview
Leading Hardware Manufacturers
Common Hardware Component (Capacity-
Performance- Features– Prices)
Hardware Trends
Review Questions
Read more

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AGP

AGP 1x 266MB/s
AGP 2x 533MB/s
AGP4x 1.06GB/s
AGP8x 2.13GB/s

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PCI Express

PCI Express x1 500MB/s
PCI Express x4 2GB/s

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USB - PCI

USB 1.0 1.5Mb/s
USB 1.1 12Mb/s
USB 2.0 480Mb/s

PCI 133MB/s
Wide PCI 266MB/s
Fast Wire PCI 533MB/s

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Mainboard with slot 1

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Mainboard with socket

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Mainboard with two slot 1

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Mainboard Socket 370

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Mainboard (Dual CPU)

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Input and Output Devices

Ports
• Physical connectors that allow a cable from a peripheral
device to be attached
Input devices
*Used to give instructions to the computer*
• Keyboard
• Mouse
Output devices
*Used to presents a result to the user*
• Monitor
• Printer

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DIN and D-Shell Connectors

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Internal Modem Ports

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Famous Manufacturers

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Biometric Technology

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Summary

Hardware components
New technology Trends

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Chapter 2: Software & Operating System

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Objective

What is the software?
How is software categorized?
What is an operating system ?
What does an operating system do?

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What’s the software ?

Software is the instructions and associated
data, stored in electronic format, that direct the
computer to accomplish a task.
A computer program is a set of detailed,
step-by-step instructions that tells a computer
how to solve a problem or carry out a task.

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Software is categorized as either application
software or system software.
Application software is designed to be used
for a purpose such as drawing designs,
creating documents, etc.
System software is designed to help the
computer carry out the basic operating
functions
Ex: Operating systems, utilities, and drivers

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Operating System Overview: What
is an operating system ?

An operating system (OS) is the master
controller for all of the activities that take place
within a computer.
Ex: Microsoft Windows, Mac OS, Linux, UNIX
The operating system also interacts with the
next functional layer called application
software.

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Example:

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Personal Computer
Operating Systems

Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Unix, and DOS
What’s the best-selling operating system?

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Personal Computer
Operating Systems

Microsoft Windows is the most popular, and is
installed on over 80% of the world’s personal
computers
UNIX was developed in 1969 at AT&T’s Bell
Labs
Linux was developed in 1991
DOS (Disk Operating System) was developed by
Microsoft

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Personal Computer
Operating Systems

Different operating systems are needed
for different computing tasks:

• Single-user operating system
– Ex: MS-DOS, Windows 3.1, Windows 3.11
• Multi-user operating system
– Ex: Windows Server 2000/2003, Xp
• Network operating system
– Ex: Linux, Unix, Windows Server 2000/2003
• Multitasking operating system
– Ex: Windows Server 2000/2003, XP

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Summary

Software
operating system Overview

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Chapter 3: Network Computer

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Objective

What is a Network?
Why we use a Network?
Advantages of LAN
Types of Network

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What is a Network?

• A group of computers and other
devices connected together is
called a network
• Networking is the concept of
sharing resources and services

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Example a Network

What is a Local Area Network?
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Why we use a Network?

• To avoid duplication of equipment and
resources
• Be cost effective
• To communicate efficiently
• To improve management

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LAN Overview

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a
group of computers and network
communication devices interconnected
within a geographically limited area.
LAN provide companies with time and
money saving
LAN is simple, inexpensive, support
many type of protocols

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Setup a Local Area Network

Simple Connections
• Installing an adapter card to connect
computer on a LAN was a complicated
process.
• The software accompanying a LAN adapter is
automatically configured to allow the
computer to begin communicating
immediately

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Simple Connections
• This auto-recognition and auto-configuration
is called plug-and-play compatibility
• With plus-and-play, the software will ask
some questions so that it can define the
parameters required to get your PC
communicating with other PCs on the
network.

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LAN Supports Multiple Protocols

Supports Multiple Protocols
• A protocol is method or procedure used for
the exchange of information between two
communications devices
• Most important protocol
– Novell Netware
– AppleTalk
– TCP/IP
– OSI protocol

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LAN Support New Applications

Support New Applications
• We all use e-mail to communicate
and LANs can make that process
faster and easier.
• Many LAN support voice-mail, video
conferencing, and distance learning

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LAN Support New Applications

Support New Applications

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Network Models

Network categories
– Server-Based network
– Peer-to-Peer network

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Server-Based Network

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Server-Based Network

Two type
• Server
• Client
A server-based network consist of a group
of user-oriented PCs (call clients) that issue
requests to a server
Specialized Servers: File server, print
Server, Database Servers, Web server, Mail
server

