1. 1
1960’S

2. 2
Table of Contents
I. 1960 presidential election Slide 5
II. Civil Rights movement continued Slide 16
III. Kennedy’s domestic policy Slide 28
IV. Kennedy’s foreign policy Slide 54
V. President Kennedy assassinated Slide 101
VI. Johnson’s domestic policy Slide 116
VII. Culture and society Slide 165
VIII. Johnson and foreign policy Slide 205
IX. 1968 presidential election Slide 226

3. 3
Presidential candidates
Campaign propaganda
John F. Kennedy
Richard M. Nixon
Debates
Election results
Inauguration

4. 4
John F. Kennedy,
Democrat
Richard M. Nixon,
Republican
1960 Presidential election
candidates

5. 5
Campaign
propaganda and
the candidate’s
wives
Jacqueline
Kennedy
Patricia
Nixon

6. 6
Born on May 29, 1917 in Brookline,
Massachusetts
World War II hero when he saved
his crew after his PT boat was rammed
by a Japanese destroyer in 1942
His father convinced him to enter
politics; he was elected to the House
of Representatives in 1946 and the
Senate in 1952
Lost close bid for 1956 Democratic
nomination for Vice-President
Wrote Pulitzer Prize winning novel
“Profiles In Courage” in 1956
JFK was the second Catholic to run
for President. Al Smith ran as the
Democrat candidate in 1928 and lost.
John F. Kennedy

7. 7
Born on January 11, 1913 in Yorba
Linda, California
Elected to the House of
Representatives in 1946
Elected to the U.S. Senate in 1950
Known as a staunch anti-communist;
investigated State Department official
Alger Hiss, who was convicted of
perjury
Nominated for Vice President in
1952 by Dwight Eisenhower; won
second term as Vice President in 1956
Won acclaim for “kitchen debate”
with Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev
in 1959
Richard M. Nixon
Nixon
accepted
the
nomination
for
president in
1960

8. 8
This was the first televised debate between
presidential candidates. Nixon was unshaven and
sweating, while Kennedy was tan and full of energy.
JFK was considered by many to have won the debate
which may have had contributed to his narrow
electoral victory.
Vice President
Richard M. Nixon
Senator
John F. Kennedy
These chairs were used
by nominees John F.
Kennedy and Richard
M. Nixon in the first
televised debate
between presidential
candidates

9. 9

10. 10
In October of 1960, Martin
Luther King, Jr. was
arrested during a sit-in
protest in Atlanta, Georgia.
Due to major media
coverage both presidential
candidates were pressured
to take a stance. Kennedy
called King’s wife and
helped arrange his release
from jail. As a result, many
Blacks believed JFK would
help them gain equal rights.
Kennedy received 70% of
the African American vote in
the 1960 presidential
election.

11. 11
Kennedy won a fairly substantial victory in the Electoral
College, but his popular vote triumph was far less secure,
winning only approximately 113,000 more votes than
Nixon, a margin of approximately .02%

12. 12
John F. Kennedy was
sworn in as President,
Lyndon B. Johnson Vice
President on
January 20, 1961

13. 13
Inauguration

14. 14
Background
Sit-ins
Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC)
Freedom Rides
Albany, Georgia
Council of Federated Organizations

15. 15
Important events in the Civil Rights movement in the
1950s
1950 Sweatt v. Painter, Supreme Court ruled that the separate
facilities for Black law students were not equal and therefore African
American students must be allowed to attend white law schools
1950 McLauren V. Oklahoma law school, ruled that separating
students denied them educational opportunities and therefore
separate facilities were not allowed
1953 First bus boycotts Baton Rouge, Louisiana
1954 Brown v. Board of Education, Supreme Court ruled that school
segregation is unconstitutional
1955 Brown v. Board II, schools must be desegregated “with all
deliberate speed”
1955 Montgomery Bus boycott
1956 Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was illegal
1957 Eisenhower sent troops to help integrate Central High School
in Little Rock, Arkansas
1957 Civil Rights Act
1957 Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was formed

16. 16
The first sit-in
February 1, 1960: Woolworth's store
Greensboro, North Carolina
Four roommates, Joseph
McNeil, Izell Blair, Franklin
McCain and David Richmond
planned to remain seated
until they were served or
arrested. They purchased
items and sat at the counter
reserved for whites.
Over the next week
protestors filled all of the
68 seats until the store
closed due to a telephone
bomb threat and the
escalation of the protests.

17. 17
The protests soon spread throughout North
Carolina and eventually to 26 southern cities

18. 18
Sit-ins were also successful
defeating segregation in:
Public parks
Swimming pools
Theaters
Churches
Libraries
Museums
Beaches

19. 19
Most of the sit-in protestors were students who
wanted changes to happen quickly. They formed
the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
(SNCC).
They believed that if northern white America
could see the nonviolent responses to police
brutality on television, the movement would gain
momentum.
Eventually the authorities caught on and brutality
was only practiced behind closed doors away
from cameras and the media.

20. 20
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Formed in 1960 by students in Raleigh, North Carolina
Purpose was to provide a voice for students in the civil
rights movement
Main goal was to register African American voters
Joined with CORE to organize the Freedom Rides, Freedom
Summer (freedom schools), Mississippi Democratic party
Concentrated on voter registration in and near Selma,
Alabama 1964-1965
Organized the voting rights march from Selma to
Montgomery
1966 Stokeley Carmichael took over and embraced “Black
Power”, ejected Whites from organization and began working
with the Black Panthers
1969 H. “Rap” Brown took over and he changed the name
from “Nonviolent” to “National”, advocated the use of violence
if necessary. Brown went into hiding in 1970 and the
organization basically disintegrated.

21. 21
Map of the routes of the Freedom Rides, 1961
The purpose of the
Freedom Rides was
to bring the Civil
Rights Movement
to the “Deep South”
states, especially
Alabama and
Mississippi where
white resistance to
desegregation was
the strongest

22. 22
During the Freedom Rides protestors were met with
violent hostility from local whites. Pictures below show
one of the buses bombed in Alabama.
John Lewis James Zwerg
Lewis, Chairman of SNCC,
and Zwerg, a student,
were beaten for their
participation.

23. 23
The Ku Klux Klan
was issued more
than one
restraining order
to prevent them
from interfering
with interstate
buses during the
spring and
summer of 1961

24. 24
During the Freedom Rides in December of 1961, a
small group was arrested while protesting outside the
segregated train station. Local leaders organized several
marches and rallies the rest of the month. Martin Luther
King, Jr. (MLK) arrived and was arrested along with
several other demonstrators.
Although hundreds were arrested and protests lasted
for months, white city officials refused to negotiate and
closed public facilities instead of integrating them.
This lack of success led to frustration on the part of
students who began to advocate a more radical approach
than MLK.
ALBANY,
GEORGIA
Albany, Georgia

25. 25
Cabinet
Robert F. Kennedy
JFK’s family
“New Frontier” legislation
“War on Poverty”
Inflation
Kennedy and the Civil Rights
movement

26. 26
The “Best and the Brightest”
President Kennedy and First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy
stand with members of the Cabinet as they are sworn
in by Chief Justice Earl Warren. Many of these advisors
would lead Kennedy and later Lyndon Johnson into
disastrous policies in southeast Asia.

27. 27
JFK’s closest confidant, his brother
Robert Kennedy
JFK appointed his brother
as the Attorney General at
the insistence of his
father, who believed the
president needed an
adviser who would be
candid.
After his brother’s death,
Robert Kennedy left the
Cabinet, becoming a
Senator from New York. In
1968, while running for
the Democratic
presidential nomination he
was assassinated.

28. 28
The Kennedy family

29. 29
“We stand at the edge of
a New Frontier – the
frontier of unfulfilled
hopes and dreams. It
will deal with unsolved
problems of peace and
war, unconquered
pockets of ignorance
and prejudice,
unanswered questions
of poverty and
surplus…”
Kennedy named his legislative program
the “New Frontier” 

30. 30
New Frontier legislation
Programs to increase economic growth to create
more jobs and legislation to increase minimum wage
Federal aid for urban housing and development to
redevelop depressed urban areas, and the creation of
the new Department of Urban Affairs
Reform tax legislation to have cut taxes
Changes to existing farm programs
Conserve and develop natural resources
Increase federal aid to education
Better medical care for the elderly
Civil rights for African Americans
Emphasis on the Cold War: nuclear build-up

31. 31
What happened to the New frontier legislation?
Almost all of JFK’s legislative programs were not
passed by Congress. Why not?
• Democrats had only a narrow majority in Congress and
were not strong enough to push their liberal agenda. (Truman)
• Many of the Democrats were from the south and opposed
his civil rights initiatives.
•JFK needed their support for upcoming elections and
decided not to anger them by proposing new legislation.
(FDR)
•Despite the myth that JFK accomplished much for
minorities it was his brother Attorney General Robert
Kennedy who was committed to civil rights.
• Many older, white politicians were annoyed at his
appointments of young and minority advisers.
•This reminds me of FDR & Truman’s administrations 

