5. – the first element of the operating
system which is to be measured. We select a specific characteristic
because a correlation exists between it and how the system is
performing. The characteristic can be the output of the system
during any stage of processing or it may be a condition that is the
result of the system.
- is a means for measuring the characteristic or
condition.
Determines the need for correction by
comparing what is occurring with what has been planned. Some
deviation from plan is usual and expected, but when variations are
beyond those considered acceptable, corrective action is required.
It involves a sort of preventative action which indicates that good
control is being achieved.
- is the corrective action taken to return the
6.
7.
8.
9. • - Corrective properties may
sometimes be built into the controller (for example,
to modify the time the lights are turned on as the
days grow shorter or longer), but this would not
close the loop. In another instance, the sensing,
comparison, or adjustment may be made through
action taken by an individual who is not part of the
system.
• If control is exercised as a result of the operation
rather than because of outside or predetermined
10. Most organized systems are some combination of
man and machine; some elements of control may
be performed by machine whereas others are
accomplished by man.
systems can be complex because of the
sophisticated technology, whereas control of people
is complex because the elements of control are
difficult to determine.
Man must as the controller when measurement
is subjective and judgment is required.
11. In , the approach
used in the program of review and
evaluation depends on the reason for the
evaluation
serves to regulate the
day-to-day output relative to schedules,
specifications, and costs.
15. The study of organizational
change is extremely
important because managers
at all organizational levels are
faced throughout their careers
with the task of changing their
organization.
16. Change Versus Stability
(1) High death
probability (slow)
(2) High survival
probability
(3) High survival and
growth probability
(4) Certainty of death
(slow)
(5) Certainty of death
(quick)
(1) (2) (3)
(4) (5)
High
HighLow
Low
STABILITY
ADAPTATION
17. Factors to consider when changing an
organization
The change agent
Determining what should be
changed
The kind of change to make
Individuals affected by the change
Evaluation of the change
18.
19. The change
agent
Is the individual
inside or outside the
organization who tries
to modify the existing
organizational
situation.
20. As the most important factor managers need to consider when changing an
organization, Special Skills are necessary for success as a change agent.
Among them are the ability to determine how a change should be made, the
skill to solve change-related problems, and facility in using behavioral
science tools to influence people appropriately during the change process.
The most overlooked skill of successful change agents, however, is the
ability to determine how much change employees can withstand.
21. Determining what should
be changed
Another major factor managers need to
consider is exactly what should be
changed within the organization. In
general, managers should make only
those changes that will increase
organizational effectiveness.
22. Three classes of factors
Organizational effectiveness
depends primarily on activities
entering around three classes of
factors.
1.People
2.Structure
3.Technology
30. STRUCTURAL CHANGE
It emphasizes increasing
organizational effectiveness by
changing controls that influence
members during the performance
of their jobs.
Structural change is change
aimed at increasing effectiveness
through modifications to the
existing organizational structure.
31. Modifications to the existing organizational
structure
1. Clarifying and defining jobs
2. Modifying organizational structure fit the communication needs of the
organization
3. Decentralizing the organization to reduce the cost of coordination,
increase the control ability of subunits, increase motivation, and gain
greater flexibility.
32. PEOPLE CHANGE
People change emphasizes
increasing organizational
effectiveness by changing
certain aspects of organization
members. The focus of this
kind of change is on such
factors as employees
attitudes and leadership
skills.
33. Examine the Organization Development
Organization Development (OD) –
is the process of people change. It
focuses mainly on changing
certain aspects of people, these
changes are based on an
overview of structure, technology,
and all other organizational
ingredients.
34. The Status of the OD
If the entire OD area is
taken into consideration,
changes that emphasize
both people and the
organization as a whole
seem to have inherent
strength. However, several
commonly voiced
weaknesses in OD efforts
include the following:
35. Managers can improve the quality of OD
efforts by doing the following:
1. Systematically tailoring OD programs to meet the specific needs of
the organization.
2. Continually demonstrating exactly how people should change their
behavior.
3. Conscientiously changing organizational reward systems so
organization members who change their behavior in ways suggested
by the OD program are rewarded.
36. Individuals affected By the change
A fourth major factor to be
considered by managers when
changing an organization is the
people who will be affected by
the change.