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Peer-to-Peer Network

A peer-to-peer network consist of a
group of PCs that operate as equal
Each PC is called a peer and act as a
client or server
User of each computer determines
what is shared

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Peer -to-Peer Network

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• Where Peer-to-Peer is appropriate?
– Fewer than 10 users
– Security is no need
– User located in same general area
– Organization will have limited growth in
the future

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Combination Networks

Include peer-to-peer and server based
networking
Server based operating system is
responsible for sharing the major
applications and data
Clients can run Win NT workstation, Win
95, Win 98, Win Me, Win XP... They can
access resources on server and share
their resources

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Networks Classification

LAN : Local Area Network
WAN: Wide Area Network
MAN: Metropolitan Area Network
GAN : Global Area Network

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Networks Classification (2)

Local Area Network

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Wide Area Network

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Global Area Network

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Summary

• Network overview
• Types of network
• LAN overview
• Some advantages of LAN

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Chapter 2: LAN COMPONENTS

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Objective

LAN Terminology
LAN transmission media
LAN technology and topology
LAN networking devices

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LAN Terminology

LAN Transmission Media
• What types of transmission should be used to
connect LAN components?
LAN Topology
• What will be the shape or topology, that
defines the LAN?

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Transmission Media

Transmission media refers to the type of
cable or wireless system that is used to
connect network devices:
• Coaxial Cable
– Thinnet
– Thicknet
• Twisted Pair
– Unshielded twisted-pair
– Shielded twisted-pair
• Fiber Optic Cable

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Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable consists of central copper
wire surrounded by two layer of
protective shielding
Inexpensive, light, flexible and easy to
work
More resistance to Electromagnetic
Interference (EMI) and attenuation

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Coaxial Cable (2)

Attenuation: loss of signal strength
along wire

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Types of Coaxial Cable

The two basic classifications for
coaxial cable are as follows:
• Thinnet
• Thicknet

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Thinnet

Thinnet is a flexible cabling
medium that is inexpensive and
easy to install
Thinnet is approximately 0.25
inches (0.5cm)
Thinnet can transmit a signal for
185 meters (610 feet)

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Connection Hardware

The most common is the British Naval
Connector (BNC):
• BNC cable connector
• BNC T-connector
• BNC barrel connector
• BNC terminator

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Connection Hardware (2)

BNC cable connector

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BNC T-connector: connects the network
interface card in the PC to the network cable

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BNC barrel connector: connects two thinnet
cable segments into longer segment

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BNC terminator: closes end cable to stop signal

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Grounded Terminator 50 OHM

Thicknet

Thicknet coaxial cable is approximately
0.5 inches (1.3cm)
Thicknet can transmit approximately
500 meters (1650 feet)
Copper core thicker than Thinnet core
Thicknet cable is sometime called
“Standard Ethernet”

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Thicknet (3)

Used as backbone to connect several
Thinnet networks
• Transceiver connects Thinnet to Thicknet cable
contain:
– Vampire tap
– Thicknet connects to Attachment Unit Interface (AUI)
port connector on Ethernet card
– AUI port also called Digital Intel Xerox (DIX) or DB-15
connector

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Twisted Pair

Two-insulated strands of copper wire twisted
around each other
There are 2 categories of twisted pair:
• Shielded twisted pair (STP)
• Unshielded twisted pair (UTP)

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Shielded twisted pair

STP Cable
• Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) includes a layer of
shielding that protects the wires from
electromagnetic interference
• Uses a woven copper braid jacket
• Uses a foil wrap between and around the wire pairs
• Less susceptible to interference
• Supports higher trans over longer distances
• STP cable costs more than thin coaxial or unshielded
twisted-pair

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Unshielded Twisted Pair

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
Max length segment: 100 meters (328 feet)
Consists of two insulated copper wires
Specified in 568 Commercial Building Wiring
Standard by Electronic Industries
Association and the Telecommunications
Industries Association (EIA/TIA)

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Unshielded Twisted Pair (2)

UTP
Crosstalk
RJ45

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UTP cable is available in the following
categories:
• Category 1 : is designed for telephone system
• Category 2 : (4 tw) data rates up to 4 Mbps
• Category 3 : four twisted pairs, 3 point twist(30,48cm)
data rates up to 10Mbps
• Category 4 : consists of four twisted pairs, data rates up
to 16Mbps
to 100Mbps
to 1000Mbps
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The most common connector used with
UTP cable is RJ-45
• The RJ-45 resembles a phone plug RJ-11
except that the RJ-45 has 8 wires and 8 pins

