1. Health A-Z Conditions-Procedures Drugs & Supplements Interactive Tools
Learning Center
Women's Health
Learn about women's health
There is so much to know about the woman’s body. And as your body changes with time, you are
bound to have questions you never thought of before.
You can come here to explore a range of women's health issues. Get help with decisions and common
concerns on topics such as:
Abnormal Pap Test.
Birth Control.
Fertility Problems.
Pregnancy and the Labour, Delivery, and Postpartum Period.
M enopause: Should I Use Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)?
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2. Health Topics
Abnormal Pap Test
Abnormal Pap Test and Watchful Waiting
Abnormal Pap Test While Pregnant
Abnormal Vaginal Bleeding
Abortion
Abortion: Emotional Recovery
Abruptio Placenta
Acupressure for M orning Sickness
Adonomyosis
After Childbirth: Coping and Adjusting
After Childbirth: Pelvic Bone Problems
After Childbirth: Urination and Bowel Problems
Alcohol or Drug Use During Pregnancy
Anatomical Incontinence in Women
Antihistamines for M orning Sickness
Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Pregnancy
Asthma During Pregnancy
Back Pain During Pregnancy
Bacterial Vaginosis
Bartholin Gland Cyst
Bedrest for Preterm Labour
Bioidentical Hormones
Birth Control
Birth Control Pills and Cancer Risk
Birth Control Pills, Hormone Therapy, and Coronary Artery Disease
Birth Control Pills: M issed or Skipped Periods
Birth Control: How to Use a Diaphragm
Birth Control: How to Use the Patch
Birth Control: How to Use the Vaginal Ring
Birth Control: M yths About Sex and Pregnancy
Black Cohosh for M enopause Symptoms
Blood Tests for Preeclampsia
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3. Braxton Hicks Contractions
Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer Screening
Breast Cancer, M etastatic or Recurrent
Breast Cancer: Lymph Node Surgery for Staging Cancer
Breast Changes During Pregnancy
Breast Engorgement
Breast Enlargement
Breast implant surgery for breast reconstruction
Breast Lumps
Breast Pain (M astalgia)
Breast Problems
Breast Reduction
Breast-Feeding
Breast-Feeding a Sick Baby
Breast-Feeding as Birth Control
Breast-Feeding M ore Than One Child
Breast-Feeding Positions
Breast-Feeding: Choosing a Breast Pump
Breathing Techniques for Childbirth
Breech Position and Breech Birth
Caesarean Section
Caffeine During Pregnancy
Cancer During Pregnancy
Cancer Treatment and Infertility
Carbon Dioxide Laser Surgery for Abnormal Cervical Cell Changes
Cervical Cancer
Cervical Cancer Screening
Cervical Cancer: Radical Trachelectomy
Cervical Cap for Birth Control
Cervical Cerclage to Prevent Preterm Delivery
Cervical Effacement and Dilatation
Cervical Polyps
Chemical Exposure and M iscarriage
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4. Childbirth Classes
Childbirth: Forceps Delivery and Vacuum Extraction
Childbirth: Labouring in Water and Water Delivery
Childbirth: Opioid Pain M edicines
Childbirth: Perineal M assage Before Labour
Childbirth: Pudendal and Paracervical Blocks
Childbirth: Reasons for Cesarean Delivery
Childbirth: Strep Infections During Delivery
Childbirth: Vaginal Exams During Labour
Choosing a Prosthesis After Breast Cancer Surgery
Chronic Female Pelvic Pain
Closure of the Vagina (Vaginal Obliteration)
Cone Biopsy (Conization) for Abnormal Cervical Cell Changes
