Learn about intergenerational dialogue

Learning Package

Intergenerational Dialogue

Learning Package This learning package gives an overview of issues related to inter-
generational dialogue. Each section offers a short introduction to
the given topic, in addition to links where the reader can explore
Intergenerational Dialogue each topic more deeply. The package aims to guide the reader
towards an understanding of what intergenerational dialogue is
Introduction and how it can be generated, by introducing topics related to
this subject and links for further reading. The last topic within this
learning package gives a brief introduction to the suburban area
called ‘Kannelmäki’, where the ‘Repicturing Suburban Neighbour-
hood’ workshop will be held.


Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finalnd

Community Development

Kannelmäki

References


Solidarity

Practice

Learning

Loneliness

Generation

Ageing



Kannelmäki

-

Intergenerational Dialogue Intergenerational dialogue is a way to improve the contact be-
tween different age groups, in order to achieve understanding
and solidarity between generations. The European population
Solidarity
is ageing while birthrates are decreasing; these demographic
changes will challenge societies in different ways. The imbalance
Practice between the working population and pensioners is a frequently
discussed topic, related to negative consequences incurred by
demographic changes. Facilitating dialogue between genera-
Learning tions can promote an attitude where challenges are seen as op-
portunities, instead of focusing on the negative consequences
that might appear. (“EU-CoE youth”, n.d.).
Loneliness
For further information, see:
http://youth-partnership-eu.coe.int/youth-partnership/ekcyp/
Generation BGKNGE/Intergenerational.html

Ageing



Kannelmäki

-

Intergenerational Dialogue “Intergenerational solidarity refers to the mutual support and
cooperation between different age groups in order to achieve a
society where people of all ages have a role to play in line with
Solidarity
their needs and capacities, and can benefit from their commu-
nity’s economic and social progress on an equal basis.”
Practice -AGE Platform Europe (European Year for Active Ageing and
Solidarity between Generations, 2011)

Learning Find out more about the AGE Platform here: http://www.age-
platform.org/
See the AGE Publications section for more information related to
Loneliness ageing and intergenerational solidarity.

Also see this report on intergenerational solidarity by the Euro-
Generation pean Commission: http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/
fl_269_en.pdf
Ageing See this position paper on solidarity between generations by the
European Youth Forum: http://www.youthforum.org/fr/system/
files/yfj_public/strategic_priorities/en/0313-09_YFJ_Position_
Intergenerational_Solidarity_FINAL.pdf


Kannelmäki

-

Intergenerational Dialogue “Intergenerational practice aims to bring people together in
purposeful, mutually beneficial activities which promote greater
understanding and respect between generations and contrib-
Solidarity utes to building more cohesive communities. Intergenerational
practice is inclusive, building on the positive resources that the
young and old have to offer each other and those around them.”
Practice (“Home – Center”, 2011)

Dialogue and solidarity between generations can be facilitated
Learning through different types of programmes and activities. Intergen-
erational Practice can take various forms but focuses on bring-
Loneliness ing together people from different generations, where interac-
tion between the people involved is achieved by doing things
together. (“Home – Center ”, 2011)
Generation
[For more information on the Beth Johnson Foundation and their work on
intergenerational practice, see: http://www.centreforip.org.uk]
Ageing
“Elämänkulku ja Ikäpolvet” (“Life Course and Generations”) is a
research and practice development project, which has listed the
The ageing population in Finalnd following themes regarding intergenerational practice:

Learning and mentoring; History and memories; Sports and
Community Development health; Arts; Media education; Coaching for work life; Commu-
nity planning; Community development; Environmental protec-
tion.
Kannelmäki
A description of “Elämänkulku ja ikäpolvet” in English can be found here:
http://www.ikapolvet.fi/in-english
In the links section [linkkejä] there are English links at the bottom of the
page: http://www.ikapolvet.fi/linkkejae
-

Intergenerational Dialogue Intergenerational learning means that people from different
generations learn new things together, learn from each other
or teach each other. It is an effective way for young and old to
Solidarity
learn to appreciate one another by working together to gain
various new skills, values or knowledge. Learning together is
Practice also a way to connect people from different generations with
each other (“What is”, 2011).