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Fiber-optic

Fiber-optic cable are cost and
installation difficulty
Can carry signal for miles
Typical speed: 100Mbps (support high
data rate 200.000 Mbps)
Construction
• Core : thin cylinder of glass
–can be plastic but signal does not
travel as far

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Fiber-optic (2)

• Cladding: concentric layer of glass
which surrounds core
• Each glass strand passes signal in one
direction
• Cable consists of strands in separate
jackets:
–one transmit
–one receive
• Kevlar fibers used for strengthen

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LAN Topology

Topology
• Arrangement or physical layout of
computers
Also known as :
• Physical layout
• Design
• Diagram
• Map

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LAN Topology (2)

Two categories form:
• Physical topology
–Describes the actual layout of the network
transmission media
• Logical topology
–Describes the logical pathway a signal
follows as it passes among the network
nodes

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LAN Bus Topology (2)

Linear bus
Simplest and most common
Consists of a single cable called a trunk
or backbone
Communication on the bus
• Address data to a particular computer and put data
on cable in form of signals

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Sending the signal:
• Electronic signals sent to all computers on network
• One computer at a time can send a signal
• Bus is the passive topology: Computers listen for
data being sent. If one computer fails, it does not
effect the rest of the network
• In active topology: Computers regenerate signal and
pass it on network

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Signal bounce:
• When signal gets to end of cable and bounces
back
Terminator:
• Stops signal from bouncing

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Disrupting Network Connection:
• Segment breaks or disconnect to terminator,
signal bounce occurs
• PC on the network can work but they could
not communicate together
LAN Expansion:
• Barrel connector can connect 2 cable
segments
• Using repeater to connect 2 cable segments

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Segment break

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LAN Star Topology

Switch

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LAN Star Topology (2)

Computers connected to centralized unit
called a hub
Signal transmitted to hub to all
computers on network
Offers centralized resources &
management
Central point fails, entire network goes
down

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LAN Star Topology (3)

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Ethernet Media Options

Include:
10Base5 Thicknet 10 Mbit

10Base2 Thinnet 10 Mbit

10BaseT Cat 3 UTP 10 Mbit

10BaseFL Fiber Optic 10 Mbit

100BaseT4 Cat 3 UTP 100 Mbit

100BaseTX Cat5 UTP 100 Mbit

100BaseFL Fiber Optic 100 Mbit

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Summary

This topic examined :
• Provided to the basic terminology of LAN
• Display Transmission Media and
Components of LAN
• LAN Topology

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Objective

Converting
• Decimal to binary ( binary to decimal)
• Decimal to hexadecimal (hexadecimal to decimal)
• Binary to hexadecimal (hexadecimal to binary)
Understanding TCP/IP
• IP address and Subnetting
Protocol for TCP/IP

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The Binary System

Computing devices communicate with 1s
and 0s
A groups of 8 bits = 1 byte
Binary numbers are based on the powers of 2
because there are only 2 symbols: 0 and 1
Binary can be converted to decimal in a similar
way that decimal numbers are figured

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The Binary System (2)

Binary can be converted to decimal in a similar
way that decimal numbers are figured
Example:
1010 = (1x23)+(0x22)+(1x21)+(0x20)
= (1x8)+(0x4)+(1x2)+(0x1)
= 8 + 0 + 2 + 0
1010 = 10

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The Decimal System

Humans use the decimal number system base
on the powers of 10
10 symbols are used: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
In a decimal number, each symbol represents
10 raised to a power according to its position
that is then multiplied by that position

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The Decimal System (2)

Example:
261 = (2 x 102) + (6 x 101) + (1 x 100)
(2 x 100) + (6 x 10) + (1 x 1)
261 = 200 + 60 + 1

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The Decimal System (3)

Converting decimal to binary:
• Example: 49
– 49/2 = 24 with a remainder of 1
– 49 = 110001

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The Hexadecimal System

A hexadecimal system based on power of the
number 16
16 symbols are used:
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
Example:
7FA2 = (7x163) + (Fx162) + (Ax161) + (2x160)
7FA2 = 28672 + 3840 + 160 + 2
7FA2 = 32674

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The Hexadecimal System (2)

Converting decimal to hexadecimal:
• Example: 127
– 127/16 = 7 with a remainder of 15 (F)
– 127 = 7F
• Example: 254
– 254/16 = 15(F) with a remainder of 14 (E)
– 254 = FE

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Converting hexadecimal to binary by divide
binary to 4 bit groups:
Binary Hexa
0000 0
0001 1
0010 2
0011 3
0100 4

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Binary Hexa
0101 5
0110 6
0111 7
1000 8
1001 9

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Binary Hexa
1010 A
1011 B
1100 C
1101 D
1110 E
1111 F

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Example:
1101 1010 0100 0110 = DA46

