2. Introduction
Threats to the balance of power
A conflict among nations, peoples, and ideals
The new methods of warfare
The Holocaust and the atomic bomb
3. From Isolation to Intervention
Following WWI, successive U.S.
administrations backed away from intervention
in foreign countries
4. Foreign Crises
Russia
Lenin 1918
Stalin 1924
Italy and Germany
Benito Mussolini became leader of Italy in 1922
Adolph Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933
6. The Soviet Union under
Stalin
Stalin succeeded to power after Lenin died in
1924
Collectivization
Local party and police officials forced peasants to
join collective farms
Peasant resistance: sixteen hundred large-scale
rebellions between 1929 and 1933
7. The Soviet Union under
Stalin
Collectivization
The famine (1932–1933)
The human cost was 3–5 million lives
The Bolsheviks retained grain reserves
Grain reserves sold overseas for currency
Stockpiled in the event of war
8. The Soviet Union under
Stalin
The Five-Year Plans
The human cost
Large-scale projects carried out with prison labor
The Gulag system
By 1940, 3.6 million people were incarcerated by the
regime
(7.1 Million people incarcerated in the U.S. in 2008)
9. The Soviet Union under
Stalin
The Great Terror (1937–1938)
One million dead—1.5 million to the Gulag
The elimination of Stalin’s enemies, real or
imagined
Purged the old Bolsheviks
Stalin wanted to eliminate any disagreement with his
personal views about Communism
Staged show trials
10. The Emergence of
Fascism in Italy
In the aftermath of WWI
A democracy in distress
Seven hundred thousand dead, $15 billion debt
Territorial disputes
11. The Emergence of
Fascism in Italy
The rise of Mussolini (1883–1945)
The Fascist platform (1919): universal suffrage,
the eight-hour day, and tax on inheritance
Fascist support
Gained respect of middle classes and landowners
Repressed radical movements of workers and
peasants
Attacked socialists
Fifty thousand fascist militia marched on Rome on
October 28, 1922
13. The Emergence of
Fascism in Italy
Italy under Mussolini
Repression and censorship
Liberals and socialists considered enemies of the
state
Granted independence to papal residence in the
Vatican City
Roman Catholicism established as the state
religion
14. Weimar Germany
November 9, 1918: Revolution
Bloodless overthrow of the imperial government
of Kaiser Wilhelm
Social Democratic Party (SPD) announced a new
German Republic
The Kaiser abdicated
16. Weimar Germany
Problems
Communists and independent socialists staged
armed uprisings in Berlin
Social Democrats tried to crush the uprisings
The Freikorps
Former army officers fighting Bolsheviks, Poles, and
communists
Fiercely right-wing anti-Marxist, anti-Semitic, and
antiliberal
17. Weimar Germany
Problems
Major changes introduced by unelected Council
of People’s Commissioners
Introduced 8 hour workday, legalized labor unions,
required re-hiring of WWI veterans; farm labor
reforms; social welfare; national health insurance.
Conservatives opposed these measures and
Communists thought they did not go far enough
Elections not held until January 1919
18. Weimar Germany
Communists and independent socialists staged
armed uprisings in Berlin during interim between
Kaiser’s abdication and election
Social Democrats tried to crush the uprisings
The Freikorps
Former army officers fighting Bolsheviks, Poles, and
communists
Fiercely right-wing anti-Marxist, anti-Semitic, and anti-
liberal
20. Weimar Germany
The Weimar coalition
Socialists, Catholic centrists, and liberal
democrats
Parliamentary liberalism
Universal suffrage for men and women
Bill of rights
21. Why Did the Weimar Republic Fail?
Social, political, and economic crisis
The humiliation of World War I & conservative
propaganda
Argument that Germany “stabbed in the back” by socialists
and Jews widely accepted among conservatives
Versailles and reparations
$33 billion debt: impossible to repay
Parliamentary system and proportional representation
gave too much power to minority parties by
necessitating governing coalitions in a deeply
fractured country.
22. Why did the Weimar Republic Fail?
The failure of Weimar
Global Economic Depression further
weakened Weimar government
U.S. stock market crash
Unemployment
Peasants staged mass demonstrations
Government cut welfare benefits for veterans
Opponents seized economic setbacks to
undermine Weimar government
23. By 1930, the two best organized
opposition parties were the
Communist Party and the
National Socialist German
Worker’s (NAZI) Party
24. Hitler and the National
Socialists
Adolf Hitler (1889–1945)
Born in Austria, rejected by the Academy of
Fine Arts in Vienna in 1907 and 1908.
Supported by orphan’s benefits and his
mother. After her death, Hitler lived in a
homeless shelter in 1909 and later in a hostel
for poor laborers.
Apparently adopted Anti-Semitism, anti-
Marxism, and pan-Slavism while in Vienna.
Hitler moved to Munich in 1913.