Learning The key focus in intergenerational learning is that younger and
older people, who are becoming more and more distanced and
segregated in society today, have in fact many common areas
Loneliness of concern. Therefore, through intergenerational learning, many
key issues related to communities and such can be addressed
effectively (“What is”, 2011).
Generation
For information about the European Map of Intergenerational
Learning, see:
Ageing http://www.emil-network.eu/about/what-is-intergenerational-
learning


Kannelmäki

-


Loneliness

Among the elderly

Among the youth

Generation

Ageing



Kannelmäki

Intergenerational Dialogue Loneliness can be described as perceived social isolation. Social
isolation can be measured and correlates directly to the number
of social contacts of an individual, whereas loneliness is related
Loneliness to an individual’s perception of the quality of his or her social
relationships. Loneliness relates to emotions and expectations
Among the elderly regarding social contacts and networks. (Routasalo, 2006)

Research on loneliness has shown that the quality of one’s social
Among the youth contacts affects one’s physical and psychological health. Recent-
ly researchers have more attentively explored the relationship
between subjective well-being and social relationships. (Saari,
Generation 2009, p. 39-47)

In the doctoral dissertation “Loneliness of Older People and
Ageing Elements of an Intervention for its Alleviation”, Savikko (2008)
defines loneliness as “...an individual’s subjective experience of
a lack of satisfying human relationships, and thus loneliness is a
The ageing population in Finalnd negative feeling causing distress to an individual.”

Community Development The dissertation can be accessed here: http://www.doria.fi/bit-
stream/handle/10024/38910/D808.pdf?sequence=1
See sections 2.1 and 2.2 for a literature review on the concept of
Kannelmäki loneliness and theoretical perspectives on loneliness.

-

Intergenerational Dialogue Loneliness among the elderly has been studied mainly in rela-
tion to social and demographic factors and those risks that are
at stake regarding health. Recent findings have also shown that
Loneliness the experience of loneliness among the elderly can be linked to
negative consequences. (Routasalo & Pitkälä, 2003.)
Among the elderly
See section 2.4 “Characteristics associated with loneliness
among older people” in Savikko’s dissertation: http://www.doria.
Among the youth fi/bitstream/handle/10024/38910/D808.pdf?sequence=1

Generation

Ageing



Kannelmäki

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Intergenerational Dialogue Loneliness among school-aged youth is usually involuntary
and often related to bullying or social hierarchies. Among older
youth, negative loneliness is more often related to unemploy-
Loneliness ment or being excluded from the educational system. (Harinen,
2008)
Among the elderly
During recent years the well-being of the majority of young
people in Finland has increased, but for a minority it has de-
Among the youth creased; this has to do with factors relating to social exclusion.
(Young People in Finland 2010, 2010)

Generation For more information about young people in Finland, see the
report by Finnish Youth Co-operation Allianssi: http://www.alli.
fi/binary/file/-/id/665/fid/1033
Ageing Chapter 27 is about social exclusion.

The ageing population in Finland


Kannelmäki

-


Loneliness

Generation

Familial Generation

Cultural Generation

Ageing



Kannelmäki

-


Loneliness

Generation The definition of “generation” differs according to the context.
Its most general meaning refers to biology, meaning simply the
act of producing offspring (“generation”, n.d.).
Familial Generation
Generally, there are two approaches to defining the term: famil-
Cultural Generation ial generation and cultural generation.

Ageing



Kannelmäki

-


Loneliness

Generation A familial generation is related to the number of years that pass
and is often defined as the average time between a mother’s
first offspring and her daughter’s first offspring. In European
Familial Generation
countries the number of years ranges between 25 and 30.

Cultural Generation Simon Biggs (2011) explains that “[t]he question of communica-
tion and understanding between different generations” is one
of the most important issues in this century, especially with the
Ageing increase in the ageing population. Encouraging empathy be-
tween generations can help bridge the generation gap and is
crucial to creating more common ground for communication by
The ageing population in Finland knowing each other’s preferences, spending time together and
being open.


Kannelmäki

-


Loneliness

Generation A cultural generation refers to a group of people that share the
same or similar values. These values are mainly determined
by developments or movements in the society in history, and
Familial Generation
hence even in a sub-context a cultural generation will relate
to a certain period in time: it may therefore include people of
Cultural Generation different “biological ages”. Some of these generations in history
have certain common characteristics. For instance, the GI gen-
eration (including people growing up during the deprivation of
Ageing the Great Depression in the USA) is known as idealist/collectiv-
ist, whereas the “silent generation” (which was born during the
Great Depression and World War II) is known as practical/collec-
The ageing population in Finland tivist (“Cultural generation”, n.d.).