C9F7 = 1100 1001 1111 0111

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IP Addresses

An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique identifier
for a node or host connection on an IP network.
An IP address is a 32 bit binary number usually
represented as 4 decimal values, each representing 8
bits
Range 0 to 255 (known as octets) separated by decimal
points
Example: 140.179.220.200

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Introducing IP Addresses

Unique addressing allows communication
between end stations.
Path choice is based on destination address.
Location is represented by an address
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IP Addresses (2)

Every IP address consists of two parts
• One identifying the Net ID (network identifier)
• One identifying the Host ID (host identifier)

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Network ID and Host IDs

A Network ID is assigned to an organization by
a global authority
Host IDs are assigned locally by a system
administrator
Both the Network ID and the Host ID are used
for routing

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IP Address Classes

Class
A 0 NetID HostID

B 10 NetID HostID

C 110 NetID HostID

D 1110 Multicast Address
8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits

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IP Address Classes

Class A:
• 126 possible network ID
• 16.777.214 host IDs per network ID
• addresses begin with 0xxx, or 1 to 126 decimal
Class B:
• 16384 possible network IDs
• 65.534 host IDs per network ID
• addresses begin with 10xx, or 128 to 191 decimal

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IP Address Classes (2)

Class C:
• 2 million possible network IDs
• about 254 host IDs per network ID
• addresses begin with 110x, or 192 to 223 decimal

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Special Addresses

Addresses beginning with 01111111, or 127
decimal, are reserved for loop-back and for
internal testing on a local machine ( ping
127.0.0.1)
LAN
• 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255,
• 172.16.0.0 – 172.32.255.255,
• 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255,
unused Internet address

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Host and Network Addresses

A single network interface is assigned a single
IP address called the host address
A host may have multiple interfaces, and
therefore multiple host addresses
Hosts that share a network all have the same IP
network address (the network ID)

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Host and Network Addresses (2)

In the example, 140.179.220.200 is a Class B
address so by default the Network part of the
address (also known as the Network Address) is
defined by the first two octets (140.179.x.x)
and the Host part is defined by the last 2 octets
(x.x.220.200)

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IP Broadcast and Network Addresses

An IP broadcast addresses ( that is send to all
hosts on the network) has a host ID of all 1
An IP address that has a host ID of all 0 is
called a network address and refers to an
entire network

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Subnet Mask

Default subnet masks:
• Class A : 255.0.0.0
(11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000)
• Class B : 255.255.0.0
(11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000)
• Class C : 255.255.255.0
(11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000)

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Subnet Mask (2)

Applying a subnet mask to an IP address to
identify the NetID and HostID
• The network bits are presented by the 1s in the mask
• The host bits are presented by the 0s
Performing a bitwise logical AND operation
between the IP address and the subnet mask
results in the Network Address ( also call
Network Number)

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Subnet Mask (3)

For example:
• 10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000
(140.179.240.200 Class B IP Address)
• 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
(255.255.000.000 Default Class B Subnet)
• --------------------------------------------------- mask
• 10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000
(140.179.000.000 Network Address)

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Subnet Addresses

An organization can subdivide it’s host address
space into groups called subnets
To create subnet address, administrator
borrows some bits from host field

10 NetID SubnetID HostID

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Subnet Mask Without Subnets

Subnets not in use—the default

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Subnet Mask with Subnets

Network number extended by eight bits

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Subnet Mask with Subnets

Network number extended by ten bits
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An Example (3)

Recall that the default Class C subnet mask is
255.255.255.0
(11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 binary)
Extending this by 4 bits yields a mask of
255.255.255.240
(11111111.11111111.11111111.11110000 binary)

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Protocol

Protocols are the rules and procedures for
communicating
Three points to think about protocols
• Many protocols, each has it sown advantages
and restrictions
• Protocols work at various OSI layers, the
layer in which it works describes its function
• Several may work together in a protocol stack
or suite: Levels in protocol stack map or
correspond to the layers of the OSI model

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TCP/IP

Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet
Protocol
Provides routable, enterprise networking
protocol
Access to worldwide internet
Protocols written for TCP/IP:
• SMTP , FTP, SNMP

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TCP/IP (2)

The function of the TCP/IP protocol stack, or
suite, is the transfer of information from
one network device to another. In doing
so, it closely maps the OSI reference model in
the lower layers, and supports all standard
physical and data link protocols

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TCP/IP (3)

DNS (Domain Name System) is a system used
in the Internet for translating names of
domains and their publicly advertised network
nodes into addresses

POP3 (Post Office Protocol) is an Internet
standard for storing e-mail on a mail server
until you can access it and download it to your
computer. It allows users to receive mail from
their inboxes using various levels of security