32. 32
Kennedy & the “War on Poverty”
JFK read Michael Harrington’s book, The
Other America: Poverty in the United States
In his book, Harrington used
case studies to note that tens of
thousands of Americans were
trapped in a “culture of poverty”
Harrington asserted that the
government was turning a blind
eye to those who were poor
JFK was so moved by the book that he
began the framework for what eventually
would be known as the “War on Poverty”.
After Kennedy’s assassination, Lyndon
Johnson introduced most of the legislation
that would be an integral part of LBJ’s
“Great Society”
Harrington

33. 33
In 1962, Kennedy intervened in U.S. Steel
Corporation’s plan to increase the price of steel by 3.5%.
Kennedy believed the increase was far too high and
would trigger widespread inflation, as other steel
companies raised their prices as well.
U.S. Steel and its employees were embroiled in
contract negotiations, which Kennedy helped solve as
well.
Kennedy brought such intense pressure to bear that
the companies rescinded the increases. But in the
aftermath, businessmen widely criticized the president
as being hostile to them.
This is similar to T. Roosevelt’s handling of the
Anthracite Coal Strike 
President Kennedy confronted
steel price hikes in an attempt to
slow inflation (rising prices)

34. 34
One of his many
letters
demanding his
application be
considered for
admission
James
Meredith
applied to the
University of
Mississippi,
an all-white
college, in
January 1961

35. 35
From left to right: Mississippi
Governor Barnett, Georgia Governor
Vandiver, and President Kennedy
Governor Barnett was opposed to integration
and tried to block Meredith's admission

36. 36
Meredith, with the help of the NAACP,
obtained a court order to be admitted to the
university. He was escorted by federal agents
after rioting ensued on campus.

37. 37
Voter Education Program (VEP)
In reaction to the violence towards protestors, the
federal government encouraged voter registration as a
less controversial method for achieving desegregation.
Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy enlisted
several charities to help fund voter registration
drives throughout the south
Began in 1962 and ended in 1964
Headed by Wiley Branton, chief counsel for the
“Little Rock Nine” who also served as an attorney for
arrested freedom riders
During this period more than 650,000 African
Americans were registered to vote in 11 southern
states
WILEY BRANTON ROBERT F. KENNEDY

38. 38
In 1963, the Equal Pay Act made it illegal
to pay different wages to men and women
who perform the same work.  Kennedy
signed the bill into law on June 10, 1963.

39. 39
Birmingham, Alabama was one of the most
segregated cities in the south.  The purpose of
the many sit-ins and boycotts that lasted from
January through April 1963, was to end the
segregation.
BIRMINGHAM,
ALABAMA

40. 40
This attack by police dogs on protestors got
the movement much needed press coverage.
In April, city officials were able to get a court
order blocking the demonstrations.

41. 41
Martin Luther King,
Jr. was arrested in
Birmingham,
Alabama for defying
the court order
blocking the
protests.
He wrote his famous
“Letter from
Birmingham Jail” in
response to local
white ministers that
called King a
troublemaker.

42. 42
Eugene “Bull” Connor, Police Commissioner of
Birmingham, who openly opposed integration.
After the televised images of police brutality
against protestors gained northern white
sympathy, Connor ordered that violence only
be practiced out of the spotlight.
Speech is Connor
telling people not to
attack protestors
and to leave it to the
authorities so that
they can get the
federal government
off of their backs
and have everything
return to “normal”

43. 43
Gov. George Wallace
brought in Alabama
State Troopers to
confront the
protestors. He opposed
ending segregation and
used all of his
gubernatorial powers
to prevent it from
happening.
Video clip shows Wallace
blocking the entrance to the
school and his forced removal
to allow integration.

44. 44
•In May 1963, after more than 1,200 people had
been arrested, white leaders finally agreed to
negotiate.
•Birmingham was to be desegregated, including
lunch counters, restrooms and water fountains
in exchange for an end to the demonstrations.
•President Kennedy sent in federal troops to
help restore order. This event helped to
motivate civil rights volunteers.
JFK announces to the
country that the
situation in
Birmingham had been
stabilized

45. 45
“Segregation now, segregation
tomorrow & segregation forever”
• On June 11, 1963 in an attempt to stop
desegregation by the enrollment of two
black students, Vivian Malone and James
Hood, he stood in front of Foster
Auditorium at the University of Alabama.
This became known as the "Stand in the
Schoolhouse Door." After being
confronted by federal marshals, Deputy
Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach,
and the Alabama National Guard, he
stood aside.

46. 46
“Segregation now, segregation
tomorrow & segregation forever”

47. 47
He investigated crimes
against African
Americans in Jackson,
and led boycotts against
businesses with unfair
practices
Medgar Evers, leader of the NAACP in
Jackson, Mississippi
Evers was assassinated
June 12, 1963, outside
of his home after a
meeting with other
civil rights activists
where they discussed
ways to improve life
for African Americans
in Jackson

48. 48
In January
1963, JFK met
with civil rights
leaders who
informed the
president of a
peaceful
demonstration
planned for
Washington
D.C.

49. 49
“The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom”
August 28, 1963

50. 50
More than
250,000
people
gathered at
the Lincoln
Memorial

51. 51
The protestors wanted federal
legislation to outlaw segregated
facilities

52. 52
The event was widely
televised, which helped
to make it one of the
most important
demonstrations of the
civil rights movement.

53. 53
 U-2 incident
 Berlin
 JFK with various world leaders
 Peace Corps
 Alliance for Progress
 Bay of Pigs
 Cuban Missile Crisis
 Race for the moon
 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
 Vietnam

54. 54
A U.S. U2 reconnaissance
(spy) plane was shot down
over the Soviet Union and its
pilot Francis Gary Powers was
captured and put on trial.
Prime Minister Khrushchev
used this incident to cancel a
planned east-west summit
conference in Paris.
May 1960: the U-2 incident
Powers

55. 55
In 1949, Germany was divided into two nations
commonly known as East and West Germany. East
Germany was ruled by the USSR while West Germany was
independent. The city of Berlin, located in East Germany,
was also divided into a free and a communist sector. The
USSR tried to force the Americans to surrender control of
West Berlin.
West Berlin
West
Germany
East
Germany

56. 56
Relations between the two super powers worsened
after the Vienna Summit in June 1961.
Khrushchev
threatened JFK
with an ultimatum
on Berlin. JFK
responded with a
U.S. military build-
up and a civil
defense program.

57. 57
Tensions rose during the remainder of 1961.
On August 13th
East Germany prepared for the
construction of the Berlin Wall to separate
communist Berlin from the American and
European controlled sectors.

58. 58
In June of 1963 President Kennedy went to
Berlin and delivered his famous “Ich bin ein
Berliner” (I am a Berliner) to show U.S.
determination to keep Berlin free.

59. 59
JFK met with various world leaders
JFK and Gromyko, Soviet
Foreign Minister
March 1961
JFK and Willy Brandt,
Mayor of West Berlin
1961
JFK, Indonesian President
Sukarno, and LBJ
April 1961
JFK and Nkrumah Prime
Minister from Ghana
March 1961

60. 60
Creation of the Peace Corps
Kennedy signed an Executive Order to create
the Peace Corps on March 1, 1961. His brother-in-
law, Sergeant Shriver, was appointed the first
director on March 4.
Congress formally authorized program in
September, 1961.
The purpose of the program is to fight hunger,
disease, illiteracy, poverty, and lack of
opportunity by sending volunteers to assist locals
in their own nation.
Within two years, more than 7,000 volunteers
were serving in 44 “Third World” nations. Third
World nations are usually defined as less
industrialized and poorer than “First World”
nations.

61. 61
The First Volunteers
President Kennedy meets
with the first group of Peace
Corps volunteers during a
1961 White House reception
The first 51 American
volunteers arrived in
Accra, Ghana, in August
1961.

62. 62
During Peace Corps' first year, volunteers
arrived in Tanzania, Colombia, the
Philippines, Chile, and St. Lucia
Since the
creation of
the Peace
Corps,
182,000
volunteers
have
served in
138
countries

63. 63
The Peace Corps today
A business volunteer
in Ghana works with
farmers to develop
and run a tourism
business.
A volunteer assists
African beekeepers
in constructing
hives.

64. 64
The Alliance for Progress
The Alliance
for Progress
initiative
focused on
maintaining
democratic
governments,
on industrial
and agrarian
development,
and on
equitable
distribution of
wealth.
Bogotá, Colombia December 17, 1961.
"Here is inaugurated the first school
of 22,000 to be constructed by the
Colombian government within the Alliance
for Progress with the assistance of the
President of the United States of America,
John F. Kennedy”

65. 65
Goals of the Alliance
Goal was to establish strong
economic ties between North and
South America
Included land and tax reform,
more democratic government,
and greater stability
Kennedy hoped to offset the
emerging Communist threat in
Cuba
Few South American
countries wanted to commit to
reform, and the program
floundered
The Alliance for Progress was
disbanded in 1973

66. 66
In 1960, all U.S. businesses in Cuba were nationalized
(taken over by the Cuban government) without
compensation. The U.S. broke off diplomatic relations
with Cuba and saw Castro as an enemy.
Eisenhower agreed to a CIA
plan for an exile invasion of
Cuba to overthrow Castro in
March of 1960

67. 67
BAY OF PIGS
INVASION SITE
Cuban exiles
invaded Cuba
with the help of
the U.S. in
April 1961

68. 68
The invasion was a failure and the entire
Cuban exile invasion force was either killed or
captured by Castro's army.
Castro’s forces Castro’s air force
destroyed the
invading ships

69. 69
Cuban Missile Crisis
August to November 1962
The closest the world has come to full
scale nuclear war

70. 70
U.S. intelligence began receiving reports of
Soviet missiles in Cuba. A U2 flight on
August 29,1962 confirmed the presence of
surface to air missile batteries in Cuba. These
missiles were designed to shoot down enemy
aircraft.