Continuous Support During Childbirth
Contraceptive Sponge for Birth Control
Contractions During Pregnancy: What to Expect
Cryotherapy for Abnormal Cervical Cell Changes
Cup-Feeding
Depression During Pregnancy
Diaphragm for Birth Control
Diaphragm Use and Care
Dilation and Curettage (D&C) for Bleeding During M enopause
Dilation and Curettage (D&C) for M iscarriage
Dilation and Evacuation (D&E) for Abortion
Domestic Abuse
Domestic Violence
Domestic Violence: Checklist of Things to Take When You Leave
Domestic Violence: Getting a Protective Order
Draining a Breast Abscess
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
Eclampsia (Seizures) and Preeclampsia
Ectopic Pregnancy
Effects of Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Exposure
Electrical Stimulation for Urinary Incontinence
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5. Emergency Contraception
Emotional Changes During Pregnancy
Emotions and M enopause
Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer
Endometrial ablation
Endometriosis
Episiotomy and Perineal Tears
Exercise During Pregnancy
Exercises After M astectomy
External Cephalic Version (Version) for Breech Position
Fallopian Tube Procedures for Infertility
Family History and the Risk for Breast or Ovarian Cancer
Fatigue During Pregnancy
Female Condoms for Birth Control
Female Genital Problems
Fever During Pregnancy
Fibrocystic Breasts
First Trimester Screening for Birth Defects
First-Trimester Exams and Tests
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome
Functional Ovarian Cysts
Gamete and Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT and ZIFT) for Infertility
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) During Pregnancy
Genital Warts (Human Papillomavirus)
Gestational Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes: Emergency Care for Low Blood Sugar
Gestational Diabetes: Fetal Heart M onitoring
Gestational Diabetes: Safe Exercise
Gestational Diabetes: Target Blood Sugar Levels
Getting Pregnant After Stopping Birth Control
Ginger for M orning Sickness
Glandular Cells
Healthy Diet for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Healthy Eating and M enopause
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6. HELLP Syndrome and Preeclampsia
High-Risk Pregnancy
Hormonal Birth Control: Risk of Blood Clots
Hormonal Birth Control: Who Can and Can't Use It
Hot Flashes and M enopause
How Birth Control M ethods Prevent Pregnancy
How Pregnancy (Conception) Occurs
How to Take Birth Control Pills
How to Use a Condom
How to Use a Female Condom
Hysterectomy
Hysterectomy for Endometrial Cancer
Hysterectomy for Ovarian Cancer
Hysterectomy Questions
Hysterectomy: Concerns About Sex
Hysterectomy: Emotional Reactions
Hysterectomy: Types of Surgical Incisions
Indirect Coombs' Test
Infertility Treatment for Women With PCOS
Infertility Treatment: Risks of M ultiple Pregnancy
Infertility: Aging Egg Supply
Infertility: Factors That Affect Treatment Success
Infertility: Problems With Fallopian Tubes
Infertility: Problems With Ovulation
Infertility: Problems With the Uterus and Cervix
Infertility: Using Ultrasound in ART
Inflammatory Bowel Disease During Pregnancy
Inflammatory Breast Cancer
Insemination for Infertility
Interactive Tool: Are You at Risk for Osteoporosis?
Interactive Tool: From Embryo to Baby in 9 M onths
Interactive Tool: What Is Your Due Date?
Interactive Tool: When Are You M ost Fertile?
