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Solid state lighting science and led theory of operation december 2010
- 1. Solid State Lighting Science & LED Theory of Operation David Cox December 2010
- 6. Not a Binning Problem (Poor LED Selection) The LED Matters 16.5 ” Lowes Time zero 22” Linear LED Puck 16.5” Linear Copyright © 2010, Cree, Inc. pg. 97.8% Drop 1000 hours 84.1% Drop 96.9% Drop
- 14. Raw Efficacy Enables More Applications 70 100 65 X X X X X 100 150 100 ? ? ? X X 175 250 150 50-60 20 ? ? ? Value 400 60-70 20 40 ? 400 400 70-90 35 60 32 400 Value 90+ 50 75 32 400 Approx Wattage Equivalents 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Parking Deck Roadway Downlights PAR lamps MR16 lamps A-lamps T8 lamps High Bay
- 21. Cree XLamp LED Product Portfolio – Lighting Copyright © 2010, Cree, Inc. pg. LM-80 accepted LM-80 accepted LM-80 accepted LM-80 accepted LM-80 accepted LM-80 accepted XLamp Single Die Multiple Die XR-C XR-E XP-C XP-E XP-G MX-6 MC-E MP-L Footprint (mm) 7.0 x 9.0 3.45 x 3.45 6.5 x 5.0 7.0 x 9.0 12 x 13 Max Current 500 mA Up to 1.0 A 500 mA 1.0 A 1.5 A 1000 mA 700 mA (per LED) 250 mA (per string) Viewing Angle 90° 90° 110° 115° 125° 120° 110° 125°
- 24. Describing Color: Numbers & Words Spectral Power Distribution (~100 numbers) Chromaticity (xy or HSB)) (2-3 numbers) Color Temperature (1 number) “ Warm White” Descriptive Prose (Language)
- 28. CRI of Selected Light Sources 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Source CRI Low Pressure Sodium <5 High Pressure Sodium 20 RGB LED (typical) 31 Mercury Vapor 43 Cool White Fluorescent 63 Metal halide 64 Cool White LED 70 Daylight Fluorescent 76 Warm White LED (YAG) 81 Tri-phosphor Fluorescent 82 F32T8 Tri-phosphor 85 BSY + R LED 93 Halogen MR16 99 Incandescent 100
- 29. Color Rendering/Color Quality In Real Life CRI = 62 CRI = 93 CRI = 80 CRI = 92
- 33. Luminous Flux Binning 119 lm 25ºC Driver 350 mA Flux:
- 34. Chromaticity Binning Driver 350 mA CCy: 0.41 CCx: 0.445 25ºC
- 36. LED Bins in Context ANSI C78.377A ~4-step MacAdams ~7-step MacAdams ~2-step MacAdams Cree EasyWhite™ ~2/4-steps
- 37. LED Yield to Bin * For illustrative purposes only, not actual data Yield Loss Some bins zero yield
- 38. LED Color History 2006 ANSI C78.377-2008 3000K Quadrangle 2007 2009 2010 2-step 4-step
- 42. Trivia Point: 50,000 hours is: 137 Years at 1 hour/day 68.5 Years at 2 hours/day 34.2 Years at 4 hours/day 22.8 Years at 6 hours/day 17.1 Years at 8 hours/day 11.4 Years at 12 hours/day 5.7 Years at 24 hours/day
- 46. LEDs Last Forever!! [under ideal conditions] Well-designed systems with Lighting-class LEDs at low T A , T J will run a very, very long time…
- 48. Typical Lighting-Class LED Lifetime
- 49. LED Lifetime Is Irrelevant System Lifetime is What Creates Value LED Lamps : Practically never fail; depreciate very slowly in a well-designed system Optical Components : Can (rarely) yellow over time and lose light; system design choice Driver : Currently the weakest point of the system, but the big companies are working on this Heat Sink : Linchpin of the entire system. If this is poorly designed, all the other components can be compromised
- 54. Optical Losses Secondary Optics 85%-90% Efficient 75%-95% Efficient Diffuser Reflector Lens
- 55. Driver Losses Generally, 80% - 85% is a good estimate – but some will claim MUCH higher
- 58. Iterative Process: More Power = More Light…
