Katrina Research
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The document summarizes a qualitative study examining factors that influenced evacuation decisions among low-income, urban residents in New Orleans during Hurricane Katrina. Through interviews with 58 evacuees, several major themes emerged as influencing evacuation, including issues with transportation, lack of shelter options, financial constraints, health problems, trust in official warnings, risk perception, and social networks. Obligations to extended family networks, especially frail elderly family members, prevented some from evacuating. The findings highlight the complex, socially embedded nature of evacuation decision-making.
![Disasters, social vulnerability, and evacuation from Hurricane Katrina ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/academyhealth2006-12966155963551-phpapp01/85/Katrina-Research-1-320.jpg)
![Co-authors ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],We gratefully acknowledge the participants of this study who were willing to participate during a time of intense personal difficulty. Special thanks to Michele Allen, M.D., M.S. This study was funded by the Quick Response Research program of National Hazards Research and Applications Information Center and Grant No. 1 K01 CD000049-01 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Katrina Research
- 7. Methods
- 12. Socio-demographic Characteristics of Study Participants (N=58) New Orleans resident 95% Gender 52% Male Ethnicity African American White Latino Asian/PI 81% 10% 5% 3% Age 18-34 years old 35-54 years old 55-74 years old 75+ years old Missing 16% 46% 31% 5% 2%
- 13. Socio-demographic Characteristics of Study Participants (N=58) Income < $20, 000 $20,000-30,000 30,000 - 40,000 40,000-50,000 50,000 + Refused 50% 31% 9% 2% 5% 3% Education < High School High School > High School 45% 40% 10%
- 15. Results
- 16. Results: Major Themes 1194 statements coded Message understanding Health Transportation Shelter Trust Money, jobs, property Risk perception Social network
- 27. Discussion
Notas del editor
- Outline of talk 1. Start with a brief recounting of my personal, intellectual journey as a physician doing disaster research and introduce the concept of social vulnerability to disasters that will be familiar to disparities researchers but has only recently emerged in the disaster research literature. 2. Discuss our research on Hurricane Katrina. 3. Suggestions for responses to reviewer criticisms.
- Hurricane Katrina demonstrated this concept of social vulnerability for everyone. A large segment of American society lives without the social and economic resources to protect themselves during disasters. Storm damage disproportionately affected the vulnerable of New Orleans: 1. Vulnerable elderly were over-represented among the fatalities
- 1. Damaged areas were 75% black compared to 46% black in undamaged areas 2. Recovery appears to be occurring more rapidly among communities with higher incomes.
- 100-120,000 persons did not evacuate. Most were poor, African American, and representative of those who are more vulnerable to disasters. Research on the association of poverty and race/ethnicity with evacuation decisions mostly confirms the pattern seen with Katrina: impoverished and minority communities are less likely to evacuate. Factors operating within minority groups unknown. Suburban rather than urban centers, where social vulnerability is worse. Major reasons were poverty, lack of transportation or shelter, and historical experience with riding out hurricanes. (Blendon AJPH) Social psychological theory predicts that decision-making is complex, multifactorial and socially embedded. Results invite questions about the circumstances and complex interrelationships of the reasons offered for not evacuating and potentially others (e.g., family and social networks) that were not included in the survey. Qualitative research can give detailed, in-depth accounting of the cultural context, social environment, and individual cognitions
- Will try to demonstrate that participants…
- Peculiarities of the large-scale evacuation from impoverished sections of New Orleans provided a skewed population for study, which was further compounded by the rapidly changing occupancy of the shelters. Attempted to reduce bias in sample selection strategy called a convenience sample with respect to those who may have been evacuated to these shelters and who were left on Sept 9-12, 2005.
- Study participants were randomly selected. Inside the centers, we randomly selected cots; outside the centers, we randomly selected from lines against the building.
- With the exception of the demographic components, all interviews were conducted in a semi-structured format.
- Fifty-eight of 75 persons approached (77%) participated Sample comparable to the AJPH study sample. Disproportionately African American (67% NO; 33% Louisiana ).
- Disproportionately poor and low education (23% NO & LA with less than 20K/year; 75% NO & LA are HS graduates)
- We used an inductive analysis strategy to interpret and structure our data. Using a grounded theory approach distinct codes or domains of interest emerged and were identified during team discussions. Once a coding schema was devised, each transcript was reviewed by two of three “coders” who independently applied the codes to classify text based interview data using Atlas.ti version 4.2 software. Differences in coding were resolved by consensus agreement. Coding was completed when all portions of the interview materials were coded, domains were “saturated” and common themes emerged.
- 1194 statements were identified and coded Results reported and representative quotations are the most salient domains of meaning discovered.
- One car for the entire family was not enough; sometimes other family members had already evacuated with it or the family was too large for a single car.
- Extended family outside of New Orleans who provided “an open invitation” to participants as facilitating evacuation and the absence of friends and family outside of New Orleans as hindering evacuation. No specific destinations prescribed in the evacuation orders.
- Almost 45% of the sample reported they owned or had access to a car, but many still did not have money for gas, hotels, or food.
- The health of their extended families influenced evacuation.
- A major theme was the importance of social networks (the web of relationships that surround individuals) as obstacles or facilitators to evacuation. Many statements overlapped with statements about transportation, shelter and health. Here a participant describes how she, as extended family, was a resource that enabled others to evacuate
- interactions with friends, neighbors and church members influenced evacuation. (Implication: Church opportunity)
- Obligations to the elderly also strongly influenced participant’s evacuation. THIS woman was already ON THE ROAD! (Implication: Opportunity for church groups to be involved)
- The prior experiences of the elderly effected decisions to evacuate.
- Comparable in age, gender, income, and education to AJPH sample concurrent in the shelters.
- The health of interviewees themselves influenced evacuation.
- An individual’s evacuation decision began a chain reaction that impacted an entire family.
- Not personalizing the risk
- Underestimate risk of a flood (educational opportunity)
- Evacuation as riskier than staying
- Historical experience of hurricanes was not influenced by this event
- Distrust of authorities fueled participant’s belief that the flooding was not due to the hurricane. Participants thought the levees had been deliberately “blown” to save wealthy neighborhoods and businesses at the expense of poor, black neighborhoods, and blamed local, state, and federal officials for negligence.