39. REDUCING RESISTANCE TO
CHANGE
To ensure the success of
needed modifications,
managers must be able to
reduce the effects of the
resistance that typically
accompanies proposed
change.
41. Avoid
surprises
Highest priority and first
strategy for change
Improves urgency to change
Reduces uncertainty (fear of
unknown)
Problems - time consuming
and costly
42. understanding
Provides new knowledge and skills
Includes coaching and action learning
Helps break old routines and adopt
new roles
Problems potentially time consuming
and costly
43. change
Increases ownership of change
Helps saving face and reducing fear
of unknown
Includes task forces, future search
events
Problems - time-consuming,
potential conflict
44. change
When communication, training, and
involvement do not resolve stress
Potential benefits
More motivation to change
Less fear of unknown
Fewer direct costs
Problems - time-consuming, expensive,
doesn’t help everyone.
Make tentative change
45. EVALUATION OF CHANGE
PURPOSE
- The purpose of this evaluation is not only
to gain insight into how the change itself
might be modified to further increase its
organizational effectiveness, but also to
determine whether the steps taken to make
the change should be modified to increase
organizational effectiveness the next time
they are used.
46. According to Margulies and Wallace
Making this evaluation
may be difficult because
the data from individual
change programs may be
unreliable.
47. CHANGE AND STRESS
What is STRESS?
It is the bodily strain that
an individual experiences
as a result of coping with
some environmental
factor.
48. According to Hans Selye..
“Stress constitutes the factors
affecting wear and tear on the
body. In organizations, this wear
and tear is caused primarily by the
body’s unconscious mobilization
of energy when an individual is
confronted with organizational or
work demands”
49. THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING
STRESSStress can have damaging
psychological and physiological
effects on employees health and on
their contribution to organizational
effectiveness. It can cause heart
disease, and it can prevent employees
from concentrating or making decisions.
Increased levels of stress have also
been associated with adverse effects on
family relationships, decreased
productivity in the workplace, and
50. Stress is a major cause of employee
absenteeism and turnover. Certainly, such
factors severely limit the potential success
of an organization.
A stressed employee can affect the
safety of other workers or even the public.
Stress represents a significant cost to
organizations.
51. MANAGING STRESS IN
ORGANIZATION
This section, is built on the
assumption that in order to
appropriately manage stress in
organizations.
managers must understand how
stress influences worker
performance.
identify where unhealthy stress
exists in organization.
52. Managers must understand the relationship
between the amount of stress felt by a worker and
the worker’s performance.
Once managers understand the impact of stress
on performance, they must identify where stress
exists within the organization. Because most stress-
related organizational problems involve too much
stress rather than too little, the remainder of this
section focuses on how to relieve undesirably high
53.
54. A is an environmental demand
that causes people to feel stress.
Stressors are common in situations
where individuals are confronted by
circumstances for which their usual
behaviors are inappropriate or
insufficient and where negative
consequences are associated with
55. Management can also adopt several strategies to help
prevent the initial development of unwanted stressors in
organizations . Four such strategies follow:
1.)
- Organizations commonly evolve into large bureaucracies
with formal, inflexible, impersonal climates. This setup leads
to considerable job stress.
2.
- Recent research has demonstrated that employees who
participated in a stress management course were less
depressed than employees who did not participate in a stress
management course. The stress management course
involved a group session in which educational materials
about coping strategies and stress prevention presented.
56. 3.)
- Routine jobs that do not allow
employees some degree of freedom
often result in undesirable employee
stress.
4.)
- Employees often experience
considerable stress when they do not
know what their next career step might
57. is defined as a struggle that results
from opposing needs or feelings between
two or more people. In case of
organizational change, conflict generally
results from managers making changes that
threaten others or create competing views
between others and managers concerning
when.
58. One conflict management strategy a manager
can use is to , which means the
parties to the conflict settle on a solution that
gives both of them part of what they wanted.
Some managers adopt the avoiding
technique as means to manage conflicts.
is conflict management technique
whereby managers simply ignore the conflicts.
59. is a technique for managing
conflict in which managers use authority
to declare that conflict is ended.
The most direct and most difficult way to
manage conflict is to work out the
difference between mangers and
employees. This conflict management
strategy is called .