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TCP/IP (5)

SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol)
governs the transmission of e-mail over
computer networks. It does not provide support
for transmission of data other than plain text

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)
is a protocol that provides a means to monitor
and control network devices, and to
manage configurations, statistics collection,
performance and security

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TCP/IP (6)

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a reliable
connection-oriented service that uses TCP to
transfer files between systems that
support FTP
Ex: ftp://athenavn.com

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the
Internet standard that supports the exchange of
information on the World Wide Web, as well
as on internal networks. It supports many
different file types, including text, graphic,
sound, and video
Ex: http://www.athenavn.com
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TCP/IP (7)

Telnet is a standard terminal emulation
protocol used by clients for the purpose of
making remote terminal connections to Telnet
server services; enables users to remotely
connect to routers to enter configuration
commands
Ex :Run…cmd
telnet 192.168.1.1

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TCP/IP (8)

Ping (Packet Internet Groper) is a diagnostic
utility used to determine whether a computer is
properly connected to devices
EX: Run…cmd
ping 192.168.0.1 test server
Traceroute is a program that is available on
many systems, and is similar to PING, except
that traceroute provides more information than
PING

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Summary

This topic examined:
• Common Protocols
• TCP/IP
• IP address and Subnetting

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Chapter 6: LAN ARCHITECTURE

Open System
Interconnection

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Objectives

Identify the seven protocol layers of the
Open System Interconnection (OSI)
Reference Model
Discuss the functional attributes of each
layer of the Open Systems
Interconnection Reference Model
Understanding Putting Data on the
Cable and Access Methods

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Content

Introduction
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
Reference Model
How network sends data
Access Method
Summary

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Introduction

Sending Data
• Recognize data
• Divide data into manageable chunks
• Add information to each chunk
– Location of data
– Identify receiver
• Add timing and error checking
• Put data on the network and send it
Protocols: procedures to send data

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Introduction (2)

To solve the problem of networks being
incompatible and unable to
communicate with each other, the
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) released the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference
model in 1980
First standard to describe architecture
for dissimilar devices to communicate
Best known and widely used

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Open Systems Interconnection

The OSI model organizes communication
protocols into seven levels:
• The Physical Layer
• The Data Link Layer
• The Network Layer
• The Transport Layer
• The Session Layer
• The Presentation Layer
• The Application Layer

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Open Systems Interconnection (2)

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Packet Assembly & Disassembly Process

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Layer 7: The Application Layer

Topmost layer
Window for application processes to
access network services
User-end interface that support transfer
files, access database, e-mail …
Handles general network access, flow
control, error recovery

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Layer 6: The Presentation Layer

Determines format to be used to
exchange data
Called the network translator
Responsible for protocol conversion,
translating data, encrypting data
Manages data compression
Redirector utility operates at this layer

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Layer 5: The Session Layer

Performs name recognition and allows
two applications on different computers
establish, manage and end a connection
(session:full duplex, half duplex)
Provides synchronization between user
tasks by placing checkpoints in the data
stream
Implements dialog control between
communicating processes

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Layer 4: The Transport Layer

Ensures packets are delivered error free,
in sequence, no losses or duplication
Repackages messages, breaking up into
smaller packets(segment)
Unpacks message at receiving end and
sends acknowledgement
Provides flow control, error handling,
solves transmission problems

ATHENA

Layer 3: The Network Layer

Addresses messages, translates logical
addresses/names into physical addresses
Organizes data into packets then
forwards them to their destination
Determines the best route on the
network based on network conditions,
priority of service
Manages traffic problems and controls
congestion of data

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Layer 2: The Data Link Layer

Sends data frames from network layer to
physical layer
Data frame: organized logical structure in
which data can be placed
• Simple data frame: Destination ID, Sender ID,
Control, Data, CRC (cyclical redundancy
check)
Provides error free transfer of frames
from one computer to another through
the physical layer

ATHENA

Layer 2: The Data Link Layer (2)

ATHENA

Layer 1: Physical Layer

Responsible for the mechanical, electrical and
procedural characteristics of the transmission
(transmit the unstructured raw bit stream over
a physical link)
Establishes and maintains physical link
between communication computers
Defines how the cable is attached to the NIC
Transmit bit (0,1) from one computer to
another

ATHENA

Layer 1: Physical Layer (2)

ATHENA

How Networks Send Data

Two reasons why large chunks of data tie up
network
• Large chunk of data generate a problem traffic
during transmission
• Timely interaction and communication impossible

ATHENA

How Networks Send Data (2)