Viewed the outbreak of World War I as his
liberation
25. Hitler and the National
Socialists
Adolf Hitler (1889–1945)
After the war, Hitler joined the German
Workers’ Party
Refused to accept the November (1918)
Resolution ending WWI
1920: German Workers Party reorganized into
National Socialist Workers’ Party (Nazi)
26. Hitler and the National
Socialists
November 1923: Munich (Beer Hall) putsch
Along with other Nazi’s Hitler attempted a coup d’etat
Hitler imprisoned and Dictated Mein Kampf while in
prison
Portrayed himself as the savior of the German people
Weimar elections
1924: Nazis polled 6.6 percent of the vote
28. Proportional Representation and
the Parliamentary System
Parliamentary System: Political parties offer a slate of
candidates
Voters elect a party not individual candidates
Many parties may participate in parliamentary elections
Each party receives seats in parliament equal to the
proportional number of votes it received in the election
If no one party gets 51% or more, the party with the most
seats has an opportunity to form a coalition with other
parties. The leader of the party with the most votes is
usually the Prime Minister
Parliamentary system differs from U.S. system where
voters elect a candidate
29. How did Hitler come to power?
1930 election
Nazis won 107 of 577 seats in the Reichstag
No party gained a majority
Conservative Party attempted for form a coalition
government with the Nazis who refused to support a
coalition government unless Hitler was Chancellor
(Prime Minister)
Nazi refusal to join the coalition caused the failure of
the conservative coalition government requiring new
elections
Street battles between Nazis and Communists
30. How did Hitler come to power?
July 1932 elections
Nazi party became the largest party in the Reichstag
(Parliament) but did not have a majority
Two largest parties were Hindenburg’s Conservative
party and Nazi party
Nazi party refused to join any coalition unless Hitler was made
Chancellor
Conservatives refused to name Hitler Chancellor
Stalemate resulted in caretaker government
Street battles continue between Communists and Nazis
Government paralyzed and cannot perform basic functions
Economic situation worsens
31. How did Hitler come to power?
November 1932 elections
Nazi Party lost significant seats but still the
largest party
Communist Party and National Conservative
German National Party increased seats
significantly
Hindenberg finally agreed form a government with
Hitler as Chancellor
Nazis appointed to major posts in the government
32. How did Nazis Consolidate
Power?
Hitler as chancellor
January 1933: Hindenburg appointed Hitler
chancellor
February 27, 1933: Reichstag set on fire by Dutch
anarchist
Hitler suspended civil rights
March 5, 1933: New elections
Hitler granted unlimited power for four years
Hitler proclaimed the Third Reich
35. How did Nazis consolidate
power?
Nazi Germany
A one-party state
Hitler’s first acts sharply limited freedom of the press and
enabled the cabinet to issue decrees without the consent or
approval of the Reichstag.
Reichstag Fire Decree suspended all civil liberties
guaranteed by the German constitution.
Widespread arrests of known or suspected opponents of
the Nazi party—mainly outspoken liberals and Communists.
Opposition tactics
Storm troopers (SA)—used to maintain party discipline
June 30, 1934: Night of the Long Knives purged SA not
believed to be loyal to Hitler personally.
36. Hitler and the
National Socialists
Nazi Germany
Support
Played off fears of communism
Spoke a language of national pride
Hitler as the symbol of a strong, revitalized Germany
(the Führer cult)
The recovery of German national glory
37. Nazis and German Racism
Nazi racism
Nazi racism inherited from nineteenth-century social
Darwinism
Nations and people struggle for survival
Superior peoples strengthen themselves through struggle
Anti-Semitism
Joined by nationalist anti-Jewish theory: The Jew as outsider
to the German nation
An “international Jewish conspiracy” based in part on
Protocols of the Elders of Zion – a conspiracy theory claiming
that International Jewish leaders were intent on taking over the
world.
Protocols of the Elders of Zion thought to be created in 1903
by the Tsar’s Security police.
38. Nazi Racism
Nazi racism
April 1933: New racial laws excluded Jews from
public office
1935 Nuremberg Decrees
Deprived Jews of citizenship (determined by bloodline)
November 1938: Kristallnacht (Night of Broken
Glass)
39. Still Image from Leni Riefenstahl, Triumph of the Will (1935),
a Film about a Nazi Party Rally in Nuremberg, Germany, 1934
41. Hitler and the
National Socialists
National socialism and fascism
Both arose in the interwar period as responses to
war and revolution
Intensely nationalistic
Opposed parliamentary government and
democracy
42. The 1930s –
The “Dishonest Decade”
An atmosphere of fear and apprehension
Aggression as a challenge to civilization
Avoiding another war
43. The 1930s –
The “Dishonest Decade”
Appeasement
Assumptions in Europe and the U.S.