Some more examples of cultural generations:
Community Development “The Silent Generation” – people who were born between 1925 and 1945
and who were too young to join the military service during World War II.
This generation lived through the Great Depression as children, and this
had a profound impact on them during their adulthood as well.
Kannelmäki “The Baby Boom Generation” – people born right after World War II, from
1946 to 1964. This time was marked by an increase in birth rates, which in
turn now shows its impact as the increase in the elderly population.

A study called “A chain of generations: Baby boomers and cross-genera-
tional interaction in Finland” can be found here: https://helda.helsinki.fi/
bitstream/handle/10138/14965/Tutkimuksia107.pdf?sequence=3

-
Both the abstract and the summary are in English.


Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

Age identity

Ageing in place

Active ageing

Dependency / Independency



Kannelmäki
-

“The ageing process is of course a biological reality which has its own
dynamic, largely beyond human control. However, it is also subject to the
constructions by which each society makes sense of old age. In the devel-
Intergenerational Dialogue oped world, chronological time plays a paramount role. The age of 60 or
65, roughly equivalent to retirement ages in most developed countries,
is said to be the beginning of old age. In many parts of the developing
Loneliness world, chronological time has little or no importance in the meaning of old
age. Other socially constructed meanings of age are more significant such
as the roles assigned to older people; in some cases it is the loss of roles
accompanying physical decline which is significant in defining old age.”
Generation
(Gorman, 2000)

Ageing Aging is the process of becoming older; it is a process that is
genetically determined and environmentally modulated. Not
only old people are in this process: we are all constantly age-
Age identity ing. It is a process that contains both physical and psychological
aspects. Our bodies change while our perception of ourselves
and the world change as we get older and gain experience. The
Ageing in place World Health Organization (WHO) defines ageing and old age
here: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/
en/index.html .
Active ageing
Getting older involves aspects such as a weaker physical con-
dition, but it also includes possessing knowledge, skills and
experience. Shanahan et al. (2005) explain that contemporary
adulthood is marked by self-control, autonomy and higher
The ageing population in Finland social responsibility. Within various generations, different levels
of socialization also naturally occur (Shanahan et al., 2005). Get-
ting older includes the concept of abandonment, where certain
Community Development things are left behind while new opportunities are emerging.
(Saaristo, 2011, p.131-138)

Kannelmäki See this Demos UK report on ageing:

-
http://www.demos.co.uk/files/Coming_of_Age_-_web.pdf?1302099024
Especially chapter 3, “Older people’s experiences of ageing”.

Intergenerational Dialogue “I don’t feel old, I don’t realize I’m old, I still think I’m younger, I
still don’t think I’m beyond 40.” -A 70-year-old woman (Sherman,
1994, p. 406)
Loneliness
Age identity in general refers to a certain age or age group that
Generation an individual or a group of people feels or identifies themselves
with, rather than the actual number of years that they have lived
through. It may result in feeling “younger” or “older”. As the roles
Ageing that are expected from certain age groups have changed, age-
related identity has also changed. For instance, Shanahan et al.
(2005) suggest that today younger people identify themselves
Age identity as “adults”, since they identify certain responsibilities as well as
independent decision-making with adulthood, rather than de-
mographic markers.
Ageing in place
“As life expectancy has increased, we would expect ideas about
aging and old age to change. In addition, as individuals move
Active ageing through the life course they may reevaluate their notions of ag-
ing.” (Kaufman and Elder, 2002).
Age identity is also linked to well-being. S. K. Baum states that
“since a decline in health is assumed to accompany aging, those
The ageing population in Finland who feel poorly will feel older while those who feel good will
feel younger” (1984).


Kannelmäki
-

Intergenerational Dialogue Ageing in place means modifying any living environment, mak-
ing the necessary changes to allow seniors to live in their homes
for as long as possible. It is a concept that aims to reduce the de-
Loneliness
pendence of the elderly on family and society (Stibich, 2009).

Generation Some basic issues related to ageing in place are:
Preventing Falls;
Better Lighting;
Ageing Communications – simple devices that replace complicated
communication tools (hi-tech cell phones and other electronic
devices);
Age identity Special Concerns – specialized needs for each elderly individual.