71. 71
Map used by JFK and his advisors to plot
weapons in Cuba during the missile crisis

72. 72
Declassified
1962 map
showing the
distances
nuclear armed
missiles would
go if fired from
Cuba. Almost all
major U.S.
population
centers were
within range.
Maps like this
convinced JFK
that the Soviet
missiles must be
removed from
Cuba.

73. 73
Aerial photographs from U.S. spy planes left
no doubt that the Russians were installing
nuclear missiles in Cuba aimed at the U.S.

74. 74
Low altitude view of missile preparation area. The pilot
taking this shot flew at an altitude of about 250 feet, and
at the speed of sound.
Each one of the Russian missiles in Cuba had the
explosive power of 50 Hiroshima type atomic bombs

75. 75
Secretary of Defense Robert Mc Namara, Secretary of
State Dean Rusk and JFK, the main policy makers
during the Cuban Missile crisis along with Robert
Kennedy.

76. 76
JFK had two choices of how to
deal with the situation in
Cuba:
First: He could order air
strikes on the missile sites in
Cuba and risk an all out
nuclear war with the USSR
Second: He could order a
naval blockade and stop
Soviet ships from bringing in
missiles and other equipment.
No one knew how the
Russians would react to this.
He chose the naval blockade
Kennedy signed
Cuba Quarantine
Proclamation,
10/23/1962

77. 77
Adlai Stevenson, U.S. UN representative,
shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the
United Nations in November 1962.

78. 78
Above: The Soviet ship
Grozny crossed the
quarantine line, but turned
around after U.S. Navy ships
fired star shells.
Left: U.S. helicopter
shadowed a Soviet
submarine
10/27/1962

79. 79
Khrushchev gave in to U.S. pressure and
removed Soviet missiles from Cuba in
exchange for a U.S. promise not to invade
Cuba.
Missiles being loaded on
Soviet ships for return to the
Soviet Union
Soviet cargo ship leaving
Cuba with missiles visible
above the desk

80. 80
0
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Kennedy stressed in the 1960 election campaign that the
Republicans had spent too little on defense and allowed the
Russians to get ahead in both conventional and missile
weapons.
Compare actual military spending under
Eisenhower 1953-1960 to Kennedy 1961-1963.
Add
six
zeros

81. 81
October 4th
1957 the space age began as
Russia launched Sputnik, the first artificial
satellite to orbit the earth. Americans were
shocked when the Soviets were the first into
space.

82. 82
America’s First Manned Space Flight
America’s first astronaut, Alan
B. Shepard, blasted off from
Cape Canaveral, Florida, on
May 5, 1961. Shepard’s capsule
“Freedom 7” flew successfully
on a 15 minute suborbital flight
to match Soviet cosmonaut and
first man in space Yuri
Gagarin’s orbital flight the
month before.

83. 83
A few days after Alan Shepard’s successful
suborbital flight, President John F. Kennedy,
addressing a joint session of Congress, proposed
that “I believe that this nation should commit itself
to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of
landing a man on the moon and returning him safely
to the earth.”

84. 84
“Friendship 7” with astronaut
John Glenn aboard, lifts off on
America’s first orbital mission
on February 20, 1962. After
several delays, Glenn
successfully orbited the globe
three times, becoming one of
America’s most famous
astronauts.

85. 85
July 10, 1962 - Telstar 1, U.S. satellite,
beams the first live transatlantic telecast
Telstar 1

86. 86
After a two year hiatus, the Soviet
Union resumed atmospheric testing
of nuclear weapons on
September 1, 1961.

87. 87
Reducing the nuclear threat:
The Limited Test Ban Treaty
“Stokes” nuclear
test, Nevada desert,
August, 1957
Hydrogen bomb
test

88. 88
“First: Chairman Khrushchev, Prime Minister
Macmillan, and I have agreed that high-level
discussions will shortly begin in Moscow looking
toward early agreement on a comprehensive test ban
treaty. Our hopes must be tempered with the caution
of history--but with our hopes go the hopes of all
mankind.
Second: To make clear our good faith and solemn
convictions on the matter, I now declare that the
United States does not propose to conduct nuclear
tests in the atmosphere so long as other states do not
do so. We will not be the first to resume. Such a
declaration is no substitute for a formal binding treaty,
but I hope it will help us achieve it…
For, in the final analysis, our most basic
common link is that we all inhabit this small planet.
We all breathe the same air. We all cherish our
children's future. And we are all mortal.”
President John F. Kennedy
Speech at American University, June 10, 1963

89. 89
Treaty Provisions
Treaty was negotiated
during summer, 1963
Signed in August, 1963
Banned nuclear testing in
the atmosphere,
underwater, or in outer
space
Underground testing
allowed
China and France, both
nuclear powers, refused to
sign

90. 90
“Yesterday a shaft of
light cut into the
darkness.
Negotiations were
concluded in Moscow
on a treaty to ban all
nuclear tests in the
atmosphere, in outer
space, and under
water. For the first
time, an agreement
has been reached on
bringing the forces of
nuclear destruction
under international
control…”
John F. Kennedy President John F. Kennedy presided
over the formal signing of the 1963
Test Ban Treaty

91. 91
Early History of Vietnam
Vietnam’s history goes back to 200
B.C.
Vietnam was ruled by the Chinese
for over a thousand years
More than a dozen different dynasties
have ruled
European contact began in the 16th
century
France became interested in Vietnam in
the 19th
century and eventually
conquered the nation along with Laos and
Cambodia.
The French were firmly in control by
1893 and began exploiting the
economic wealth of the region
Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia became
known as French Indochina

92. 92
During WWII France was defeated and
occupied by Germany in 1940.
Also during WWII Japan invaded and ruled
Vietnam through a puppet government.
During the war the nationalist Communist
leader Ho Chi Minh formed a resistance group,
the Vietminh, that fought both the Japanese and
Vichy French.
After the U.S. entered WWII, the Office of
Strategic Services (later the Central Intelligence
Agency), sent U.S. agents into Vietnam. These
men helped to train the Vietminh and they
promised Ho Chi Minh that the United States
would support his goal for Vietnamese
independence after the war.
Ho Chi Minh believed that after the war the
United States would support independence for
Vietnam but he could not foresee the Cold War.

93. 93
After WWII Ho Chi Minh, leader of the
Communist Vietnamese, believed that
the U.S. would not allow France to
reoccupy to its former colony, since
the OSS promised that to Minh during
the war. When French soldiers
returned to reassert their authority
and reclaim their colony a bitter nine
year war began that ended in a
French defeat that divided Vietnam
into two halves. One, the north,
became communist, while the south
was under U.S. influence.
FRENCH
INDOCHINA
HO CHI MINH

94. 94
In July of 1954, the Geneva
Accords were signed dividing
Vietnam at the 17th
parallel
for two years until elections
could be held to unify the
nation.
The north became communist
while the south established
an anti-communist regime
that was tied to the U.S.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of
State John Foster Dulles (from left) greet south
Vietnam's President Ngo Dinh Diem at Washington
national airport, 05/08/1957

95. 95
Kennedy, to avoid
being accused of
“losing South
Vietnam” as Truman
was accused of
“losing China”,
increased the
number of military
advisors sent by
Eisenhower from 800
to 16,000 and formed
the Green Berets
special forces.
Kennedy’s goal was
to keep South
Vietnam free from
communist control.
Kennedy’s Vietnam policy

96. 96
Psychological warfare began in 1962
The purpose of psychological operations (PSYOP) was to
weaken the enemy by causing dissension and unrest among
his ranks, while at the same time convincing the local
population to support American troops. PSYOP units also
provided continuous analysis of the attitudes and behavior of
enemy forces to the commanders in the field, so they could
develop, produce and use propaganda in a successful manner.
Examples of propaganda used
by PSYOP units

97. 97
Examples of anti-Viet Cong (communist)
propaganda

98. 98
The U.S. military set up schools and clinics
in an attempt to win the “hearts and
minds” of the South Vietnamese people

99. 99
To protest the Catholic Diem’s attacks on
Buddhist pagodas, Buddhist priests set fire to
themselves in protest. The U.S. decided that
Diem's corrupt and murderous regime was too
unpopular and supported an army coup that
killed Diem on November 1, 1963.
Ngo Dinh Diem

100. 100
The Kennedy’s arrive in Dallas
The motorcade route
The assassination
The Zapruder film
The suspect
Murder of Oswald
Funeral and burial
Swearing in of the new President

101. 101
The
President
and First
Lady
arrived in
Dallas,
November
22, 1963

102. 102
President Kennedy’s visit to Dallas included a drive
through downtown Dallas on the way to a luncheon
at the Dallas Trade Mart. Along the route on Elm
Street, the presidential limousine passed the Texas
School Book Depository where shots were fired.
Who’s is
this?