The outbreak of another world war was unthinkable
Fascist states were a bulwark against Soviet communism
Ends—how to maintain Europe’s balance of power?
Soviets the greater threat, so accommodate Hitler
U.S. Isolationism
Nye Committee 1934-1936
Formed in the U.S. Senate to investigate the Munitions industry
profits from WWI
Headed by Senator Gerald Nye of North Dakota (R)
Questioned U.S. entered WWI because the munitions industry profited
by selling arms to both sides
Claimed that bankers pressured Woodrow Wilson to enter WWI to
preserve their loans
44. The 1930s –
The “Dishonest Decade”
The League of Nations
Japanese invasion of China turned into an
invasion of the whole country
The Rape of Nanjing (1937)
The League expressed shock but did nothing
Mussolini invaded Ethiopia in 1935
Avenging the defeat of 1896
League imposed sanctions on Italy but without
enforcement
45. Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
A weak republican government could not
overcome opposition
Extreme right-wing military officers rebelled
Francisco Franco (r. 1936–1975)
Hitler and Mussolini sent in troops and tested new
weapons; war was a dress rehearsal
Saw the war as a test of the West’s determination to
resist fascism
46. The 1930s –
The “Dishonest Decade”
The Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
The Soviets sided with the troops fighting for the
Spanish Republic
Britain and France failed to act decisively,
America stayed out of the dispute
April 1937: The destruction of Guernica
Hitler’s lessons
Britain, France, and the Soviet Union would have a
hard time containing fascism
Britain and France would do anything to avoid another
war
47. The 1930s –
The “Dishonest Decade”
German rearmament and the politics of
appeasement
The unification of all ethnic Germans
Reoccupied the Rhineland in 1936
The annexation of Austria (1938)
Hitler declared his intention to occupy the
Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia)
Neville Chamberlain
Believed Germany could not commit to a sustained war
48. The 1930s –
The “Dishonest Decade”
German rearmament and the politics of
appeasement
Munich: September 29, 1938
Daladier (France), Chamberlain, Mussolini, and Hitler
met (Soviet Union excluded)
France and Britain agree to German expansion into
Czechoslovakia
Chamberlain proclaimed “peace in our time”
March 1939: Germany invaded Czechoslovakia
Persuaded public of the futility of appeasement
What is appeasement?
49.
50. The 1930s –
The “Dishonest Decade”
German rearmament and the politics of
appeasement
Stalin’s response
Feared the West might strike a deal with Hitler
August 1939: the Nazi-Soviet (Hitler-Stalin) pact of
nonaggression
Stalin promised a share of Poland, Finland, and the Baltic
States
51.
52. The Outbreak of Hostilities
and the Fall of France
Poland
The Blitzkrieg (lightning war)
Soviet troops invaded from the East
Poland fell in four weeks
53. Statements and treaties which outlaw war are
ineffectual to stop war
Appeasement = trading land for commitments
to “Peace”
Isolationism
Hitler believed that Britain, France and the
U.S. lacked the moral will to fight
Stalin believed that Britain, France and the
U.S. were unwilling to fight and could not be
counted upon should the USSR be attacked
by Germany
What Were the Lessons from the
Dishonest Decade?
54. The Outbreak of Hostilities
and the Fall of France
Scandinavia—Germans took Denmark in one
day (spring 1940)
The fall of France
French army overwhelmed by the German
advance
French army poorly organized
55. The Outbreak of Hostilities
and the Fall of France
The fall of France
Mid-June 1940: the Germans reached Paris
June 20, 1940: French surrendered
Germans occupied northern France
Southern France fell under the Vichy regime, headed
by Marshall Pétain
The Free French movement
56. The Battle of Britain & the
Beginnings of a Global War
The Battle of Britain (July 1940–June 1941)
Forty thousand civilians dead
Stalemate in the air
British resistance
60. Foreign Crises
Degrees of Neutrality
Neutrality Acts prevented the U.S. from shipping
key materials to aggressor nations
61. Degrees of Neutrality
Selective Service Act of 1940
First peace-time conscription in U.S. history. Drafted men between 18
& 45 for one year
FDR’s request that term of service be extended beyond 1 year
passed the House of Representatives by 1 vote on August 12, 1941
Lend-Lease Program
March 11, 1941
U.S. sent armaments to Great Britain, Free France, China and the
USSR in return for leases on military bases around the world
Public Opinion
February 1941: Gallup 54% of Americans favored Lend-Lease without
qualifications
22% (primarily among Republicans)opposed to any aid
Senate Vote: 49 Democrats and 10 Republicans voted in favor; 13
Democrats and 17 Republicans voted against
House vote: Democrats 238 to 25 in favor; Republicans 135 against,
24 in favor
62. Mothers urge defeat of the Lend-Lease program, kneel in prayer in front of the Capitol
64. The Storm in the Pacific
Japanese Aggression
As Japan’s invasion of China became bogged down, Japan was
forced to look to other Pacific Islands for natural resources
As Japan became more aggressive, FDR limited exports of
American goods to Japan
Oil, scrap, and iron shipments prohibited
Japan decided to eliminate U.S. Pacific fleet
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
December 7, 1941
19 American ships sunk or disabled
2,400 people killed; 1700 wounded
FDR asked for a declaration of war against Japan on December 8
Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S. on December 11
65. Doolittle Raid
April 18, 1942
Joint action by the Army and Navy to retaliate
against Japan by bombing Japanese industrial
centers on Japanese home islands
Primary purpose: boost morale at home and hurt
Japanese morale
67. Early U.S. Losses in the Pacific
Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong and Manila fell to
Japanese in early 1942
Bataan Death March: April 8, 1942
Forcible transfer of 60,000- 80,000 American and
Philipino POW’s following the 3 month battle of
Bataan Peninsula
80 mile march
Japanese atrocities
Racism?