The links below are organizations focusing on Ageing in Place:
Ageing in place Aging in Place Initiative: http://www.aginginplaceinitiative.org
National Aging In Place Council (USA): http://www.ageinplace.
org
Active ageing
For those interested in the design process related to ageing in
place:
Aging in Place Design Checklist prepared by the National Asso-
ciation of Home Builders (NAHB) in Maryland, USA: http://www.
The ageing population in Finland toolbase.org/Home-Building-Topics/Universal-Design/aging-in-
place-checklists


Kannelmäki
-

“Active ageing is the process of optimizing opportunities for
health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of
Intergenerational Dialogue life as people age. It applies to both individuals and population
groups.” -World Health Organization
For a further description of Active ageing by the WHO, see: http://www.
Loneliness who.int/ageing/active_ageing/en/index.html

The concept of active ageing takes into account the fact that people live
Generation longer and healthier lives and can therefore stay active at an older age.
Older people can participate in and contribute to various activities within
society also after retirement. One aspect of active ageing is initiatives aim-
Ageing ing at postponing retirement. It is worth considering that older people are
often capable and willing to remain active, but getting older can to some
extent be a process towards a less active life. (Demos UK, 2011)
Age identity
Within the text “Vanhusten yksinäisyys” (Loneliness among the
elderly) Saaristo (2011) notes that people commonly share a de-
Ageing in place sire for a calm and harmonious elderly life. Active ageing should
not be imposed upon the elderly but offered as an opportunity,
where the older person’s situation is considered individually.
Active ageing (Saaristo, 2011)

There has also been increasing awareness of the concept of ‘agency’ within
Dependency / Independency research on geriatric care. The Finnish researcher Jyrki Jyrkämä (2006)
explains this concept by referring to Elder and Kirkpatrick Johnson’s defini-
tion (2003, 60), where “individuals construct their own life course through
The ageing population in Finland choices and actions they take within the opportunities and constraints
of history and social circumstances.” Jyrkämä (2006) further explains the
importance of taking those being studied into consideration by posing
questions such as: ‘How will the people being studied be present within
Community Development the research?’ ‘What is the relevance of the concept of agency within the
research?’ and ‘What does the research provide for those who are being
studied?’.
Kannelmäki
2012 is the year for active ageing and solidarity between generations;
more information about this here: http://ec.europa.eu/social/ey2012. -
jsp?langId=en

Intergenerational Dialogue “…when older adults behave as if they need help, younger
people tend to support that dependence. However, when older
people behave in an independent fashion, younger people do
Loneliness not support that independence, and in fact they reject the older
adult’s independence quite a bit of the time. The consequence is
that older people are discouraged from being independent, and
Generation
hence will move toward reinforcing the stereotype that they are
dependent.” (Harwood, 2007, Chap. 4)
Ageing
People often continue doing things for which they are rewarded
and supported, and they often stop doing things for which
Age identity they are punished. While stereotyping the “older” generations,
younger people often think that the elderly should always be
taken care of and that they need help with every action (“The
Ageing in place Encyclopedia”, 2006).

For a broad definition of dependence, see The Encyclopedia of
Active ageing Aging & Elderly:
http://www.medrounds.org/encyclopedia-of-aging/2006/01/
dependence.html
Several organizations specifically focus on the issue of increased
independence of the elderly; for one example, see the Center
for Elders’ Independence, http://cei.elders.org/HOME/tabid/134/
Default.aspx

Kannelmäki
-


Loneliness

Generation

Ageing



Kannelmäki

-

Intergenerational Dialogue Finland is the fastest ageing society within the European Union.
The demographic changes are due to increasing life expectancy
and a decline in birthrates. Within the debate on the ageing
Loneliness
population and its consequences the main issues are related to:

Generation Economy and finance;
The labour market;
Urban planning and housing;
Ageing Education and training;
Social values;
Immigration, cultural diversity and bilingualism;
The ageing population in Finland Health care;
Regional cohesion
(Ketola & Kunz, 2005).
For more on demographic changes see the following links:

Kannelmäki http://www.vnk.fi/julkaisukansio/2004/j27-28-34-hyva-yhteiskunta-kaik-
enikaisille/pdf/en.pdf

http://www.scientificjournals.org/journals2007/articles/1077.htm

http://www.bancaditalia.it/studiricerche/convegni/atti/publ_
expe/i/159-174_kinnunen_tuovinen.pdf

Statistics on the population development in Finland:
http://www.stat.fi/tup/suomi90/joulukuu_en.html

