3. TYPES OF DISASTER
Two Types – Natural and Manmade
Natural disasters:
Flood
Cyclone
Earthquake
Landslides
4. Manmade Disaster
Setting of fires
EpidEmic
Def orest at ion
Chemical pollution.
Wars
Road / train accidents, riots
Food poisoning
Environmental pollution
5. EARTHQUAKES
Ground shaking – back-&-forth motion ,
caused by the passing vibratory waves.
Soil failures – caused by shaking e.g.
landslides .
Surface fault ruptures, such as cracks , vertical
shifts.
Tidal waves ,i.e. large waves on the surface of
bodies of water that can cause major damage to
shoreline areas.
6. EFFECTS ON BUILDINGSEFFECTS ON BUILDINGS
As vibrations & waves continue to move through the
earth –buildings ,set in motion.
Each building response differently ,acc.to its
construction.
When waves strike ,earth moves backward &
forward .
The lower part of building moves with the earth.
The upper portion –initially remains at rest.
7. The upper portion
tries to catch up
with the bottom
but as it does so,
the earth moves in
the other direction
– ‘whiplash effect’.
Taller buildings
also tend to shake
longer than short
buildings.
8. PROTECTION MEASURES
The building should have a simple rectangular plan.
Long walls should be supported by reinforced concrete
columns.
Large buildings having plans with shapes like T,U,L and X.
It should preferably be separated into rectangular blocks
by providing gaps in between.
Doors and window openings in walls , preferably be small
& more centrally located.
The location of openings should not be too close to the
edge of the wall.
9. Landslides occur
because of the
interplay of several
factors.
1. Natural factors :-
Intensity of
rainfall, Steep
slopes, Poor
drainage, Stiffness
of slopes etc.
2. Manmade factors:-
Deforestation
leading to soil
erosion etc.
10.
11. MOST VULNERABLE HOMES
Existing landslides area.
Steep natural slopes.
Area in or at the mouths of
drainages.
Houses constructed near foothills.
12. PROTECTION MEASURES FROM DAMAGE TO BUILDINGSPROTECTION MEASURES FROM DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS
(a) Site selection:
Safe area – that have not
moved in the past .
Houses built at the toe of
steep slopes.
(b) Signs and warnings:
Doors or windows stick for
the first time.
New cracks appear on
plaster,tile,brick.
Underground utility lines
break.
Fences, retaining walls,
utility poles or trees tilt or
move.
13. (c) Preventive action:
1. Proper development.
2. Sound construction
techniques.
3. Seasonal inspections.
4. Regular maintenance of
drainage facilities.
(d) Protect vulnerable area:
Keep surface drainage water away
from vulnerable areas (steep
slopes, loose soils & non-
vegetated surfaces.)
14. (e) Intercept surface water.
(f) Stabilize slopes:
1. Improve soil’s ability .
2. Straw, woodchips applied to a depth of at
least one inch.
15. FLOODS
Water is a source for all life forms .
Without water no life is sustainable.
‘How tragic it is’ when water in the
form of floods takes away thousand of
human and cattle lives. More than one
million huts and poor houses are lost
every year in floods in India. CAN WE
PREVENT THIS LOSS ????????????
16. Building – constructed with earth –
based materials or using stone & brick
in mud mortar .
The huts made from biomass
materials.
The occupation of areas within the
flood plain of rivers has increased
vulnerability.
MOST VULNERABLE HOMES
17. The houses are commonly
destroyed so severely that their
reconstruction is not feasible.
It is constructed out of light weight
material .
Damage caused by inundation of
house .
Undercutting of houses.
Damage caused by debris.
18. PROTECTION
MEASURES FROM
DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS
To avoid residing on river banks
& slopes on river sides.
To build at least 250 mts away
from the sea coast .
To build proper drainage system
in all flood prone areas.
To construct the building with a
plinth level higher than the
known high flood level.
19. To construct the whole village
on a raised plat form higher
than the high flood level.
To construct buildings on
stilts or columns with wall –
free space at ground level
permitting free flow of water.
20. CYCLONES
Cyclones pose a major threat to life
and property in many parts of the
world. Every year these sudden, violent
cyclones bring widespread devastation to
coastlines and islands lying in their
erratic paths. A windstorm's
destructive work is done by the high
wind; flood producing rains and
associated storm surges.
23. EFFECTS ON BUILDINGSEFFECTS ON BUILDINGS
Uprooting of trees
Damage to signposts , electric poles, etc
Damage to improperly attached windows
Damage to roof/lintel projections
Failure of improperly attached parapets
Overturning failures of compound walls of various
types
24. PROTECTION MEASURES
FROM DAMAGE TO
BUILDINGS
Site se le ctio n
Platfo rm s and o rie ntatio n
Fo undatio ns: - (a) e ffe ct o f
surg e o r flo o ding ,
(b) Building o n
stilts
Wallo pe ning s
Glass pane lling
Ro o f archite cture