103. 103
The Kennedy's were seated in the rear seat of the
Presidential limousine. Seated in the middle “jump
seats” were Texas Governor John Connally and his
wife, Nellie. The governor was seriously injured by
the sniper.

104. 104
As Kennedy’s car passed the Texas
School Book Depository Building, three shots
were fired.
Kennedy was struck by a bullet, which
passed through his neck. The same bullet
passed through Governor Connally as well.
As Kennedy slumped toward his wife, a
second bullet struck him in the head, causing
a massive head wound.
The motorcade rushed to Parkland
Memorial Hospital, where doctors frantically
worked to revive Kennedy. He was
pronounced dead within a half hour.
The assassination

105. 105
Using a handheld Super 8mm
movie camera (below left),
Dallas dressmaker Abraham
Zapruder filmed the Kennedy
assassination. Above, Zapruder
describes the wounds to
President Kennedy on a Dallas
television station. At top left a
frame from the film shows
President Kennedy being struck
by an assassin’s bullet.
The Zapruder Film

106. 106
The Zapruder Film
This is a frame from the film, which can be
found at various websites online

107. 107
This photo taken for the Warren
Commission, the committee
formed to investigate the
assassination of the president,
shows the Texas School Book
Depository Building, where the
Commission concluded the
shots that killed President
Kennedy and Governor Connally
were fired from. The red circle
and black arrows show the
window where witnesses saw a
rifle barrel immediately after
Kennedy was hit.
Upon interior examination,
police found boxes stacked
around the window to create a
“sniper’s nest” concealing the
shooter.

108. 108
Dallas police soon began
looking for Lee Harvey Oswald,
an employee at the Texas
School Book Depository
Eyewitnesses reported
seeing Oswald shooting a
police officer who had tried to
stop him for questioning.
Oswald was eventually
captured in a Dallas theater,
and held for two days. Police
decided to move him from the
Dallas city jail to the Dallas
County jail. However, Oswald
would not survive the transfer.
In a picture allegedly taken by
Oswald’s wife in their backyard,
Lee Harvey Oswald is shown
with a 6.5 Mannlicher-Carcano
rifle that was found in the
sniper’s nest after the
assassination, as well as a copy
of the “Daily Worker”
newspaper.
The assassin suspect

109. 109
The Murder Weapon
Witnesses reported seeing a rifle muzzle
being drawn in from a window on the 6th
Floor of the Book Depository. Police
searched the building and found the rifle
hidden between boxes of books. They also
found three shell casings on the floor
nearby the window where the shots were
allegedly fired.

110. 110
Dallas nightclub owner Jack
Ruby approached Oswald,
revolver in hand, as Oswald
was being transferred from
the Dallas City Jail to the
County Jail on November 24,
1963.
Shot in the abdomen, Oswald
died while undergoing
emergency surgery at
Parkland Memorial Hospital,
the same hospital where
President Kennedy had died
two days before.
Oswald’s death ended the
possibility for a trial in which
questions about a possible
conspiracy in Kennedy’s
death could have been
answered.
The alleged assassin was murdered
Ruby
Oswald

111. 111
Ruby claimed he did it
to prevent Mrs.
Kennedy from having
to endure a trial in
Dallas.
Ruby was convicted of
murder, but died of
cancer in jail.

112. 112
A Nation Mourns
As dignitaries look
on, a military
honor guard
surrounds
Kennedy’s casket
in the U.S. Capitol
Rotunda. After a
funeral mass in
Washington,
Kennedy was
buried in Arlington
National Cemetery
outside the city.
One feature of
the Kennedy
gravesite is
the “Eternal
Flame”

113. 113
Many feared that Kennedy’s assassination might
have been part of a conspiracy against the entire
U.S. government. Vice President Lyndon B.
Johnson was rushed to Air Force One and sworn
in by Federal Judge Sarah T. Hughes. “Lady Bird”
Johnson, the new president’s wife, is to the right
of Johnson, and Jacqueline Kennedy is at
Johnson’s left.
Inauguration of the new president
The Presidential
Succession Act
of 1947 allowed
for the Vice
President to
take over when
the president
was disabled
and unable to
perform the
duties of the
office. The
process became
formalized in
1967 in the 25th
amendment.

114. 114
President Johnson
appointed Supreme
Court justice Earl
Warren to head a
commission
investigating the
Kennedy
assassination.
The Commission
determined that Lee
Harvey Oswald was
the lone Kennedy
assassin and there
was no conspiracy in
the Dallas shooting.
Questions still remain
if Oswald acted alone.
Warren Commission

115. 115
Background on LBJ
1964 Election
Environmental legislation
Civil rights movement in 1964
Great Society programs
Warren Court

116. 116
Lyndon B. Johnson
36th
President of the United States (2nd
period)
Born in 1908 in central Texas
Studied education at
Southwest Texas State Teachers’
College
Served in the Navy during
World War II
Served six terms in U.S. House
before elected to the Senate,
becoming youngest majority
leader in U.S. history
He had two main goals. The
first was full civil rights for
African Americans. The second
was to end poverty in America

117. 117
Lyndon B.
Johnson
and his
wife,
Claudia
“Lady Bird”
Johnson

118. 118
Republican
candidate
Barry Goldwater
Democratic
candidate
Lyndon Johnson
1964 Presidential Election

119. 119
Goldwater believed that the federal government
should not work to solve social and economic
issues, instead they should be left to the states
Goldwater also believed that federal programs
such as Social Security should be privatized, and
other programs, such as the Tennessee Valley
Authority, should be sold
Goldwater also encouraged a “get tough” policy
with nations such as Cuba and North Vietnam,
and many were concerned he might use nuclear
weapons against those nations
Goldwater, a conservative Senator from
Arizona, viewed the issues facing the
U.S. much differently from the liberal LBJ

120. 120
Johnson emphasized JFK’s accomplishments,
as well as his own during his year as
President
Johnson highlighted the programs he had been able
to push through Congress, for example the
environmental, social, and educational programs
Although Johnson announced that he felt that
sending troops to Vietnam would not solve that
nation’s problems, he had proven that he could be
tough on communism when the alleged firing on two
U.S. destroyers took place in the Gulf of Tonkin. Within
days, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution,
which further increased US involvement in Vietnam
Successfully characterized Goldwater as an
extremist who might use nuclear weapons in Vietnam,
reverse popular federal programs, and opposed civil
rights for African Americans

121. 121
Highly controversial ad sponsored
by the Johnson campaign
Aired only once on NBC television,
ad was pulled after complaints by
Goldwater camp
Ad showed picture of young girl
pulling petals from daisy, and then a
nuclear mushroom cloud. Johnson’s
voice can be heard in the background
saying, “…these are the stakes, to
make a world in which all of God's
children can live, or to go into the
darkness. We must either love each
other, or we must die.”
Ad is considered to be one of the
first examples of negative television
campaigning
The “Daisy girl” commercial

122. 122
Johnson won election in a landslide victory,
capturing 61% of the popular vote and 486
electoral votes (5th
per.)

123. 123
Impact of the election
LBJ won a sweeping electoral triumph,
nearly eclipsing Franklin D. Roosevelt’s
victory over Alf Landon in 1936
The election was a mandate for LBJ to
continue the “Great Society”. Because he
had won a sizable victory, he did not have
to worry about appeasing conservative
southerners
However, the “defection” of southern
states to Goldwater indicated the beginning
of a shift from the Democratic “Solid
South” to a Republican base

124. 124
President Johnson’s
environmental legislation

125. 125
In 1962, Rachel Carson
published The Silent Spring
making Americans aware of
the dangers of DDT and
other chemical pesticides
to the environment.
Although the
environmental movement
did not take off on a large
scale until the 1970s,
Carson’s book began a
national dialogue on the
effects of chemicals on the
environment.
Environment

126. 126
LBJ’s Legislation on
Conservation/Environment (1)
1963: Clean Air Act provided an
expanded and strengthened national
program to control and prevent air pollution.
1964: Eight environmental laws enacted
including the Wilderness Act, to preserve large land
areas in untouched condition and the Water
Resources Research Act to research ways of making
the most of existing water resources to avoid or ease
shortages
1965: Eighteen environmental laws enacted
including the Water Quality Act which strengthened
the federal water pollution law and the Highway
Beautification Act which removed junkyards and
landscaped of areas adjacent to highways

127. 127
LBJ’s Legislation on
Conservation/Environment (2)
1966: Thirteen environmental laws
enacted including the Endangered
Species Act which directed the
Secretary of the Interior to protect
species of fish and wildlife threatened
with extinction and the Fish and
Wildlife Conservation Protection Act
which also directed the Secretary of the
Interior to protect 35 species of
mammals and 30-40 species of birds
which conservationists believed would
otherwise become extinct. Among the
animals and birds considered were the
whooping crane, trumpeter swan,
prairie chicken, California condor, Kenai
moose, Kodiak bear, Key deer, fur seal
and American bison.