60. a has the essences
of a traditional organization, but without
some aspect of tradition al boundaries and
structure. Virtual organization are also
referred to as
. In
essence manager go beyond traditional
boundaries or organization by using recent
developments in information technology.
61. The most extensive degree; an organization that goes significantly
beyond the boundaries and structure of a traditional organization by
comprehensively “trying together” a company’s stakeholders–
employees, suppliers and customers via an elaborate system of e-
mail, World Wide Web, and other internet related vehicles such as
videoconferencing.
Groups of employees formed by managers that go beyond the
boundaries and structure of traditional teams by having members in
geographically dispersed locations meeting via real-time messaging
on an internet.
A training process that goes beyond the boundaries and structure of
traditional training , such training can go beyond traditional training
limits.
62. is a work arrangement
that extends beyond the structure
and boundaries of the traditional
office arrangement. Specifics of the
arrangements vary from organization
to organization but can be
conceptualized using the alternative
work arrangements continuum.
63. Have fixed, traditional offices and work schedules but
occasionally work at home.
Come into the traditional office frequently, but because they are
not always physically present, they are not allocated permanent
office space.
“Tethered” workers have some mobility but are expected to
report to the office on a regular basis.
A home-based worker has no traditional office. The work space
of this type worker could be a kitchen table or a bedroom desk.
A worker who is fully mobile works out of a car.
64. Managers design and implement virtual
offices for many different reasons.
– is the most commonly cited
reason and or are
the most commonly cited costs to be
reduced.
65. Managers face many new and different challenges
when using the virtual office concept.
66. Presented by: GROUP V
Adrao, Sheena E.
Abion, Sherry Kate
Adoyo, Herjanh
Arago, Lorenzo
Arevalo, Joseph
Notas del editor
What is CONTROLLING? It is an important function because it helps to check the errors and to take the corrective action so that deviation from standards are minimized and stated goals of the organization are achieved in a desired manner.
Characteristics of ControlControl is a continuous processControl is a management processControl is embedded in each level of organizational hierarchyControl is forward lookingControl is closely linked with planningControl is a tool for achieving organizational activitiesControl is an end process
The elements of controlThe four basic elements in a control system —(1) the characteristic or condition to be controlled(2) the sensor(3) the comparator(4) the activator
characteristic or condition – the first element of the operating system which is to be measured. We select a specific characteristic because a correlation exists between it and how the system is performing. The characteristic can be the output of the system during any stage of processing or it may be a condition that is the result of the system.the sensor - is a means for measuring the characteristic or condition. the comparator- Determines the need for correction by comparing what is occurring with what has been planned. Some deviation from plan is usual and expected, but when variations are beyond those considered acceptable, corrective action is required. It involves a sort of preventative action which indicates that good control is being achieved.the activatoris the corrective action taken to return the system to expected output. The actual person, device, or method used to direct corrective inputs into the operating system may take a variety of forms.
INFORMATIONInformation - Is the medium of control, because the flow of sensory data and later the flow of corrective information allow a characteristic or condition of the system to be controlled.
Kinds of controlControl may be grouped according to three general classifications: (1) the nature of the information flow designed into the system (open- or closed-loop control)(2) the kind of components included in the design (man or machine control systems)(3) the relationship of control to the decision process (organizational or operational control).
Process of ControllingSetting performance standards.Measurement of actual performance.Comparing actual performance with standards.Analysing deviations.Correcting deviations.
Open- and Closed-Loop ControlOpen loop system - Corrective properties may sometimes be built into the controller (for example, to modify the time the lights are turned on as the days grow shorter or longer), but this would not close the loop. In another instance, the sensing, comparison, or adjustment may be made through action taken by an individual who is not part of the system.If control is exercised as a result of the operation rather than because of outside or predetermined arrangements, it is a closed-loop system.
Man and Machine ControlMost organized systems are some combination of man and machine; some elements of control may be performed by machine whereas others are accomplished by man.Machine systems can be complex because of the sophisticated technology, whereas control of people is complex because the elements of control are difficult to determine. Man must act as the controller when measurement is subjective and judgment is required.