Intermittent Catheterization for Women
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7. Intrauterine Device (IUD) for Birth Control
IUD Insertion
Labour, Delivery, and Postpartum Period
Laparoscopic ovarian drilling (ovarian diathermy) for PCOS
Laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis
Laparoscopic Tubal Ligation
Laparotomy for Pelvic Problems
Leg Cramps During Pregnancy
Levonorgestrel (LNg) IUD
Local Anesthesia for Childbirth
Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP) for Abnormal Cervical Cell Changes
Low-Lying Placenta
Lymphadenectomy for Endometrial Cancer
M anual and Vacuum Aspiration for Abortion
M assage Therapy During Pregnancy
M astitis While Breast-Feeding
M echanical Devices for Urinary Incontinence in Women
M edical Abortion Care
M edicines During Pregnancy
M enarche
M enopause and Perimenopause
M enopause: Wild Yam and Progesterone Creams
M enstrual Cramps
M enstruation: Not Having a Period by Age 15
M ilitary Sexual Trauma
M iscarriage
M iscarriage: Expectant M anagement for Incomplete M iscarriage
M iscarriage: Vacuum Aspiration
M issed or Irregular Periods
M issed Periods and Endurance Training
M olar Pregnancy
M ultifetal Pregnancy Reduction
M ultiple Pregnancy: Twins or M ore
M yomectomy
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8. Normal M enstrual Cycle
Nutrition and Weight Gain During Pregnancy
Nutrition While Breast-Feeding
Obesity and Pregnancy
Obstetric Panel
Oophorectomy
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis Risk in Younger Women
Ovarian Cancer
Overflow Incontinence in Women
Pap Test: Classification of Cell Changes
Pap Test: Collecting Cells in Liquid
Passing Tissue During Pregnancy
Pelvic Floor (Kegel) Exercises for Urinary Incontinence in Women
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Criteria for Diagnosis
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Draining an Abscess
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Tubo-Ovarian Abscess
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Physical Abuse
Placenta Previa
PM S and Healthy Eating
PM S: Ways to Record Your Symptoms
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Weight M anagement
Postpartum Bleeding
Postpartum Depression
Postural M anagement for Breech Position
Pre-Eclampsia and High Blood Pressure During Pregnancy
Pre-Eclampsia: Checkups and M onitoring
Preeclampsia: Creatinine Clearance Test
Preeclampsia: Expectant M anagement
Pregnancy
Pregnancy After Age 35
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9. Pregnancy After Bariatric Surgery
Pregnancy and Chronic High Blood Pressure
Pregnancy and High Blood Pressure: Questions for Your Doctor
Pregnancy: Avoiding Papaya
Pregnancy: Belly, Pelvic, and Back Pain
Pregnancy: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Pregnancy: Changes in Bowel Habits
Pregnancy: Chemicals, Cosmetics, and Radiation
Pregnancy: Choosing a Health Professional
Pregnancy: Deciding Where to Deliver
Pregnancy: Dropping (Lightening)
Pregnancy: First Prenatal Visit
Pregnancy: Hair Changes
Pregnancy: Headaches and Preeclampsia
Pregnancy: Hemorrhoids and Constipation
Pregnancy: Hot Tub and Sauna Use
Pregnancy: Kick Counts
Pregnancy: Nosebleeds and Bleeding Gums
Pregnancy: Pelvic and Hip Pain
Pregnancy: Prenatal Exam Schedule
Pregnancy: Relationship Changes
Pregnancy: Stretch M arks, Itching, and Skin Changes
Pregnancy: Tips for Dealing With Bed Rest
Pregnancy: Vaginal Discharge and Leaking Fluid
Pregnancy: Varicose Veins
Pregnancy: Vegetarian Diet
Pregnancy: Ways to Find Your Due Date
Pregnancy: Work and School Issues
Pregnancy-Related Problems
Premature Ovarian Failure
Premenstrual Syndrome (PM S)
Preparing for a Healthy Pregnancy
Preterm Labor
Preterm Labor and Short Cervix
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10. Preterm Labour
Preterm Labour: Testing for Fetal Fibronectin
Preterm Premature Rupture of M embranes (pPROM )
Preventing M astitis
Problems After Delivery of Your Baby
Quick Tips: Healthy Pregnancy Habits
Quick Tips: Successful Breast-Feeding
Quitting Smoking and Avoiding Smoke During Pregnancy
Radiation Exposure: Risks and Health Effects
Radiation Therapy for Endometrial Cancer
Relieving M enstrual Pain
Removing a Barholin Gland Cyst
Repair of Bladder Prolapse (Cystocele) or Urethra Prolapse (urethrocele)