128. 128
LBJ’s Legislation on
Conservation/Environment
(3)
1967-8: Twenty
environmental laws enacted
including the Air Quality Act
which strengthened the powers
of local, state, and federal
authorities to combat polluted
air and its sources and the
National Wilderness
Preservation System was
increased by more than 800,000
acres, which protected 9.1
million acres of federally owned
lands

129. 129
Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. and
President Lyndon B. Johnson met to discuss
civil rights legislation, once Johnson took
over.

130. 130
The Civil
Rights Act
of 1964
The bill was introduced
into Congress in 1963
prior to the March on
Washington. JFK was
trying to push through
the legislation when he
was assassinated. LBJ
was able to use his
influence in Congress
to help get it passed
once he became
president.

131. 131
The Civil Rights Act of
1964
Required uniform
standards for voting and
abolished literacy tests
Made racial
discrimination and
segregation in public
places, such as theaters,
restaurants and hotels,
illegal
Outlawed discrimination
in any federally funded
program or job, including
discrimination based on
gender
President Lyndon B.
Johnson signed the
bill
July 2, 1964

132. 132
Mississippi Summer
Project of 1964
Organized by the Council of Federated
Organizations (COFO)
Many northern white students
volunteered
Volunteers registered voters and
encouraged them to vote for the
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
(MFDP)
Volunteers set up “freedom schools”
to raise awareness of the inequities of
the education system where African
American schools had limited
resources.
MISSISSIPPI

133. 133
During the Summer Project, three volunteers
turned up missing: Andrew Goodman, James
Chaney, and Michael Schwerner
On June 21, 1964 the three men set
out to investigate a church bombing
near Philadelphia, MS. They were
arrested for “traffic violations” and
held for several hours in jail, the last
place they were seen alive. Their
bodies were found 6 weeks later. Both
white men were shot once in the
chest while Chaney was brutally
beaten to death. No one was ever
convicted of murder, the perpetrators
were only convicted of interfering
with their federal civil rights because
the all-white juries refused to bring
back a murder conviction.
Goodman Chaney Schwerner

134. 134
MISSISSIPPI FREEDOM DEMOCRATIC PARTY
(MFDP)
Created in 1964 by COFO as a direct result of the Mississippi
Summer Project
Its purpose was to challenge the Democratic party which
denied access to African Americans
Membership in MFDP was open to all but was primarily Black
Members attended the 1964 Democratic convention in
Atlantic City, New Jersey
They supported LBJ but traditional white democrats
threatened to support Republican candidate Goldwater if LBJ
helped MFDP
They were offered some seats at the convention but because
so few they would have no real power so MFDP declined
Even though it was a technical defeat it became a turning
point in civil rights movement because it helped to lead to the
concept of “Black Power”

135. 135
Photos of the
Mississippi Democratic
Freedom Party at the
1964 Democratic
convention in Atlantic
City, New Jersey
FANNIE LOU HAMER,
important activist

136. 136
Malcolm X
Black Muslim, Black activist
Malcolm X began his activist
career by preaching Black
separatism. He felt that Blacks
should not try to fit into white
society, instead they should
focus on developing their own
communities and economic
structures. He also believed in
using violence to achieve these
goals, if necessary.

137. 137
In 1964 Malcolm X
made a pilgrimage to
Mecca as dictated by his
Muslim beliefs. On this
trip he came to believe
in the brotherhood of all
races and changed his
stance on separatism
between blacks and
whites. He broke away
from the Nation of Islam
and worked with people
of all races.

138. 138
AMENDMENT XXIV
1964
SECTION 1. THE RIGHT OF
CITIZENS OF THE UNITED
STATES TO VOTE IN ANY
PRIMARY OR OTHER ELECTION
FOR PRESIDENT OR VICE
PRESIDENT, FOR ELECTORS FOR
PRESIDENT OR VICE PRESIDENT,
OR FOR SENATOR OR
REPRESENTATIVE IN CONGRESS,
SHALL NOT BE DENIED OR
ABRIDGED BY THE UNITED
STATES OR ANY STATE BY
REASON OF FAILURE TO PAY
ANY POLL TAX OR OTHER TAX.
SECTION 2. THE CONGRESS
SHALL HAVE POWER TO
ENFORCE THIS ARTICLE BY
APPROPRIATE LEGISLATION.
CARTOON IS TITLED
“HERE’S ANOTHER ONE FOR YOU”

139. 139
Johnson outlined the
program in a
commencement speech at
the University of Michigan
in May, 1964. Many of the
ideas were first proposed
by JFK who couldn’t get
Congress to pass them
while LBJ did.
“Your imagination, your
initiative, and your
indignation will determine
whether we build a society
where progress is the
servant of our needs, or a
society where old values
and new visions are
buried under unbridled
growth. For in your time
we have the opportunity
to move not only toward
the rich society and the
powerful society, but
upward to the Great
Society.”
The Great Society

140. 140
Development of the Great Society
LBJ pushed many of JFK’s
original programs through
Congress. He was successful
since he had the clout from being
a powerful Senate majority
leader: “The Johnson Treatment”
LBJ initiated “War on Poverty”
Johnson’s goal was to
“reshape America” similar to
what his idol, Franklin D.
Roosevelt, had done with the
New Deal 

141. 141
Name of Great Society
Program
Year Program
Enacted
Purpose of
Program
Economic Opportunity Act
(EOA)
1964 Created several including
Job Corps; VISTA, and
Head Start
Medicare 1965 Created Medicare and
Medicaid federal health
insurance programs
Department of Housing &
Urban Development
(HUD)
1965 Administered Federal
housing programs
Corporation for Public
Broadcasting (PBS)
1967 Funded educational TV
and radio broadcasting
Clean Air Act Amendment 1965 Established emission
standards for motor
vehicles
Truth in Packaging Act 1966 Set standards for labeling
consumer products
Department of
Transportation
1966 Dealt with air, rail, and
highway transportation

142. 142
President Johnson pushed through the
Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 as the
cornerstone of his “War on Poverty”
This law provided over $1 billion for poverty relief, education
and job training in programs like:
1. Head Start = pre-school for poor kids
2. Job Corps
3. Work-Study program for university students
3. VISTA (Volunteers in Service to America) = a domestic
version of the Peace Corps
5. Neighborhood Youth Corps = basic education and adult job
training
6. CAPS (Community Action Programs) = it proposed the
"maximum feasible participation" by poor people
themselves to determine what would help them the most.
CAPS was a radical departure from how government had
run most social reform programs in the past.
7. Food Stamp program

143. 143
Purpose = to meet social,
nutritional, psychological, and
educational needs of
disadvantaged preschool-aged
children
Designed by a panel of
child development specialists
Program began as an 8
week summer program in 1965;
was soon expanded under the
Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare (now
called the Department of Health
and Human Services)
First Lady Johnson
visited a classroom for
Project Head Start,
03/19/1966
Head Start, 1964

144. 144
Based on the New Deal Civilian
Conservation Corps (CCC) 
Provided disadvantaged young
people with vocational, academic,
and social training skills
Students between the ages of
16-24 could learn a trade, earn a
high school diploma or GED, get
help finding a job, and receive an
allowance
Sergeant Shriver (former
director of the Peace Corps) was
the first director
The Jobs Corps, 1964

145. 145
Job Corps, 1965

146. 146
Volunteers In Service to America
(VISTA)
Domestic version of the Peace
Corps 
Provided volunteers to assist
disadvantaged persons in their
development and training;
volunteers were paid a small
stipend and health insurance
Included vocational training
VISTA was eventually absorbed
into AmeriCorps program during
the Clinton Administration, and
renamed AmeriCorps/VISTA

147. 147
The official purpose of the
Food Stamp Act of 1964 was to
strengthen the agricultural
economy & provide improved
levels of nutrition for low-
income households.
Operated by state and local
welfare offices, the Federal
Government oversees the state
operation of the Program. The
program is in operation in the
50 states, the District of
Columbia, Guam and the U.S.
Virgin Islands.
Food Stamp Act of 1964
There are just under 20
million recipients today

148. 148
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
1940 1955 1965
AFDC
Rise of the welfare state: Aid to Families with
Dependent Children (AFDC) growth rate from
1940 to 1970 in 1,000’s (1,000 = 1,000,000)

149. 149
Elementary & Secondary Education Bill
Johnson’s 1st grade teacher,
Kate Deadrich Loney sat by
Johnson as he signed the bill into
law. 
The Elementary & Secondary
Education Act said children from
low-income homes required
more educational services than
children from affluent homes.
Title I = 1 billion dollars a year
in funding to schools with a high
concentration of low-income
children.

150. 150
Title I funding by the
federal government,
1980-2006
Federal spending under
the Elementary and
Secondary Education Act,
1966-2006

151. 151
President Lyndon B. Johnson
signing the Medicare Bill,
07/30/1965 with ex-President
Truman and his wife next to
him
Medicare (4th
period)
Passed in July
of 1965,
Medicare
provides those
aged 65 or
disabled with
health care.

152. 152
How Medicare works
Health insurance for elderly and
disabled
Partially financed by payroll tax;
employee and employer both pay equal
amount
Medicare Part A includes hospital
insurance, Part B covers outpatient
services and doctors fees not covered in
Part A
Medicare doesn’t pay 100% of
costs; insured contributes “co-pay” (co-
payment)
Prescription benefits added in
2006
Narration regarding
efforts to advance health
insurance during the
period 1945-1960

153. 153
President Kennedy addressing Congress on
the need to create the Medicare program.