Organizational and Operational ControlIn organizational control, the approach used in the program of review and evaluation depends on the reason for the evaluation operational control serves to regulate the day-to-day output relative to schedules,specifications, and costs.
ADAPTATION
ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTIVENESS
Stress is a major cause of employee absenteeism and turnover. Certainly, such factors severely limit the potential success of an organization.
Identifying Unhealthy Stress in OrganizationsOnce managers understand the impact of stress on performance, they must identify where stress exists within the organization. Because most stress-related organizational problems involve too much stress rather than too little, the remainder of this section focuses on how to relieve undesirably high levels of stress. Managers can learn to recognize several observable symptoms of undesirably high stress levels:Constant fatigueLow energyMoodinessIncreased aggressionExcessive use of alcoholTemper outburstsCompulsive eatingHigh levels of anxiety Chronic worrying
Management can also adopt several strategies to help prevent the initial development of unwanted stressors in organizations . Four such strategies follow:1.) create an organizational climate that is supportive of individuals organizations commonly evolve into large bureaucracies with formal, inflexible, impersonal climates. This setup leads to considerable job stress. 2. The implementation of stress management courses Recent research has demonstrated that employees who participated in a stress management course were less depressed than employees who did not participate in a stress management course. The stress management course involved a group session in which educational materials about coping strategies and stress prevention presented.
3.) make jobs interesting -routine jobs that do not allow employees some degree of freedom often result in undesirable employee stress.4.) Design and operate career counseling programs - employees often experience considerable stress when they do not know what their next career step might be or when they might take it.
Change and ConflictsDefining Conflict managers often encounter conflicts as a result of planning and making organizational changes. As used here, conflict is defined as a struggle that results from opposing needs or feelings between two or more people. In case of organizational change, conflict generally results from managers making changes that threaten others or create competing views between others and managers concerning when. How or if particular organizational change should be made. Conflict sometimes results in positive impact for the organization.
Compromising one conflict management strategy a manager can use is to compromise, which means the parties to the conflict settle on a solution that gives both of them part of what they wanted.
Forcing rather than avoiding conflict, a manager may to try a more direct approach to managing conflict. Forcing is a technique for managing conflict in which managers use authority to declare that conflict is ended. ResolvingThe most direct and most difficult way to manage conflict is to work out the difference between mangers and employees. This conflict management strategy .
DEGREES OF VIRTUALITYVirtual CorporationThe most extensive degree; an organization that goes significantly beyond the boundaries and structure of a traditional organization by comprehensively “trying together” a company’s stakeholders– employees, suppliers and customers via an elaborate system of e-mail, World Wide Web, and other internet related vehicles such as videoconferencing.Virtual TeamsGroups of employees formed by managers that go beyond the boundaries and structure of traditional teams by having members in geographically dispersed locations meeting via real-time messaging on an internet. Virtual TrainingA training process that goes beyond the boundaries and structure of traditional training , such training can go beyond traditional training limits.
THE VIRTUAL OFFICEVirtual Office is a work arrangement that extends beyond the structure and boundaries of the traditional office arrangement. Specifics of the arrangements vary from organization to organization but can be conceptualized using the alternative work arrangements continuum.
Continuum of alternative work arrangements Occasional Telecommuting WorkersHave fixed, traditional offices and work schedules but occasionally work at home. Hoteling Workers Come into the traditional office frequently, but because they are not always physically present, they are not allocated permanent office space. Tethered in office “Tethered” workers have some mobility but are expected to report to the office on a regular basis. Home-Based Some MobilityA home-based worker has no traditional office. The work space of this type worker could be a kitchen table or a bedroom desk. Fully Mobile A worker who is fully mobile works out of a car.
REASONS FOR ESTABLISHING A VIRTUAL OFFICEManagers design and implement virtual offices for many different reasons. Cost reduction – is the most commonly cited reason and real estate or rental costs are the most commonly cited costs to be reduced. Traditional office space needed for an organization can be reduced by more than 50% by using virtual offices.
Challenges to managing a Virtual OfficeManagers face many new and different challenges when using the virtual office concept. Due simply to their lack of proximity, employees working in virtual offices are more difficult for managers to integrate into the fabric of organizational culture. Another is that such offices make it more difficult for managers to control workers. Virtual offices make communication more difficult.