-

Intergenerational Dialogue “Community development can be both an occupation (such
as a community development worker in a local authority) and
a way of working with communities. Its key purpose is to build
Loneliness
communities based on justice, equality and mutual respect.”
-Community Development Exchange (“What is”, 2011)
Generation
For more information on Community Development Exchange,
their work and definitions, see: http://www.cdx.org.uk/commu-
Ageing nity-development/what-community-development)

Here is a community action toolkit prepared by The Young
The ageing population in Finland Foundation:
http://www.youngfoundation.org/community-action-tool-kit

Community Development Intergenerational dialogue can be fostered through community
development projects, where people of different ages come
together and collaborate around issues concerning their neigh-
Kannelmäki bourhood. Fostering intergenerational dialogue can also be
seen as a community development process, as bringing people
from different generations together can strengthen the social
cohesion within a community. (Beth Johnson Foundation, 2004)

-


Loneliness

Generation

Ageing



Kannelmäki

local links

-

Intergenerational Dialogue Kannelmäki is a suburban area in Helsinki, which can be reached
by train from Helsinki city centre in less than fifteen minutes.
Loneliness
Kannelmäki is part of an area called Kaarela that had been com-
plete countryside until the 1950s, when construction began in
Generation Kannelmäki. Kannelmäki was the first suburban area in Kaarela.
When the local railway was completed in the 1970s, the number
of dwellings in the area doubled within only a few years. (Hels-
Ageing ingin kaupunki Tietokeskus, 2011)

In the Sub 26 - Suburban Guide Helsinki there is a chapter about
The ageing population in Finland Kannelmäki starting on page 141: http://lahioprojekti.hel.fi/
sites/lahioprojekti.hel.fi/files/sub26_english.pdf

Community Development Here is a service map for Helsinki:

http://www.hel.fi/palvelukartta/Default
Kannelmäki aspx?language=en&city=91

local links Type “Kannelmäki” in the field for keyword or service for a closer
look at the area.

-


Loneliness

Generation

Ageing

The ageing population in Finland Webpage edited by residents of Kannelmäki;
http://kaupunginosat.net/kannelmaki/

Community Development In the section “yhdistykset” you can find a list of associations
operating in Kannelmäki;
http://kaupunginosat.net/kannelmaki/index.php/yhdistykset
Kannelmäki
Kanneltalo, cultural centre in Kannelmäki;
local links http://www.kanneltalo.fi/

The public library in Kannelmäki;
http://www.lib.hel.fi/en-GB/kannelmaki/

-

References Baum, S. K. (1983–1984). Age identification in the elderly: some theoretical considerations. International Journal of Aging and Human
Development, 18, 25–30.

Beth Johnson Foundation (2004). Intergenerational Community Development. UK: Hatton-Yeo, A., Watkins, C. Retrieved 11 December
2011, from http://www.cip2.cswebsites.org/Libraries/Local/949/Docs/Inter%20community%20development.pdf

Biggs, S. (2011). Generational intelligence: A critical approach to age relations. London: Routledge.

Cultural generation – Psychology Wiki (n.d.) Cultural generation. Retrieved 10 February 2012, from http://psychology.wikia.com/wiki/
Cultural_generation

Demos UK. (2011). Coming of Age. London, UK: Bazalgette, L., Holden, J., Tew, J., Hubble, N., Morrison, J. London: Demos UK.

Elämänkulku ja ikäpolvet (2011). Life Course and Generations. Retrieved 11 December 2011, from http://www.ikapolvet.fi/in-english

EU-CoE youth partnership – Promotion of intergenerational dialogue in youth work (n.d.). Promotion of intergenerational dialogue in
youth work. Retrieved 11 December 2011, from
http://youth-partnership-eu.coe.int/youth-partnership/ekcyp/BGKNGE/Intergenerational.html

European Map of Intergenerational Learning. (2011). What is Intergenerational Learning – EMIL. Retrieved 11 December 2011, from
http://www.emil-network.eu/about/what-is-intergenerational-learning

European Year for Active Ageing and Solidarity between Generations 2012. (2011). Everyone has a role to play! [Brochure]. Retrieved 11
December 2011, from http://ec.europa.eu/social/BlobServlet?docId=6773&langId=en

Generation – Definition and More from the Free-Merriam-Webster Dictionary (n.d.). generation. Retrieved 11 December 2011, from
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/generation

Generation. (n.d.) Generation. Retrieved 11 December 2011, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation

Gorman M. (2000). Development and the rights of older people. In: J. Randel, T. German, D. Ewing (Eds.), The ageing and development
report: poverty, independence and the world’s older people. London, UK: Earthscan Publications.

