1. Chapter Nine: Virtue Theory Aretaic Ethics: Come from the Greek word arete which translates as “excellence” or “virtue” The virtue or value of the actions is not in the act, but is in the heart of the actor. Virtue Ethics emphasizes being a certain person with a certain quality of character.

12. Connections Between Virtue-Based and Action-Based Ethics Pure Virtue Ethics : The virtues are dominant and have intrinsic value. Moral rules or duties are derived from the virtues

13. Connections Between Virtue-Based and Action-Based Ethics Standard Action-Based view : Action-guiding principles are the essence of morality. The virtues are derived from the principles and are instrumental in performing right actions.

14. Connections Between Virtue-Based and Action-Based Ethics Complementarity (Pluralistic) Ethics : Both action-based and virtue-based models are necessary for an adequate and complete system. Neither the virtues nor the rules are primary; they complement each other, and both may have intrinsic value.