General Homma tried and executed for war crimes in
1946
73. Battles of Coral Sea and
Midway
Coral Sea—May 4-8, 1942
Americans took more damage than Japanese
Repulsed Japanese threat to Australia
Midway—June 4-7, 1942
U.S. had broken the Japanese code
Knew attack coming but not exactly where
Confirmed location by sending a false message
3 of 6 Japanese aircraft carriers that attacked Pearl
Harbor destroyed at Midway
Cumulative effect of these two battles was turning
point in Pacific theatre
76. Mobilization at Home
Economic Controls
Congress authorized office of Price Administration in 1942
to set wages and prices
War Production Board
Allowed for central control of industry from peacetime
production to war production
Congress forced FDR to sell war bonds to finance the war
Did not raise taxes
Domestic Conservatism
FDR won election of 1940
Midterm elections of 1942: Republicans regained many
seats in Congress and attempted to abolish most New
Deal Programs
77. Franklin D. Roosevelt E.C. 449 Popular: 27,243,218
Wendell Willkie E.C. 82 Popular: 22,334,940
78.
79.
80. African American Soldiers in
WWII
Segregated units
Separate accommodations
Job opportunities
Tuskegee Airmen
Red Ball Express: African Americans drove
500,000 TONS of supplies to 1st and 3rd
Armies’ advance through France
D-Day 1,700 African Americans in units in 1st
Army at Omaha and Utah beaches
81.
82.
83. Double V Campaign
Victory at Home and Victory Abroad
Attitudes of white servicemen who saw the
courage of African American servicemen
Latinos
Southern farmers recruit Mexican workers for
harvest time
Zoot Suit Riots: series of riots in Los Angeles in
1943 between white U.S. servicemen stationed in
California and Latino youths
88. Name State Opened Max. Pop'n
Manzanar California March 1942 10,046
Tule Lake California May 1942 18,789
Poston Arizona May 1942 17,814
Gila River Arizona July 1942 13,348
Granada Colorado August 1942 7,318
Heart Mountain Wyoming August 1942 10,767
Minidoka Idaho August 1942 9,397
Topaz Utah September 1942 8,130
Rohwer Arkansas September 1942 8,475
Jerome Arkansas October 1942 8,497
Notas del editor
Weimar Germany
Shackled with the infamous “war guilt” clause, Germany emerged from the Great War a beaten nation. A revolution swept the nation in November 1918 and a new government was established at Weimar. However, the Weimar Republic faced nearly insurmountable problems right from the start. Economic disorder and social unrest, as well as the feeling of humiliation and betrayal, produced an environment that made it possible for Adolf Hitler, the tramp from Vienna turned Führer (leader), to capture Germany with the hope of creating a thousand-year Third Reich.
The 1930s: Challenges to the Peace
The Second World War was Hitler’s war. When Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany through legal channels in January 1933, Europe was on the verge of facing its greatest threat. Germany was both demoralized and debilitated by Versailles; it was overcome by inflation and massive unemployment. Hitler and the Nazi Party promised regeneration. With the memories of the Great War foremost in their minds, Britain and France stood down and appeased Hitler as he reoccupied the Ruhr, annexed Austria, and marched his troops into the Sudetenland. In the meantime, Hitler’s storm troopers paraded through the streets of every town in Germany, with loudspeakers blaring the Nazi ideology of racial hatred, Aryan supremacy, and the master race. Hitler, the Führer, had come to deliver them from the humiliation that was Versailles and into the thousand-year Third Reich.
Congress authorized the Office of Price Administration in 1942 to set limits on prices to prevent inflation and price gouging. Businesses and workers did not like these limits, but whenever a group went out on strike, the government took control of their companies and sent them back to work.
Although FDR had won by a landslide in 1940, the 1942 election pushed Congress toward control by the Republicans. Now Congress would abolish most of the New Deal programs.