Harinen, P. (2008). Hyvä, paha yksinäisyys. Itsellisyys, yksinäisyys ja ystävyys myöhäisnuoruudessa. In M. Autio, K. Eräranta & S. Myllynie-
mi (Eds.) Polarisoituva nuoruus? (pp.84-93). Helsinki: Hakapaino Oy.

Harwood, J. (2007). Understanding communication and aging: Developing knowledge and awareness. Los Angeles: Sage Publications.

-

References Helsingin kaupunki Tietokeskus (2011). Helsinki alueittain 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2012, from http://www.hel2.fi/tietokeskus/ju-
lkaisut/pdf/11_03_30_Tilasto_hki_alueittain_2011_Tikkanen.pdf

Helsingin kaupunki (2012). Service map. Retrieved 17 February 2012, from http://lahioprojekti.hel.fi/sites/lahioprojekti.hel.fi/files/
sub26_english.pdf

Home – Center For Intergenerational Practice (2011). Building better communities for all ages between the generations… Retrieved 11
December 2011, from http://www.centreforip.org.uk

Jyrkämä, J. (2006) Vanhukset toimijoina. Vanhusten läsnäolo ja osallisuus tutkimuksessa. In P. Topo (Ed.) Eettiset kysymykset vanhusten-
huollon tutkimuksessa. (pp. 14-19). Stakes, työpapereita 21/2006.

Kaufman, G., & Elder G. H. (2002). Revisiting age identity: A research note. Journal of Aging Studies, 16, 169-176.

Ketola, T. & Kunz, J. (2005). Population ageing and its consequences in Finland: A review of current trends and debates. Tampere: Tam-
pereen Yliopistopaino Oy.

Lähiöprojekti (2011) Sub 26. Suburban Guide Helsinki. Retrieved 14 February 2012, from http://lahioprojekti.hel.fi/sites/lahioprojekti.
hel.fi/files/sub26_english.pdf

Routasalo, P., Pitkälä, K. (2003). Ikääntyvien yksinäisyys – miten sitä on tutkittu
gerontologiassa? Gerontologia 1, 23-9.

Routasalo, P., Savikko, N., Tilvis, R.S., Strandberg, T.E. & Pitkälä, K. H. (2006). Social contacts
and their relationship to loneliness among aged people – a population-based study.
Gerontology 52, 181-187.

Saari, J. (2009). Yksinäisten yhteiskunta. Helsinki: WSOYpro Oy.

Saaristo, L. (2011). Vanhusten Yksinäisyys. In T. Heiskanen & L. Saaristo (Eds.) Kaken keskellä yksin. Yksinäisyyden syyt, seuraukset ja hal-
lintakeinot. (pp. 131-139). Juva: Bookwell Oy.

Savikko, N. (2008). Loneliness of Older People and Elements of an Intervention for its Alleviation. (Doctoral Dissertation). Retrieved from
http://www.doria.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/38910/D808.pdf?sequence=1

Shanahan, M., Porfeli, E. & Mortimer, J. (2005). Subjective Age Identity and The Transition to Adulthood: When Does One Become an
Adult? In Settersten, R. A., Furstenberg, F. F. & Rumbault, R. G. (Eds.), On the Frontier of Adulthood: Theory, Research, and Public Policy.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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References Sherman, S. R. (1994). Changes in age identity: self perceptions in middle and late life. Journal of Aging Studies, 8, 397–412.

Stibich, M. (2009). What Does Aging In Place Mean? Retrieved 11 December 2011, from http://longevity.about.com/od/
agingproblems/f/aging-in-place.htm

The Encyclopedia of Aging and the Elderly: dependence. (2006). Retrieved 11 December 2011, from http://www.medrounds.org/ency-
clopedia-of-aging/2006/01/dependence.html

The Finnish Youth Co-operation Allianssi. (2010). Young People in Finland 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2011, from http://www.alli.fi/
binary/file/-/id/665/fid/1033

What is community development? | CDX. (2011). Retrieved 11 December 2011, from http://www.cdx.org.uk/community-development/
what-community-development

WHO (2011a). Definition of an older or elderly person. Retrieved 11 December 2011, from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/
ageingdefnolder/en/index.html

WHO (2011b). What is “active ageing”? Retrieved 11 December 2011, from http://www.who.int/healthinfo/survey/ageingdefnolder/en/
index.html

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