Large Streams of Data

ATHENA


Why network divided data to packets?
• Packets : small chunks/frames of data

ATHENA


Special control info sent with each
packet
• Send the original, disassembled data in small
chunks
• Reassemble the data in the proper order at
destination
• Check data for errors

ATHENA


Packets may contain:
• Information such as messages
• Types of computer control data, commands,
service requests
• Session control codes (error correction)

ATHENA


Packet components:
• Source address
• Data intended for transmission
• Destination address
• Instructions that tell network how to pass
data
• Info for receiving computer on how to
reassemble packets
• Error checking info

ATHENA


Components have three sections:
• Header
• Data
• Trailer

ATHENA


ATHENA


Header
• Alert signal indicating packet is being sent
• Source address
• Destination address
• Clock info to synchronize transmission

ATHENA


Data
• Actual data being sent
• Size 512 byte to 4K
Trailer
• Contains error checking component (CRC)
• CRC is a mathematical calculation done on
data

ATHENA


Packet Creation
• Begins at Application layer
• As data descends through each layer, more
info is added at each layer

ATHENA


Application Application
Presentation Presentation

De-Encapsulate
Encapsulate
Encapsulate
Session Session
Transport Transport
Network Network
Data Link Data Link
Physical Physical

ATHENA

Access Methods (2)

An access method is a set of rules
defining how a computer puts data on
and takes off a network cable
Prevent simultaneous access to the cable

ATHENA

Contention

Contention means that the computer are
contending for use of the transmission
medium (first come, first served)
Specifications for contention-based
access methods include procedure for
how to avoid collisions and what to do if
collision occurs
Contention-based access methods
include:
• CSMA/CD

ATHENA

Contention (2)

Collision occur

ATHENA

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD is stand for Carrier-Sense
Multiple Access/Collision Detection
Multiple access is when two devices
begin to talk at the same time
Carrier sensing refers to the process of a
device looking for a clear channel before
sending a message
IEEE 802.3

ATHENA

CSMA/CD (2)

Checks the cable for network traffic
• Computer listens to the network
• If the network is not busy, that computer can
send data
• If the network is busy, the computer refrains
from transmitting until the network quiets
down

ATHENA

CSMA/CD (4)

Carrier detection mechanism:
• Computers continue to listen to the network
as they transmit
• If a computer detects another signal that
interferes with the signal it is sending, it
stops transmitting
• Both computers then wait a random amount
of time and attempt to retransmit

ATHENA

Summary

This topic examined:
• OSI and seven layers
• How network sends data
• Access Methods

ATHENA

Chapter 7: Hands on LAB

Building a Local Area Network

ATHENA

Hands on LAB

UTP-STP

ATHENA

Hands on LAB
UTP Implementation Straight-through

ATHENA

Hands on LAB

UTP Implementation Straight-through

568A 568A

Straight-through cable Crossover cable
568A <----> 568A 568A <----> 568B
568B <----> 568B 568B <----> 568A
ATHENA

Hands on LAB

UTP Crossover used for : Crossover

PC connect PC
Hub connect Hub
Switch connect Switch
UTP Straight-through used for : Crossover

PC connect Hub
PC connect Switch
PC connect Router (Ethernet port)

ATHENA

Hands on LAB

Step by step

ATHENA

Building a Local Area Network

Outlet:

Tool:

ATHENA

Microsoft Visio

•Objective
•What is Microsoft Visio?
•How to use Microsoft Visio?

ATHENA

Hands on Lab:Microsoft Visio

ATHENA

Question & Answer

Q&A

ATHENA

Chapter 8: LAN Networking Devices

Objective
• What is Network Interface Card?
• What is Repeater ?
• What is Hub ?
• What is Switch?
• What is router?

ATHENA

Network Adapter Card

Role of Network Interface Card:
A Network Adapter Card (also
known as Network Interface Card)
links a computer with the network
cabling system
Prepare data from computer to
network
Send data to other computers
Control flow of data between
computer and cabling system

ATHENA

Repeater

Enables signal to travel farther (regenerates)
and then re-transmitting it to other segments
Repeaters operate at the OSI Physical Layer

ATHENA

Hub

A hub is another Layer 1 device that is typically
used as a central point for connecting segments
in a LAN

ATHENA

Switch

Work at Data Link layer of OSI
More common way to connect networks
together

ATHENA

How do Switch do?

• Initial MAC address table is empty.
ATHENA

Learning Addresses

• Station A sends a frame to station C.
• Switch caches the MAC address of station A to port E0 by
learning the source address of data frames.
• The frame from station A to station C is flooded out to all
ATHENA ports except port E0 (unknown unicasts are flooded).