154. 154
LBJ signs up former president Truman for
Medicare honoring his attempts to enact
health care for seniors in the 1940’s.

155. 155
The Supreme
Court under
Chief Justice
Earl Warren
made many far
reaching
decisions (5th
period)

156. 156
During the 1960s, the Supreme Court under
Earl Warren:
Abolished school prayer
Addressed the issue of Congressional
apportionment
Est. the “exclusionary rule” which forbids courts
to use illegally-obtained evidence at trial
Guaranteed the right of counsel in felony cases
Guaranteed defendants the right to have counsel
at police interrogations
Required police to read a suspect their
Constitutional rights at the time of arrest (Miranda
warnings)

157. 157
Cleveland police searched Dollree
Mapp’s home looking for a fugitive.
At first they did not have a warrant; later
they came back with a “paper”. When Mapp
asked to see the warrant, the police refused.
They searched the home; the police did not
find the fugitive, but they found what they
believed were “obscene materials”. Mapp
was convicted on the obscenity charge.
The Supreme Court overturned
Mapp’s conviction because they
believed the evidence had been
obtained illegally, and should be
excluded at trial (this became known
as the Exclusionary Rule).
Mapp v. Ohio, 1961

158. 158
Baker vs. Carr, 1962
Wesberry v. Sanders, 1963
Reynolds vs. Sims, 1964
Baker vs. Carr, Supreme Court ordered that
federal courts can ensure that state legislative
districts be as near equal in population as possible,
since some districts had millions and other had
hundreds
Wesberry v. Sanders, applied “one man, one
vote” to House districts so that they would be as
near equal in population as possible
Reynolds vs. Sims, extended the “one person-
one vote” concept to redrawing of state legislative
districts

159. 159
Engel v. Vitale, 1962
Abbington v. Schempp, 1963
Engel v. Vitale = prohibited state-sponsored
recital of prayer in public schools due the 1st
Amendment’s establishment clause (Congress shall
make no law respecting an establishment of
religion…) and the 14th
Amendment’s due process
clause (…nor shall any state deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property, without due process of
law…)
Abbington v. Schempp = prohibited devotional
Bible reading in public schools for the same
reasons as in Engel

160. 160
Clarence Earl Gideon
handwrote this petition to
the U.S. Supreme Court
Gideon was convicted of armed
robbery in Florida in 1961; sentenced to
5 years in prison
He asked the court to appoint an
attorney for him because he could not
afford one. The judge refused because
Supreme Court precedent did not allow
poor defendants a public defender
Gideon wrote a petition to the
Supreme Court stating his 6th
amendment right to counsel was
violated; the Court agreed, and Gideon
won a new trial with a lawyer. He was
acquitted in his second trial.
Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963

161. 161
Griswald v. Connecticut, 1965
Established a right to privacy through
the 4th
and 9th
Amendments
Set a precedent for Roe v. Wade
4th
Amendment: The right of the people
to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects…
9th
Amendment: The enumeration in the
Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be
construed to deny or disparage others
retained by the people

162. 162
Miranda’s mug shot
Ernesto Miranda was
arrested for kidnapping and
rape; signed confession
without seeking legal counsel
or being read his rights
Supreme Court ruled his 5th
Amendment rights were
violated because the police did
not inform him of right to
counsel or self-protection;
conviction overturned
Miranda was convicted
again, using other evidence, in
his second trial
Miranda v. Arizona, 1966

163. 163
Miranda Rights
“You have the right to remain silent”
“Anything you say can (and will) be
used against you at trial”
“You have the right to legal
counsel.”
“If you cannot afford counsel, it will
be provided to you at no charge”

164. 164
Civil Rights movement 1965-69
Native American empowerment
Migrant farmers
Feminist movement
Counterculture
Inventions
Statistics

165. 165
Major social changes in the U.S. = American society
had been dominated primarily by old-stock, white
Anglo-Saxon males (WASP) but during the 1960s,
minority groups that had been subordinate began
to more forcefully and successfully assert
themselves. They had allies in the new generation
of baby boom college students who joined the
movement for greater openness and accessibility to
power. 
% of 18-24
year olds
enrolled in
college
degree
programs
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1940 1950 1960 1970

166. 166
This began at the University of California at
Berkeley in 1964. Students were fundraising for civil
rights workers in the south who were registering
voters and participating in civil disobedience
activities to protest segregation throughout the
south.
Berkeley officials stopped the fundraising, citing
the fact that protestors in the south were arrested
and $ could not be raised on campus to fund illegal
activities.
The students responded with sit-ins and
demonstrations. Over 800 students were arrested
for occupying the U.C. Administration Building, the
largest mass arrest of students in U.S. history up to
that time.
This event brought college campuses across the
nation into the anti-war movement, as they reacted
to the brutal suppression of free speech.
The Free Speech Movement

167. 167
Malcolm X was
assassinated while
giving a speech on
February 21, 1965.
The three gunmen
arrested and
convicted were
believed to be
Nation of Islam
members.

168. 168
A march was organized by the SCLC from Selma to
Montgomery, Alabama on March 7, 1965. Why? The
demonstrators demanded fairness in voting
registration (want a Voting Rights Act).
SELMA TO
MONTGOMERY

169. 169
Speech is order given to state
troopers to make sure
demonstrators disperse
Demonstrators were met by police with tear
gas and clubs
This event became known as “Bloody Sunday”

170. 170
A second march was
organized for
March 10, 1965
Movie clip shows the
impact of the Selma
march along with scenes
from the second march.

171. 171
President
Lyndon B.
Johnson signed
The Voting
Rights Act of
1965 in August
Selma March worked 

172. 172
VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965
Authorized the use of federal voting registrars
Prevented states from changing their election
laws without clearance from the national
government
Prevented the use of literacy tests as a
prerequisite for voting
LBJ announced
the Voting
Rights Act

173. 173
Watts riots
August 1965
Riots broke out in Watts, CA
(L.A.)! Why? To protest the
beating of a drunk driving suspect
by police officers
Participants were expressing
anger over police brutality and
the poverty suffered in the
community
During the 7 day period 34
people were killed, over 1,000
people were injured, and about
$40 million dollars in property
damaged 

174. 174
Movie shows the destruction caused by the
Watts riots
WATTS, CA

175. 175
Black Panther party founded in Oakland, CA in
1966 (4th
per)
Bobby Seale
and Huey
Newton, co-
founders of
the Black
Panther party
The Black Panther
party had a 10
point platform
which described
their goals of
Black
empowerment.

176. 176
Chicago race riots July 1966
•In July, MLK traveled to Chicago
to protest housing conditions.
•In mid-July, rioting took place in
black communities, ending only
after police and national
guardsmen were brought in. 
•MLK took the protest to the all-
white community of Cicero, where
protestors were pelted with rocks
and beaten with sticks by
residents. 
•City officials agreed to end the
housing discriminatory practices
and King ended the protests.
•MLK wins again! 

177. 177
1967 race riots occurred in Detroit, Michigan;
Atlanta, Georgia; Cincinnati, Ohio; Newark,
New Jersey; and Tampa, Florida
VIDEO CLIP SHOWS
SCENES FROM RIOTS
IN 1967 AND 1968

178. 178
4/4/1968 = Martin Luther King Assassinated

King shot in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968
He had been in Memphis to help lead a strike by
Memphis sanitation workers
He was shot through the neck with a high powered
rifle
He died a half hour later in a local hospital
James Earl Ray, a prison escapee and career
criminal, was later arrested and convicted of King’s
murder. He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. He
later died in jail of natural causes.
Excerpt from his
last speech,
April 2, 1968

179. 179
Martin Luther King’s widow, Coretta Scott King,
and his children mourn during his funeral

180. 180
Statement by
Robert F. Kennedy
announcing the
assassination of
Martin Luther King,
Jr.
April 4, 1968

181. 181
Native Americans pushed for their rights
Up until 1961 the federal government actively tried to
get Indian people to move off their reservations and into
cities to encourage assimilation.
In 1961, when the policy was discontinued, the U.S.
Commission on Civil Rights noted that, for Native
Americans, "poverty and deprivation are common."
With the Civil Rights movement as a
model Native Americans became more
active in seeking a better life for their people.
In a series of court victories Native
Americans began winning back property
illegally taken from them in previous decades.
A new group called AIM (American Indian Movement)
began a series of confrontations with the federal
government.
Many more Americans became aware of the plight of
Native Americans as a result of these actions.

182. 182
Indian Occupations of Alcatraz Island, 1969
In 1964, a group of five Sioux occupied the island for
four hours. They demanded the use of the island as a
cultural center and an Indian university.
The November 9, 1969, occupation was planned by
many different tribes and the name "Indians of All Tribes"
was adopted for the initial 100 member group.
They wanted the deed to the island, to establish an
Indian university, a cultural center, and a museum.
On June 10, 1971, the year and a half long occupation
ended when armed federal marshals, FBI agents, and
special forces police removed five women, four children,
and six unarmed Indian men.
As a result of the occupation the official government
policy of termination of Indian tribes was ended and a
policy of Indian self-determination became the official U.S.
government policy.
During the period the occupiers were on Alcatraz
Island, President Nixon returned Blue Lake and 48,000
acres of land to the Taos Indians. Occupied lands near
Davis California would become home to a Native American
university.

