1. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY
By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer
Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

2. The Dreyfus Case, 1894
Capt. Alfred Dreyfus
Emile Zola

3. Zionism
Theodore Herzl
1860-1904
 GOALS:
The spiritual and
political renewal of
the Jewish people
in its ancestral
homeland of
Palestine.
 Freedom from
Western anti-Semitism.

4. First Zionist Conference,
1897
 Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, or
The Jewish State in 1896.
 Met in Basel, Switzerland.
 Creates the First Zionist Congress.
 Becomes an international Jewish
organization.
 “Next Year in Jerusalem!”

5. The Ottoman Empire in WW1

6. The Main Players in WW1
Nicholas IINicholas II
[Rus][Rus]
George V [Br]George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare [Fr]Pres. Poincare [Fr]
AlliedAllied
PowersPowers::
Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor EmmanuelVictor Emmanuel
II [It]II [It]
CentralCentral
PowersPowers::
Enver PashaEnver Pasha
[Turkey][Turkey]

7. The Middle East in 1914

8. T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935]
“Lawrence of Arabia,”
The Legend Begins

9. Hussein-McMahon
Letters,1915
....Britain is prepared
to recognize and
uphold the
independence of the
Arabs in all regions
lying within the
frontiers proposed by
the Sharif of Mecca....
Hussein ibn Ali,
Sharif of Mecca

10. Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

11. The Arab Revolt: 1916-
1918

12. The Allied Advance Against
the Ottoman
Turks
Br. General
Edmund Allenby

13. The British & Arab Armies
Meet
British Forces
Lawrence
& Faisal’s
Forces

14. British Promise to the Jews:
Balfour Declaration, 1917
Sir Arthur James Balfour
Br. Foreign Secretary
His Majesty’s Government
views with favor the
establishment in Palestine of a
national home for the Jewish
people and will use their best
endeavors to facilitate the
achievement of this object, it
being clearly understood that
nothing shall be done which
may prejudice the civil and
religious rights of existing non-
Jewish communities in
Palestine…

15. 1.5 million: A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!
Turkish Genocide Against the
Armenians

16. Districts & Vilayets of Western
Armenia in Turkey
1914 1922
ErzerumErzerum 215,000215,000 1,5001,500
VanVan 197,000197,000 500500
KharbertKharbert 204,000204,000 35,00035,000
DiarbekirDiarbekir 124,000124,000 3,0003,000
BitlisBitlis 220,000220,000 56,00056,000
SivasSivas 225,000225,000 16,80016,800
Other Armenian-populated Sites
in Turkey
Western AnatoliaWestern Anatolia 371,800371,800 27,00027,000
Cilicia and Northern SyriaCilicia and Northern Syria 309,000309,000 70,00070,000
European TurkeyEuropean Turkey 194,000194,000 163,000163,000
Trapizond DistrictTrapizond District 73,39073,390 15,00015,000
Total:Total: 2,133,1902,133,190 387,800387,800
Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

17. Prince Faisal at Versailles,
1918
Arab Disappointment!

18. The League of Nations Mandates

19. “New” Countries & Ruling
Families Emerge!
 Prince Abdullah  “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.
 Prince Faisal  “ruler” of a newly-created
Iraq [pasted together from three distinct
geographic regions].
 The House of Saud  put on the throne of the
newly-created Saudi Arabia.
 The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a
new Iran.
 Mustafa Kemal  leads a military/nationalist
movement in Turkey.

20. Treaty of Lausanne, 1923
Modern Turkey Is Born.

21. Mustafa Kemal “Atatürk”
(1881-1938)

22. Ataturk’s Reform Program
 Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara.
 Secularism  Qur’an in Turkish translation.
 Adoption of a republican constitution and a
Swiss civil code.
 Westernization & nationalism:
 Compulsory, secular education.
 Banning the fez.
 Western [Roman] script.
 Western clothing.
 Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the
right to vote.

23. Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia!
 First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persia in
1908.
 Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill
for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.
 Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of
Kuwait who, while outwardly pledging allegiance to
the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul, promised exclusive
oil rights to the British.
 Kuwait became a British protectorate in November,
1914.
 In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the
Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

24. Oil Becomes the New
International
“Coin of the Realm!” American oil companies
[Texaco & Chevron], gain
oil concessions in Bahrain in
1929.
 In 1933, American oil
companies win an oil
concession in Saudi Arabia.
 ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil
Co] is created in 1939.

25. Rezah Khan (1877-1944)
 an Iranian officer, seized
control of the govt. in 1921.
 declared himself SHAH in
1925.
 created the Pahlavi Dynasty.
 ruled from 1925-1941.
 initiated some modern
reforms.
 forced to abdicate his throne
by the Allied armies in 1941.

26. Reforms in Iran
 Secularization  seizure of
religious lands.
 Adoption of the French civil
code.
 Built the Trans-Iranian
Railroad.
 Improved education.

27. The Middle East Between the
Wars

29. Essential Question:
How did Britain’s actions in
Palestine after 1918 lay the
groundwork for the on-
going conflict between the
Jews and the Arabs in the
Middle East today?

30. Palestine Was Part of the
Ottoman Empire

31. Jews & Arabs in Palestine,
1920  In 1920, there
was 1 Jew to
every 10 Arabs in
Palestine.
 By 1947, the ratio
was 2 Arabs for
every Jew.
The Arabs felt that
they were losing
control of their
“country!”

32. British
Mandate in
Palestine
Created
July, 1922

33. Jewish Settlements:
The Kibbutz System
 First one founded in 1908.
 Communal living.
 “Make the Desert
Bloom!”

34. 1929 Arab Riots
IZBAH AL-YAHUD!
[“Slaughter All the Jews!”]
Jewish
1919 1,806
1920 8,223
1921 8,294
1922 8,685
1923 8,175
1924 13,892
1925 34,386
1926 13,855
1927 3,034
1928 2,178
1929 5,249
1930 4,944
Immigration
1931 4,075
1932 12,533
1933 37,337
1934 45,267
1935 66,472
1936 29,595
1937 10,629
1938 14,675
1939 31,195
1940 10,643
1941 4,592

35. Palestine Arab Revolt:
1936-1939
The Grand Mufti of
Jerusalem, Haj Amin
al-Hussani, with Adolf
Hitler.
 An end to Jewish
immigration to Palestine.
 An end to the transfer
of lands to Jewish
owners.
 A new “general
representative
government.”
Their Goals:

36. The Peel
Commission
Partition
Plan, 1937

37. British White Paper of
1939 Limited Jewish
immigration to Palestine to
75,000 over the next five
years.
 It ended Jewish land
purchases.
 Independence for
Palestine within 10 years.
 It is NOT British policy
that Palestine become a
Jewish state.

38. The “Arab Legion” of the
British Army During
WW2

39. The “Jewish Brigade” of
the
British Army During
WW2

40. Hitler’s
“Final
Solution”
The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

41. Nazi Concentration
& Extermination Camps

42. The Nazi Holocaust
 6,000,00 Jews killed
by the Nazis [1/2 in the
concentration camps.]

43. Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish
Immigration

44. Aliyah Bet
 Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.
 The Exodus, 1947.

45. Palestine
Population
in 1946

46. British “Detention” Camps
in Cyprus : 1946-1948

47. Jewish “Freedom
Fighters”
(or “Terrorists”?)
Irgun Zvai Leumi
[Natl. Military Org.]
Avraham Stern &
The Stern Gang

48. U. N. Partition Plan of
1947

49. Israel Becomes a Nation:
May 14, 1948
David Ben-Gurion,
1st
Prime Minister
Chaim Weizmann,
1st
President

50. War Begins!: May 15, 1948

51. Arab Refugees, 1948
The Palestinian Diaspora begins!

52. Armistice Signed, 1949