Hypertension, also known as high blood pressure, is a common disease where blood pressure in the arteries is elevated. It has no symptoms and is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke. There are two types: primary hypertension, which has no identifiable cause and accounts for 90-95% of cases, and secondary hypertension caused by other conditions affecting the kidneys, heart or endocrine system. Treatment involves lifestyle changes like reducing salt intake, weight loss, and exercise, as well as medications that help relax blood vessels and lower blood pressure. Preventing hypertension requires long-term lifestyle management.

1. HYPERTENSION

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HYPERTENSION
 Hypertension or high blood pressure or sometime
called arterial hypertension is one of the most
common worldwide disease among humans.
 It also the major risk factor for coronary heart
disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, end-stage
renal disease and peripheral vascular disease.
 Hypertension can be classified into two groups:
 Primary hypertension
 Secondary hypertension

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HOW IT HAPPEN?
 As blood flow inside the arteries it
pushes a pressure against the arteries
wall.
 The higher the pressure of blood exerted
on the arteries wall, the high the blood
pressure will be.
 Besides, the size or the dilation and
constriction of the arteries also can affect
the blood pressure.
 When the arteries muscular wall dilated,
the pressure of blood flowing through is
lower.
 However, when the wall constrict. The
pressure of blood flowing through is
higher.

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PRIMARY HYPERTENSION
 Primary hypertension is the most cases had been
recorded.
 About 90% – 95% of cases are categorized as primary
hypertension.
 Primary hypertension are mostly caused by medicals.

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SECONDARY HYPERTENSION
 Secondary hypertension is the least cases had been
recorded
 5%-10% of cases are categorized as secondary hypertension.
 It mostly caused by other condition that affect
kidney, arteries, heart and endocrine system.
 Secondary hypertension has several types:
 Renovascular hypertension
 Hypertension to other renal disorder
 Hypertension to endocrine disorder
 Other secondary hypertension

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SYMPTOMS
 Hypertension is called a “silent killer” as it not have any
symptoms until it quietly damage patients heart,
blood vessel, brain, lungs and kidney.
 But, patients can control it by knowing its zones

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NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE: SAFE
ZONE
 Normal blood pressure readings may fall below 120/80.
 Higher than this level can indicates hypertension.

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PREHYPERTENSION: WARNING
ZONE
 At this zone, the blood level consistently just above
normal blood pressure.
 Patient at this level have twice the risk of developing
heart disease than the patient with lower blood
pressure.
 A change in lifestyle are recommended for them to
lower down the blood pressure.

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HYPERTENSION: DANGER ZONE
 The blood pressure reading are at 140/90 or higher.
 Still no symptoms occur at this level until the pressure
reading are at 180/110 or higher, patient may having
hypertensive crisis.
 Hypertensive crisis symptoms are:
 Severe headache
 Shortness of breath
 Nose bleeding
 Severe anxiety

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CAUSES
 There are several causes that contributed to
hypertension
 High salt diet
 Person with diets high in salt experience more risk of
hypertension than who take low salt diet.
 Alcohol consumption
 Taking too much alcohol drinks may lead to high blood
pressure.
 It is good not to take any alcohol drinks in a diet.
 Obesity
 Person with too much body weigh have a risk to hypertension.

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CAUSES
 Stress
 Too much stress can contributed to hypertension.
 A good handling of stress are needed to prevent it from get
worst.
 Caffeine
 Consumption of caffeine can rise the blood pressure.
 However it only for short term and not sustained.

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HOW TO MEASURE HYPERTENSION?
 Blood pressure is the amount of force that exerted at
the wall of blood vessel as blood passing through it.
 To measure this force, special device are needed. This
device called sphygmomanometer.
 The blood pressure measurement are written as
fraction. For example, normal blood pressure is
recorded as 120/80. the number on top is called
systolic pressure; the pressure inside blood vessel at
the moment of heart beats. The number at the bottom
indicates the diastolic pressure; the pressure inside
blood vessel when heart is at rest.

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Cont…
 There are two types of sphygmomanometer:
 Manometric Digital

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TREATMENT
 Lifestyle changes is the first recommended to treat
hypertension. Losing weigh, exercising more, drinking
less or avoid alcohol and cutting back on salt in diet
can help lower the blood pressure.
 But, for some individuals lifestyle changes may not
enough for them. They require some hypertension
medications to use together.

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Cont…
 Type of medications can be use to treat hypertension are:
 Beta blockers
 Prescribed to treat condition like chest pain, glaucoma and high
blood pressure.
 Diuretics
 Commonly known as water pills. It help the body to remove
unneeded water and salt through urine.
 Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
 Help to relax the blood vessel, lower the blood pressure and make for
heart pump blood.
 Calcium channel blockers (CCBs)
 Prescribed to treat chest pain and high blood pressure

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PREVENTION
 Reduce salt intake
 Reduce fat intake
 Lose weight (if overweight)
 Exercise regularly
 Quit/avoid smoking
 Avoid alcoholic drink
 Manage stress
 Always check the blood pressure

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