Learning Addresses

• Station D sends a frame to station C.
• Switch caches the MAC address of station D to port E3 by
learning the source address of data frames.
• The frame from station D to station C is flooded out to all ports
except port E3 (unknown unicasts are flooded).
ATHENA

Filtering Frames

• Station A sends a frame to station C.
• Destination is known; frame is not flooded.

ATHENA

Router

Work at Network layer of OSI, which means they
examine the logical network address (192.168.15.100)

ATHENA

What do Router do?

To route, a router needs to do the following:
• Know the destination address
• Identify the sources it can learn from
• Discover possible routes
• Select the best route
ATHENA • Maintain and verify routing information

What do Router do?

• Routers must learn destinations that are
not directly connected.
ATHENA

Summary

Network Adapter Card
Hub
Switch
Router

ATHENA

Chapter 9: WAN Overview

Objective
• WAN Transmission Technology
• Leased Line
• ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line)
• PSTN(Public-Switch Telephone Network)
• ISDN(Integrated Services Digital Network)

ATHENA

Introduction

In order to take advantage of WAN services,
local networks and individual users must select
a method for gaining access
Service providers offer a wide range of WAN
access options
Each designed to meet a specific set of
transmission needs in an efficient and cost-
effective manner

ATHENA

WAN Overview

WANs connect remote sites.
Connection requirements vary depending on user
requirements, cost, and availability.

ATHENA

WAN Technology
Leased line
• 64k, 128k, 256k, 512k, 2M …v.v
Frame Relay
• 64k, 128k, 256k, 512k, 2M …v.v
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)
• Basic rate(BRI) 2B+1D 64+64+16=144kbps
• Primary rate(PRI) 23B+1D (23X64)+64=1536kbps
• ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line)
• ADSL FPT - ADSL Viettel - ADSL VNN
PSTN(Public-Switch Telephone Network)
• Vnn1269 - vnn1260

ATHENA

Leased Line

Provider assigns connection parameters
to subscriber.
ATHENA

ADSL “Consumer DSL”

Designed to co-exist with POTS, unlike most
other DSL types
“Slow” upstream for low-data-rate requests
“Fast” downstream for bursts of rich graphics
and multimedia content

ATHENA

ADSL and POTS
A Key Feature of ADSL Is Co-Existence with POTS

Customer Premise Central Office

Permits transmission of both signals on the same wire pair
Off-loads data circuit from the voice switch
“POTS Splitter” at the CO separates analog POTS from data
“Microfilters” at the customer premise prevent off-hook
interference between analog voice signal and ADSL signal
ATHENA

Summary

Wide area network
Leased line
ADSL
ISDN
PSTN

ATHENA

Chapter 10: Setup a WAN

Building a WAN with PSTN
• Th c hành xây d ng WAN b ng cách k t n i
hai máy PC thông qua h th ng PSTN.
• B t ch c năng remote access trong windows.
• T o remote access server và remote access
client
• Th c hi n c u hình IP cho server và client

ATHENA

Establishing a Remote Access
Connection
Local Area
Network

Remote Access
Protocols
LAN Protocols

Remote Access
Server

Internet

Remote Access Client

ATHENA

Creating a Dial-up Connection

Client Remote
Network Connection Wizard
Access
Server
Network Connection Type
You can choose the type of network connection...

Dial-up to private network
Connect using my phone line
(modem or ISDN)

Dial-up to the Internet
Connect to the Internet using my phone line
(modem or ISDN)
Client Internet

ISP
Server

ATHENA

Chapter 11: Wireless LAN

Wireless Radio (Bluetooth)

ATHENA

Objective

What is Wireless LAN?
What is infrastructure Mode?
What is ad-hoc mode?
IEEE 802.11a,802.11b,802.11g

ATHENA

WireLess LAN

Wireless Lan connect the computers and
network communication devices within
geographically limited areas.
WireLess Lan use frequency band 2,4Ghz

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

WireLess Lan does not require:
• Lining-up
• Line of sight

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

WireLess Lan has many advantages in
connecting the devices together in your office.
• Fast deployment.
• Easy installation,easy and convenient to
operate.
• Easy upgarde and maintenance.
• Network access everywhere,everytime.