183. 183
Cesar Chavez led the fight for fair
treatment of migrant farm workers through
boycotts, demonstrations, and marches

184. 184
The United Farm Workers led by
Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta,
the UFW gained many important
rights for the historically
underrepresented migrant farm
workers.
Before the UFW, working
conditions were brutal for most
agricultural workers. Wages were
far below the poverty level and not
subject to minimum wage
standards mandated upon most
other professions. Field workers
did not have access to clean
drinking water or portable toilets.
Employers did not adhere to fair
business practices. Housing was
rarely equipped with indoor
plumbing or a kitchen facilities.
“Strike”

185. 185
Chavez’s career during the ’60s
Chavez worked for the Community Service
Organization outside of San Jose, California where he
served as Director from 1958-1962
1962 Chavez formed the National Farm Workers’
Association (NFWA)
1965 NFWA authorized a strike against California
grape growers; the strike lasted five years
1966 Chavez led marchers on 340 mile march to
Sacramento to draw attention to plight of farm
workers
1966 NFWA merged with Filipino farm workers to
create the United Farm Workers of America (UFW)
1967 UFW began grape boycott
1968 Chavez fasted for 25 days; broke fast with
Senator Robert F. Kennedy during Mass

186. 186
Background to the
Feminist Movement of the
1960’s
The origins of the feminist
movement stretched back to the
suffragists of the 19th
and early 20th
centuries. The issues during that
time were voting rights, owning and
inheriting property and control over
their own lives.
By the 1960’s, women had secured
equal rights under the law.
Feminists of the 1960’s and 70’s
turned to other issues such as
legalizing birth control, securing
reproductive freedom by legalizing
abortion and equal access to
education and jobs.
Simone de
Beauvoir
wrote The
Second Sex in
1949, a book
that impacted
future
feminists

187. 187
Betty Friedan
In 1963 Friedan’s book, The
Feminine Mystique, became a best
seller with over three million copies
sold in the first few years.
The book argued that many
American women led boring and
unhappy lives because they were
expected to find fulfillment through
the achievements of husbands and
children.
Betty Friedan encouraged her
readers not to be defined by a male-
dominated society but to seek new
roles and responsibilities and to
find their own personal and
professional identities.

188. 188
In 1966, 28 professional women, including
Betty Friedan, established the National
Organization for Women (NOW).
The stated purpose of the new organization
was:
“We, men and women… believe that the
time has come for a new movement toward
true equality for all women in America, and
toward a fully equal partnership of the
sexes, as part of the world-wide revolution
of human rights now taking place within and
beyond our national borders.
The purpose of NOW is to take action to
bring women into full participation in the
mainstream of American society now,
exercising all the privileges and
responsibilities thereof in truly equal
partnership with men.”
National Organization of Women

189. 189
0 20 40
1940
1950
1960
1970
Women
Workers
% of females in the labor force
1940 to 1970

190. 190
Chart comparing the median salary income ($) of male
and female professional and technical workers from
1939 to 1970

191. 191
Divorce rates went up for various reasons, in
part due to women’s increased ability to get
work, changing societal attitudes towards sex
and acceptance of divorce

192. 192
1950’s American family
Much of the
rebellion in
the 1960s
was in
reaction to
conservative
gender roles
and
consumerism
of the 1950s.
The Counterculture of the 1960s
6th
period

193. 193
Origins of counter culture
ideas:
Ralph Waldo Emerson and
Transcendentalism in the mid-19th
century discussed looking inward and
experiencing the universe in a
personal way.
Emerson was the first “drop out”
withdrawing to a cabin on Walden
Pond from 1845 to 1847. He also was
one of the first to express mistrust of
his elders, those over 30. "I have
lived some thirty years on this
planet," he wrote "and I have yet to
hear the first syllable of valuable or
even earnest advice from my seniors.
They have told me nothing, and
probably cannot tell me anything to
the purpose.”
Walden

194. 194
Walt Whitman
Whitman sought to
reconcile the newest
achievements of Western
science with the oldest
truths of Eastern religion,
the "myths Asiatic."
Whitman, along with other
writers and artists during
the 1860s, were
fascinated with "Oriental"
thought, especially
Hinduism and Buddhism.
In the 1960s, the children
of the American middle
class would turn again to
the East.

195. 195
Beats in the 1950s: literary rebels against
conformity and the consumer culture
They took their name from a Zen Buddhist term
that means to search for inner grace.
Beats met in coffee houses where they recited
poetry accompanied by jazz music
Several famous poets and authors identified with
the beat movement. Allen Ginsburg's poem Howl
served as an anthem for the movement.
Jack Kerouac, the most famous writer of the
group, had literary and financial success with his
novels, the most popular being On the road.
The Beats were a forerunner to the larger
counterculture movements that would take place in
the 1960’s.

196. 196
Allen Ginsburg Jack Kerouac

197. 197
•The 60s were the age of youth,
as 70 million children from the
post-war baby boom became
teenagers and young adults.
•No longer content to be images
of the generation ahead of them,
young people wanted change.
•The changes affected
education, values, lifestyles,
laws, and entertainment. Many
of the revolutionary ideas which
began in the sixties are
continuing to evolve today.
College students formed the
bulk of the anti-war movement,
part of the counter-culture
movement.

198. 198
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1940 1950 1965 1970
Population of persons aged 15 to 24:
1940 – 1970 (in thousands, add three
zero’s)

199. 199
Part of the counter-culture movement was
experimentation with drugs and sex!
Timothy Leary, a symbol of the drug
culture, urged people to discover the
freedom produced by drugs and to "turn on,
tune in, drop out." To Leary, the
hallucinogen LSD offered a path to
psychedelic ecstasy and religious
revelation. (5th
period) Leary

200. 200
Major 1960’s inventions:
1963 zip codes were first
introduced in the U.S.
1963 Douglas Engelbart invented
the computer mouse
1966 first successful commercial
fax machine invented by Xerox
Recent zip
code map

201. 201
The U.S. became a richer nation 

202. 202
Disposable personal income (1996 dollars)

203. 203
Population distribution 1970

204. 204
The space race
Vietnam

205. 205
A Walk in Space
Astronaut Ed White maneuvered outside the Gemini
IV spacecraft during the first American walk in space
in June, 1965. After six successful Mercury one-man
flights, Gemini two-man flights were rehearsals of
skills astronauts would need in lunar flights. White
later would die in the 1967 Apollo I fire. 

206. 206
Fire in the Spacecraft!
America’s moon landing hopes
nearly collapsed with the January
1967, Apollo I fire. Astronauts
Gus Grissom, Ed White, and Roger
Chaffee died in the fire from a
wire striped of its insulation
which occurred in a “dress
rehearsal” for the flight.

207. 207
After the Apollo I fire, NASA moved quickly to
regain lost ground. In fall 1968, Apollo 7
signified America’s return to space, and in
December, Astronauts Frank Borman, James
Lovell and William Anders embarked on man’s
first mission to orbit the moon.
Apollo 8 was launched on December 21, 1968.

208. 208
Man on the moon,
The Flight of Apollo 11
From left, mission commander Neil
Armstrong, center, command module
pilot Michael Collins, and right, lunar
module pilot Edwin (“Buzz”) Aldrin.
July 20, 1969
July 16, 1969

209. 209
“That’s one small step for man, one giant
leap for mankind” -Neil Armstrong
Millions of television
viewers worldwide
watched in black and
white as Armstrong
descended the Eagle’s
ladder to the lunar
surface.
At 10:56 p.m. on July
20, 1969, Armstrong
became the first man
to walk on the moon.
Below, the first
footprint on lunar soil.

210. 210
Soon after Armstrong
stepped on the lunar
surface, Aldrin
followed

211. 211
The two astronauts raised
the American flag. Above
picture was taken by a
mechanized camera inside
the cabin of Eagle. Attached
to one of the Eagle’s landing
legs was a plaque
commemorating the landing.
Left, the astronauts unveil
the plaque during their
moonwalk.

212. 212
The astronauts splashed down on
July 24, 1969. In this picture, they are
wearing bio-isolation suits in case they
brought any diseases with them from the
lunar surface.

213. 213
Military Spending under President Johnson in billions
of dollars:
Why did it increase so much after 1966?

214. 214
USS Maddox
Target of a
fictional
North
Vietnamese
naval attack
Tonkin Gulf Incident, August 1964
The official story was that North Vietnamese torpedo
boats launched an "unprovoked attack" against a U.S.
destroyer on "routine patrol" in the Tonkin Gulf on
August 2, 1964, and that North Vietnamese PT boats
followed up with a "deliberate attack" on a pair of U.S.
ships two days later. Evidence uncovered since the event
has proven that there was no attack that night, and some
have suggested that this incident was an excuse to
escalate U.S. involvement in the region.