Repair of Rectocele or Enterocele
Repair of Vaginal Wall Prolapse (Vaginal Vault Prolapse)
Retropubic Suspension for Urinary Incontinence in Women
Rh Sensitization During Pregnancy
Risks of M ultiple Pregnancy
Safe Sex
Scalp Problems
Screening for Gestational Diabetes
Second-Trimester Exams and Tests
Sex After Childbirth
Sex During Pregnancy
Sexual Abuse: Signs and Symptoms
Sexual Problems in Women
Sexual Problems: Questions About Your Sexual History
Sexually Transmitted Infections: Symptoms in Women
Sleep Problems During Pregnancy
Sleep, Rest, and Breast-Feeding
Smoking: Birth Defects and Pregnancy Problems
Soy for M enopause Symptoms
Spinal Block for Childbirth
Stillbirth
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11. Storing Breast M ilk
Subchorionic Hemorrhage
Surgery for Chronic Pelvic Pain
Surgery for Ovarian Cysts
Surgical Abortion Care
Swelling During Pregnancy
Symptoms of Pregnancy
Taking Birth Control Pills With Other M edicines
Tension-Free Vaginal Tape for Stress Incontinence in Women
The Bethesda System (TBS)
Third-Trimester Exams and Tests
Tips for Pregnant Parents
Tissue flap surgery for breast reconstruction
Toxoplasmosis During Pregnancy
Travel During Pregnancy
Treating Tuberculosis in Pregnant Women
Trichomoniasis
Triple or Quad Screening for Birth Defects
Tubal Ligation and Tubal Implants
Tubal Ligation Reversal
Types of Domestic Abuse
Types of Hysterectomy
Umbilical Cord Blood Banking
Urethral Sling for Stress Incontinence in Women
Urinary Incontinence in Women
Urinary Incontinence: Keeping a Daily Record
Urinary Problems During Pregnancy
Uterine fibroid embolization (UFE)
Uterine Fibroids
Vaginal Birth After Caesarean (VBAC)
Vaginal Bleeding After Delivery
Vaginal Bleeding During Pregnancy
Vaginal Fistula
Vaginal Pessaries
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12. Vaginal Yeast Infections
Vaginitis
VBAC: Labor Induction
VBAC: Participation During Birth
VBAC: Type of Past Incision
VBAC: Uterine Scar Rupture
Violent Behaviour
Vitamins B6 and B12 for M orning Sickness
Vulvodynia
What to Do About M issed or Skipped Birth Control Pills
Women and Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injuries
Women and Coronary Artery Disease
Yeast Infection While Breast-Feeding
Medical Tests
Amniocentesis
Breast Biopsy
Breast Cancer (BRCA) Gene Test
Breast Self-Examination
Breast Ultrasound
Clinical Breast Examination
Colposcopy and Cervical Biopsy
Contraction Stress Test
Endometrial Biopsy
Estrogens
Fertility Awareness
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Test
Hysterosalpingogram
Hysteroscopy
Luteinizing Hormone
M agnetic Resonance Imaging (M RI) of the Breast
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13. M ammogram
Pap Test
Pelvic Examination
Post-Coital Test
Progesterone
Sperm Penetration Tests
Tests for Bacterial Vaginosis
Vaginal Self-Examination (VSE)
Vaginal Wet M ount
Medications
Alprazolam for PM S-Related Anxiety
Antibiotics for bacterial vaginosis
Antibiotics for mastitis while breast-feeding
Antibiotics for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Anticholinergics for Urinary Incontinence in Women
Antidepressants for Hot Flashes
Antidepressants for Urinary Incontinence
Aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer
Birth Control Pills, Patch, or Ring
Bisphosphonates for Osteoporosis
Bromocriptine M esylate or Cabergoline for Infertility
Calcitonin for Osteoporosis
Clonidine for Treating Hot Flashes
Danazol for endometriosis
Danazol for Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PM DD)
Denosumab for Osteoporosis
Emergency Contraceptive Pills
Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT)
Estrogen therapy for dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Gabapentin for Hot Flashes
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist (GnRH-a) for Severe PM S
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) therapy for endometriosis
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH-a) therapy
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14. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogues for Infertility
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
Hydralazine for High Blood Pressure During Pregnancy
Indomethacin for Slowing Preterm Labour