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

IEEE 802.11 : Defined network standards for
physical components of wireless Lan
IEEE 802.11 : built in 1997

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

IEEE 802.11 has two modes:
• Infrastructure mode
• Ad-hoc mode

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

Infrastructure mode:
• Wireless Lan use Access-point
• And computers with wireless Card are
connected together through Access Point

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

Ad-hoc mode:
• Devices which can connect together directly
• Without Access point

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

IEEE 802.11b :

Wireless LAN
– Speed: 1Mbps – 11Mbps
– Frequency Band : 2,4 Ghz ISM
Band(Insdustrial Scientific Medical
Band)

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

IEEE 802.11b Plus (IEEE 802.11b +)
• Improved from IEEE 802.11 b
• Frequence band : 2,4Ghz DSSS
• Speed :22 Mbps

ATHENA

Wireless Lan

IEEE 802.11 a:
• Wireless Lan.
–Speed : 6Mbps – 54 Mbps
–Frequence band : 5Ghz or more

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

IEEE 802.11a is :
• Not compatible with 802.11b and 802.11b
Plus

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

IEEE 802.11g is :
-Wireless Lan
–Speed : 1Mbps – 54 Mbps
–Compatible with 802.11b and 802.11a

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

Wireless :
• IEEE 802.11a,IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11b
plus, IEEE 802.11 g use Access method
CSMA/CD(Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision Detection)

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

Components of Wireless
• Wireless Access Point
• Wireless LAN PCI Card
• Wireless LAN PCMCIA Card/Carbus
• Wireless Print Server

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

Wireless Access Point
• Similar Hub/Switch in Wireline
• Connect clients use frequence band : 2,4Ghz-
2,4835Ghz
• Distance from access point to wireless client:
Depend on environment, devices, standard of
network ( IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b ….)

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

Wireless Access Point

ATHENA

Wireless Lan

Wireless LAN PCI Card
• Net card for desktop computer
• PCI
• Operate on many channels

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

Wireless LAN PCI card

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

Wireless LAN PCMCIA
Card/CarBus
• Net card for Notebook/Laptop
• PCMCIA

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

Wireless LAN PCMCIA card/Carbus

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

Wireless Print Server
• Devices which share printer in
wireless LAN

ATHENA

Wireless LAN
Wireless Print Server

ATHENA

Wireless LAN
The roaming process is seamless and
transparent to the user.

ATHENA

Wireless LAN

Access Point as Repeater

ATHENA

Summary

Ad-hoc Mode
Infrastructure Mode
IEEE 802.11a,802.11b,802.11g

ATHENA

Chapter 12: Firewall Concepts

A firewall is a mechanism for enforcing an
access policy by controlling what traffic to allow
on your network. Firewalls work by examining
one or more properties of each network packet
and deciding whether to allow the packet
through or take other appropriate action.
Firewall have two type
• Hardware
– EX: watchguard, netsreen, juniper….
• Software
– EX: ISA(microsoft), checkpoint…..

ATHENA

Objective

What is firewall?
Functions of Firewall
What is IDS ?
Functions of IDS

ATHENA

Function of Firewall

Protecting data and network resources is critical to
successful e-business.
Firewalls are mandatory network security devices.
When connecting to the Internet, you need a
firewall in every location with Internet access.
Firewalls provide:
Access Control
Authentication
VPN
Network Segmentation
DoS protection and some
network layer attack
detection
Recording Syslog
ATHENA

Location of Firewall

Internet

Router

outside
dm Firewall
z
inside

Switch

Syslog Server
RAS

Switch

ATHENA

Some Firewall Types

CISCO PIX FIREWALL

1. Pix Firewall 501
2. Pix Firewall 506E
3. Pix Firewall 515E
4. Pix Firewall 525
5. Pix Firewall 535

ATHENA

Intrusion Detection & Prevention
System Overview
1. Function
2. Location of IDP

ATHENA

Function

Functions
Intrusion Detection & Prevention (IDP) system
is designed as dedicated devices for
comprehensive intrusion detection, dropping
and prevention:
• Detects and Prevents intrusions
• Prevents attacks before it is too late
• Multiple response mechanisms
• Allow the user to decide how to respond to individual
attacks

ATHENA

Location of IDP
HR
Servers
Users

Finance
Servers

Web
Server Mail
Server
User

Firewal
l

Firewal
l
Internet Protected network
LAN Switch

SPAN

Attacker IDP Victim
Mail Server
ATHENA LAN

Summary

Firewall
IDS/IDP

ATHENA

Chapter 13: Virus ,Worm and Trojan

What is virus?
What is worm?
What is the Trojan Horse?

ATHENA

Chapter 13: Virus ,Worm and Trojan
What is virus?
• Virus
– program that can infect other programs by modifying
them to include a possibly evolved, copy of itself

What is worm?
• Worm
– an independent program that replicates from machine to
machine across network connections often clogging
networks and information systems as it spread

ATHENA

Virus, Worm and Trojan

What is the Trojan Horse?
• a program that is disguised as something
else to allow for installation and execution
of one of the Remote Control applications

•Trojan can do:
•Steal passwords
•Delete files
•Open backdoors
•Connect to external sites

ATHENA

The end

Final exam
The end

ATHENA

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