1. THE NOSE

2. Nose
-Extend from external nostril to posterior nasal a
perture.
External nose:-
-pyramidal in shape
-it has root continous with forehead , and apex
which is its free edge.
-lateral surface of nose called dorsum nasi, which
end below in rounded a la nasi.
-external nose compose of : - Bones
-Hyline cartilage

3. Bonny part:
-Nasal bone
-Frontal process of
maxilla
-Nasal part of frontal
bone
Cartilaginous part:
-Septal cartilage.
-Lateral nasal
cartilage.
-Major alar

7. Artery of nose:
-Facial a. : - septal , alar branches.
-Ophthmalic a. :- dorsal nasal branches
-Maxillary a. :- infraorbital branches
**Never of muscles of nose is from facial nerve ,
skin from ophthmalic never through infra
trachea, external nasal nerve , and from
maxillary nerve through infra orbit nerve.
**Skin extend into vestibule within nostrils which
contain stiff hairs.

8. Nasal cavity: -
-divided into RT, LT by nasal septam.
-two halves open on face through nostril
communicated behind through neesopharynx through
posterior nasal aperture (called choana(.
-It has : 1. floor
2.roof
3.lateral wall
4.medial (septal( wall
-it has 3 region : 1. vestibula
2.olfactory
3.respiratory

9. Nasal vestibule:-
-dilation inside aperture of nostril
-bounded laterally by alar, and lower nasal cartilage.
-lined with skin, coarse hair and sebaceous gland ,
sweet gland.
-limited above and behind by curved elevation called
limen nasi.
Olfactory region:-
limited to superior nasal concha opposite part of septem ,
interventing roof. Present in roof , less vascular and
appear yellow in color.
Respiratory region:
The rest of cavity , very vascular red in color to warm the
air.

10. Lateral wall:-
-it is irregular due to presence of 3 bonny projection:
1.inferior concha.
2.middle concha.
3.superior concha.
-it is formed from:
1-medial surface of maxilla.
2-ethmoid bone : - superior concha
-middle concha
3-inferior concha.
4-lacrimal bone.
5-perpendicular plate of palatine.
6-medial pterygoid plate.

15. -Below and lateral to bonny elevation (conchar)
is meatus. Above superior conchar is
sphenoethmaidel recess which include opening
of sphenoid air sinus.
-Some time 4th or highest nasal conchar at
lateral wall of sphenoethmaidal recess with
supreme nasal meatus which contain opening
of posterior ethmoidal sinus.

17. Superior meatus and concha:-
-it is shortest , shallowest of 3 meatus.
-behind superior meatus is sphenopalatine from a men which
open into ptergo palatine fossa.
Middle concha and meatus:-
-much larger articulated with perpendicular plate of palatine bone.
-at its upper part occupy by elevation called bulla ethmaidal
which contain middle ethmaidal air cells. The opening of
maxillary sinus is situated below bulla ethmaidal near the
posterior end of hiatus semilunaris.
-hiatus semilunaris which leads upward and fore ward into
curved chaunel called ethmaidal infundibalam , in which
anterior ethmaid sinus open in infundibalam .frontal sinus
open through infundibalam into anterior end of hiatus
semilunaris.

18. Inferior conchar:-
-articulate with nasal surface of maxilla.
-extend to floor of nasal cavity.
-it is largest of 3 meatus.
-naso lacrimal duct open drainexcess tear from eye.
Duct open 2cm . behind nostril.
Nerve supply of lateral wall:-
1-anterior superior by anterior ethmaidal n.
2-anterior inferior by anterior superior alveolar.
3-posterior superior by posterior lateral nasal nerve
branch of maxilla nerve.
4-posretior inferior by greater palatine nerve.

23. Roof:-
1-frontal bone.
2-ethmaid bone.
3-sphenoid bone.
-Horizontal part : - cribriform plate of ethmaid bone.
-Anterior sloping part : 1- nasal spine of frontal bone
2-nasal bone
3-nasal cartilage
-Posterior sloping part : - body of sphenoid and on each sphenoid
sinus.
-Nerve supply : - by 1st cranial nerve ( i.e. the olfactory nerve).
-Blood supply : - anterior and posterior ethmaided arteies.
Floor:-
-palatine process of maxilla.
-horizontal plate of palatine bone nerve supply by long
sphenopalatine nerve and anterior ethmaidal nerve.

24. Medial wall (nasal septum(:-
-Extend between roof and floor.
-Formed by : - 2 bones
-cartilage
1-Vomer :- extend from inferior surface of sphenoid bone.
2-Prependicular plate of ethmaid which continuous above with
cribriform plate of ethmaid.
3-Septal cartilage is in between two bone.
**septal cartilage grooved on each side by long sphenopalatine
vessels.
Nerve supply of nasal septum:
Anterior superior part by anterior ethmaid nerve
Posterior inferior part by sphenopalatine nerve.

33. Venous drainage of nasal mucosa:-
-form rich venous network or plexus in nasal
mucosa especially in inferior part of septum.
-some of vein open into sphenopalatine vien and
drain to pterygoid venous plexus.
-other join the facial vein and some empty into
ophthmlic vein and drain into cavernous
sinus.

35. The Para nasal sinuses
Reasons for presence of these sinuses:-
-make skull lighter
-help the resonance of voice
Development of sinuses:-
-develop after birth as diverticular from nasal cavity.
-fully developed until puberty.
-fined by ciliated columnar mucous epithelium.
Frontal sinuses:-
-above orbit.
-variable in size.
-usually asymmetrical.
-open into middle meatus.
-related to anterior cranial fossa posteriorly.
-orbital , nasal cavities related inferiorly to sinus.
-innervated by supra orbital ,and supratrchlar nerve.

39. Ethmoidal sinus or air cells:-
-These are numerous spaces located within the
labyrinth of ethmoid bone.
-They are 3 groups of air cells, according to
location,
Anterior ethmoidal sinus :- hiatus
semilunaris.
Middle ethmoidal sinus :- bulla-ethmoid
Posterior ethmoidal sinus:- superior
meatus.
Innervation:-
-Anterior ethmoidal
{ :-anterior ethmoidal
nerve.
Middle ethmoidal

43. Sphenoidal air sinus:-
-lies within the body of sphenoid.
-two in number , unequal in size separated from each other by an
irregular septum.
-related to pituitary fossa superiorly and middle cranial fossa laterally.
-innervated by posterior ethmoidal nerve.
-open into sphenoethmoidal recess , which located above superior
conchar.
Maxillary sinus:-
-largest of all paranasal sinus.
-cone-shaped , located within body of maxilla
-it has:-
Roof :- formed by orbital surface of maxilla.
Floor:- formed by alveolar process of maxilla.
Base:- formed by medial surface of maxilla.
Lateral wall:- formed by lateral surface of maxilla.
Posterior wall:- formed by posterior surface of maxilla.

44. Cavities :- related to the sinus are
1-orbit :- roof
2-nasal cavity :- base
3-infratemporal and sphenopalatine fossa :- posterior wall of
sinus.
4-canine fossa :- anterior wall of sinus.
Innervation:-
Roof :- infraorbital nerve.
Base :- anterior ethmoidal nerve.
Posterior wall :- posterior superior dental nerve.
Floor :- greater palatine nerve.
Lateral wall :- anterior superior dental nerve.
**Blood supply is corresponding to nerve , but venous
drainage is to pterygoid venous plexus.
**It open to hiatus semilunaris , middle meatus of nose but
unfortunately the opening as at the top of sinus.

45. THE END