- 59. … But More Power = Lower Efficacy (Droop) 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160% 180% 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Drive Current (mA) Relative Intensity (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Efficacy (lm/W) '
- 61. Tools For Doing It: Product Characterization Tool (PCT) www.cree.com/PCT
- 65. SSL Standards Status Status of NEMA, ANSI, IES, IEC, and CIE Solid State Lighting Standards (Partial List) Rev. 5-Aug-10 Standard Draft Comment Comment Resolution Publication Status IES RP-16 Definitions X X X Complete ANSI BSR C78.377A, Chromaticity X X X Complete IES LM 79, Luminous Flux X X X Complete IES LM 80, Lumen Depreciation X X X Complete NEMA LSD-44, 45, 49 (White Papers) Best Practices for SSL Interconnect, Sub-Assemblies, Dimming X X X Complete ANSI C82.77, Harmonic Emission Limits – Related Power Quality Requirements for SSL X X X Complete NEMA SSL-1, SSL Drivers X X X Complete NEMA SSL-3, LED Lamp Binning X X X NEMA SSL-4, Physical, Mechanical Standard for LED Retrofit Lamps NEMA SSL-6, Dimming Practices for SSL Integrated Lamps X NEMA SSL-6, Dimming Practices for SSL Integrated Lamps X NEMA-ALA Joint White Paper Definition of Functional & Decorative Lighting X X X Complete UL 8750 LED Safety X X X Complete IEC 62471-2, IES RP-27 Photobiological Safety X X X Complete IES TM-21 LED Lifetime X CIE TC1-69, Color Quality System X 47 CFR Part 15 (FCC) Radio Frequency Emissions for SSL Components, Drivers X X X Complete IEC 62471-2, IES RP-27 Photobiological Safety X X X Complete
- 66. ANSI Chromaticity Standard 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.33 0.34 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.50 CCx CCy BBL + 2700 K + 3000 K + 3500 K + 4000 K + 4500 K + 5000 K + 5700 K + 6500 K ANSI Fluorescent Lamp Standard ANSI C78.377A LED Standard
- 67. NEMA SSL-3 Binning Standard ANSI C78.377A SSL Chromaticity Standard New NEMA “SSL-3” Binning Standard Under Development
- 68. This Has Happened Before…. Vacuum Tubes VHS Film CRT TV Light Bulbs/ Fluorescent Tubes Transistors 1940s – 1960s DVD 1980s – 1990s Flat Panel TV and Displays 1990s – 2000s Flash Memory 1990s – 2000s Solid State Lighting 2000s – … “ Brick” phones Smart phones 1990s – 2000s
- 69. Moore’s Law for Transistor Cost -36% CAGR
Notas del editor
- Electroluminescence as different from incandescence – different phenomena require different management.
- Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive or RoHS, 2003 directive http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_of_Hazardous_Substances_Directive
- This is another example of the difference between incandescence versus electroluminescence
- This phenomenon occurs because IR is a frequency-dependent phenomenon – just like s sunset
- Color Quality Scale
- Might discuss 2 differenct notions of “sameness” – “Are these 2 same or different?” vs. “Make this one the same color as that one.”
- Potential Lighting customers used to be able to use “no standards” as an excuse for waiting on SSL – not anymore. All the basic pieces are now in place. If we can agree on The basic definitions (what is an LED chip? Lamp? Light engine? Module?), and What color it is (ANSI), and How to measure it photometrically (LM79), and What the Lumen Maintenance of the LEDs are (LM80), and What are the safety standards for SSL (UL 8750) We then have the basis to conduct commercial business. Energy Star uses all of these standard, was enabled by this basic work, again pushed by the DOE funding…
- This is an updated list of all the published standards and some of the important ones under development. We’re going to need another page soon!