215. 215
President Johnson signed the Gulf of Tonkin
Resolution, August 7, 1964
The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
authorized President Johnson to
"take all necessary measures to
repel any armed attack against
forces of the United States and to
prevent further aggression”.
The resolution passed
unanimously in the House, and
by a margin of 82-2 in the
Senate.
The Resolution allowed
Johnson to wage all out war
against North Vietnam without
ever securing a formal
Declaration of War from
Congress!!!!!!
Senator
Wayne
Morse
opposed the
resolution

216. 216
LBJ had stated in his 1964 presidential campaign
that he was “not going to send American boys
nine or ten thousand miles away from home to do
what Asian boys ought to be doing for
themselves.”
By early 1965, the communists were well on their
way to victory and Johnson had to either increase
U.S. involvement or see South Vietnam defeated.

217. 217
In 1965 after Viet Cong forces attacked
several American bases LBJ authorized the
"Rolling Thunder" campaign, the systematic
bombing of North Vietnam. This bombing
would continue off and on for the next seven
years.

218. 218
Tet Offensive 1967-1968
Planned by General Giap,
commander of the North
Vietnam Army, who had
planned and executed the
battle which drove the
French out of Vietnam in
1954.
By the end of 1966, North
Vietnam had suffered large
causalities in manpower
and supplies through the
bombing of the North and
the fighting in the South.
The primary goals of Giap
were to destabilize the
Saigon regime and to force
the United States to
negotiate a settlement.

219. 219
The Tet Offensive
In October 1967, the first stage of the offensive
began with a series of small attacks in remote and border
areas designed to draw the Southern Vietnamese army
(Army of Republic of Vietnam, ARVN) and U.S. forces away
from the cities, the real targets.
Even though there were warnings of an attack, more
than one-half of the ARVN were on leave because of the
approaching TET (Lunar New Year) holiday.
On January 31, 1968, the full-scale offensive began,
with simultaneous attacks by the communists on five
major cities, thirty-six provincial capitals, sixty-four
district capitals, and numerous villages. In Saigon, suicide
squads attacked many strategic points including the radio
station, the ARVN's joint General Staff Compound, Tan Son
Nhut airfield, and the United States embassy, causing
considerable damage and throwing the city into turmoil.
The U.S. attacked the communist forces effectively
throughout the country through bombing and artillery
attacks, which extensively damaged the urban areas.

220. 220
The Tet Offensive
Up until this attack Americans were
told that the communists were losing the
war, but many questioned how a
“defeated” army could launch such a
large-scale and effective attack.
This offensive made it clear that this
war could only be won through a greater
commitment of men and resources.
On March 31, 1968, Johnson
announced that he would not seek his
party's nomination for another term of
office, declared a halt to the bombing of
North Vietnam (except for a narrow strip
above the DMZ), and urged Hanoi to
agree to peace talks.
U.S. troops at this point in Vietnam
was 525,000.

221. 221
My Lai Massacre March 16, 1968
My Lai village was located in an area of
South Vietnam entrenched with communists.
Army Lieutenant William Calley
commanded and led the Charlie Company
soldiers into the village firing, even though
there had been no report of opposing fire.
Numerous members of their unit had been
maimed or killed in the area during the
preceding weeks.
During their search and destroy mission,
over 300 apparently unarmed civilians,
including women, children, and the elderly
were massacred. Calley was said to have
rounded up a group of the villagers, ordered
them into a ditch, and mowed them down in
a fury of machine gun fire.
When news of the atrocities surfaced, it
sent shockwaves through the U.S. political
establishment, the military's chain of
command, and an already divided American
public.
Army First Lieutenant
William Calley, Jr

222. 222
The Vietnam War at Home: Demonstrations and Civil Disobedience
In 1965 when Johnson began the massive
bombing campaign against North Vietnam the
anti-war movement began organizing protests.
Extensive media coverage, especially on the
nightly TV news, brought the violent and bloody
guerrilla war home each night into every
American living room.
When draftees were sent to Vietnam, young
people on college and university campuses all
around the country organized protests and
teach-ins against the war.
Over the next 2 years the anti-war
movement snowballed. Activists, celebrities and
musicians took up the anti-war cause and waved
anti-war banners. Their speeches and their
music reflected the anger and hopelessness that
Americans felt over the Vietnam war. Even some
GI’s stationed overseas began supporting the
anti-war movement in whatever capacity they
could, from wearing peace symbols to refusing
to obey orders.

223. 223
Examples of anti-war posters from the 1960’s

224. 224
There were several types of protests
ranging from “teach-ins” on college
campuses to marches and civil
disobedience.

225. 225
Candidates
McCarthy
Kennedy
LBJ drops out
Humphrey
1968 Democratic Convention
Wallace
Nixon
Election results
First year of Nixon’s presidency

226. 226
1968 presidential election candidates
Kennedy
McCarthy Nixon
Humphrey Wallace
LBJ

227. 227
Minnesota Senator Eugene McCarthy
announced his candidacy late in 1967
Anti-war coalition within
Democrat Party looks for a
candidate to oppose LBJ
Robert Kennedy declined so
McCarthy decided to run
McCarthy attracted
hundreds of students to his
campaign for the New
Hampshire primary
While LBJ won the primary,
McCarthy’s strong showing of
42% of the vote showed the
president was vulnerable

228. 228
Robert Kennedy entered the
race
Kennedy decided to enter the
race a few days after
McCarthy’s showing in the New
Hampshire primary
Many saw Kennedy as
opportunistic after McCarthy’s
showing. Others saw his
candidacy as a personal
vendetta against LBJ
Kennedy won primaries in
Indiana and Nebraska, but was
assassinated soon after his
victory in the California primary
on June 5, 1968

229. 229
During a
nationally
televised
address on the
Vietnam War on
March 31, 1968,
President
Lyndon Johnson
shocked the
audience by
announcing,
“I will not seek,
nor will I accept,
the nomination
of my party for
another term as
your president”

230. 230
Soon after LBJ
dropped out of the
race, Vice President
Hubert Humphrey
announced his
candidacy for the
Democratic
nomination. With
the assassination of
Kennedy and the
split of the
Democratic Party,
Humphrey won the
nomination without
entering any
primaries.

231. 231
As Democrats met in
Chicago in August
1968 to nominate a
candidate, more than
10,000 anti-war
demonstrators
protested. Chicago
police mowed
through the crowds in
an attempt to
disperse them,
attacking not only
demonstrators, but
innocent civilians and
news media
personnel. Millions
saw a city, and a
political party, out of
control.
Democratic National Convention,
August 1968

232. 232
The Candidacy of George Wallace
Alabama Governor George C.
Wallace, Alabama governor and
well-known segregationist, ran
as the nominee of the American
Independent Party. Retired
General Curtis LeMay was
Wallace’s running mate.
Wallace ran on a strong “law-
and-order” platform,
emphasizing states’ rights, firm
stance on Vietnam, and treating
anti-war critics as “traitors”
Wallace was able to carry five
southern states in the November
election

233. 233
The Republican Ticket
Richard Nixon, left, loser to John F. Kennedy in 1960,
re-entered political life and easily captured the
Republican nomination. He selected little known
Maryland Governor Spiro Agnew, right, as his vice
presidential running mate.

234. 234
Nixon won a substantial victory in the Electoral College
and a relatively small victory in the 1968 popular vote.
Wallace took slightly over 8% of the popular vote. Many
political scientists believe that Wallace’s candidacy took
more votes away from Nixon than from Humphrey.

235. 235
President Richard M. Nixon
•Elected in 1968
•March 1969 Secret bombing campaign Cambodia
•May 1969 Appointed Burger Chief Justice Supreme
Court
•July 1970 announced creation EPA & NOAA
•February 1971 Columbus Day federal holiday
•December 1971 appointed Powell, Rehnquist to the
Supreme Court
•February 1972 visited China
•June 1972 signed SALT Treaty
•November 1972 reelected president
•January 1973 peace treaty to end Vietnam Conflict
•April 1973 accepted responsibility for Watergate
break-in and cover-up
•December 1973 Gerald Ford appointed new Vice
President after Spiro Agnew resigned in October
•August 1974 Resigned from office after impeachment
articles presented in House of Representatives

236. 236
Conservatives believe that the national
government should play a smaller role in people’s
lives. Nixon, a conservative, reacted to the Great
Society policies of the 1960s by giving power back
to the states:
Revenue sharing: the federal government
returned some of the federal taxes to state and
local governments to meet their needs.
Local control for desegregation of schools. This
was a major success in the south where prior to
the program in the late 1960s more than 70% of
African American students attended all black
schools. After local biracial committees intervened
that number dropped to less than 20% by 1970.
Nixon’s conservative domestic policies
became known as “New Federalism”

237. 237
Nixon’s campaign strategy to win the 1968 and 1972 elections was
to appeal to what he called the “silent majority”, the “great
majority of Americans, the forgotten Americans, the non-shouters,
the non-demonstrators”. He basically tried to appeal to middle
class whites who were angered by the Civil Rights movement, the
Vietnam War, and resentment towards the expanding federal
government. After he was in office however he faced a Democratic
majority Congress who kept his conservative policies in check.
During his first term he approved liberal policies such as:
Increased Social Security benefits and food stamps programs
Built public housing
Approved the 26th
amendment to lower voting age to 18
Established the Environmental Protection Agency
Established National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Established Occupational Safety and Health Administration
Created a Presidential Task Force on Women’s Rights
Nixon at a rally
with religious
leader Billy
Graham