Insulin for gestational diabetes
Labetalol for High Blood Pressure During Pregnancy
Low-Dose Vaginal Estrogen for Dryness and Atrophy
M agnesium Sulfate for Seizure Prevention During Pregnancy
M etformin (Glucophage) for polycystic ovary syndrome
M ethotrexate and M isoprostol for Abortion
M ethotrexate for Ectopic Pregnancy
M ethotrexate for Trophoblastic Cancer
M ethyldopa for Chronic Hypertension During Pregnancy
M inoxidil for Hair Loss
M isoprostol
Nifedipine for High Blood Pressure During Pregnancy
Nifedipine for Preterm Labour
Nystatin for Yeast Infections While Breast-Feeding
Oral M edicines for Vaginal Yeast Infections
Parathyroid Hormone for Osteoporosis
Progestin for Chronic Pelvic Pain
Progestin for dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Progestin for endometriosis
Progestin Hormone Therapy for Endometrial Cancer
Progestin-Only Hormonal M ethods (M ini-Pills and Shots)
Raloxifene
Rh immune globulin
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) for PM S and PM DD
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) for Postpartum Depression
Spironolactone for PM S
Spironolactone for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
Testosterone for Women
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) for the Treatment of Chronic Pelvic Pain
Tricyclic Antidepressants for Postpartum Depression
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15. Tricyclic Antidepressants for Premenstrual Syndrome (PM S)
Vaginal M edicines for Vaginal Yeast Infections
Make a Wise Decision
Breast Cancer Screening: When Should I Start Having M ammograms?
Breast Cancer: Should I Have Breast Reconstruction After a M astectomy?
Breast Cancer: Should I Have Breast-Conserving Surgery or a M astectomy for Early-Stage Cancer?
Breast cancer: Should I have chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer?
Breast cancer: What should I do if I'm at high risk?
Depression: Should I Take Antidepressants While I'm Pregnant?
Diabetes: Should I Get Pregnant?
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding: Should I use hormone therapy?
Endometriosis: Should I have a hysterectomy and oophorectomy?
Endometriosis: Should I use hormone therapy?
Fertility Problems: Should I Have a Tubal Procedure or In Vitro Fertilization?
HPV: Should M y Daughter Get the Vaccine?
Hysterectomy and Oophorectomy: Should I Use Estrogen Replacement Therapy (ERT)?
Hysterectomy: Should I Also Have M y Ovaries Removed?
M enopause: Should I Use Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)?
M iscarriage: Should I Have Treatment to Complete a M iscarriage?
M ultiple Pregnancy: Should I Consider a M ultifetal Pregnancy Reduction?
Osteoporosis: Should I Have a Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Test?
Osteoporosis: Should I Take Bisphosphonate M edicines?
Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Should I Have Surgery?
PM S: Should I Try an SSRI M edicine for M y Symptoms?
Pregnancy: Should I Have Amniocentesis?
Pregnancy: Should I have an epidural during childbirth?
Pregnancy: Should I Try Vaginal Birth After a Past C-Section (VBAC)?
Stress Incontinence: Should I Have Surgery?
Uterine Fibroids: Should I Have Surgery?
Uterine fibroids: Should I have uterine fibroid embolization?
Uterine fibroids: Should I use GnRH-a therapy?
Vaginal Yeast Infection: Should I Treat It M yself?
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16. Take Action
Breast-Feeding: Planning Ahead
Depression: M anaging Postpartum Depression
Gestational diabetes: Checking your blood sugar
Gestational diabetes: Counting carbs
Gestational Diabetes: Dealing With Low Blood Sugar
Gestational diabetes: Giving yourself insulin shots
Lymphedema: M anaging lymphedema
M enopause: M anaging Hot Flashes
M enstrual Cycle: Dealing With Cramps
Osteoporosis: Taking Calcium and Vitamin D
Pregnancy and diabetes: Planning for pregnancy
Pregnancy: Dealing With M orning Sickness
Last Revised: April 26, 2012
Author: Healthwise Staff
Medical Review : Adam Husney, MD, MD - Family Medicine
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This infor mation does not r eplace the advice of a doctor . Healthwise,
Incor por ated disclaims any war r anty or liability for your use of this
infor mation.
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