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Ancient Greek Army
The main Greek fighting formation was the phalanx. ,[object Object]
Hoplites were heavy infantry.
They were typically armored with bronze chest plates (called a cuirass), a helmet with cheek guards, and greaves (shin guards).
They were typically armed with a 1 meter round shield called a aspis, a 2.5 m spear, and a 60 cm thrusting sword called a xiphos.
Each hoplite had to buy his own equipment and it could be pricey (about equivalent to a modern sedan).  It also weighed 50-70 pounds.,[object Object],[object Object]
Due to the equipment, fighting could be a trial of endurance as much as anything. ,[object Object]
The average daytime temperatures in Greece in the summer can be in the 80’s and 90’s.,[object Object]
The cuirass was made out of bronze and came in several varieties. ,[object Object]
It was bell-shaped or muscled.
Some versions reached all the down near the groin, while others stopped at the waist (especially for cavalry).
Your shield overlapped with the guy next to you in the phalanx line and so helped protect him as well as yourself.,[object Object]
A modern recreation of a bell cuirass that follows the design of the actual one from the previous slide.
Bell cuirass illustrations.
Muscle cuirass illustrations ,[object Object]
You put a strap through them to tighten the pieces together and then you slipped a pin through the hinge.,[object Object]
The purpose of the cuirass (obviously) was to protect the body from sword or spear strikes.
Actual Greek helmets (Corinthian style)
Modern recreations of helmets
The purpose of the nose and cheek guards wasn’t merely to protect the nose and cheeks.  It was also to deflect blade blows away from the body.  Note how the helmet flares out at the bottom. ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Also had a spear butt spike in case the spear broke.
This was sometimes a problem as you could accidentally stab the guy behind you.
The butt spike could also be used to dispatch fallen enemies.,[object Object],[object Object]
Fighting positions.
As I said (a long time ago), the Greeks fought in the phalanx formation. ,[object Object]
They were in rows and columns.  The job of the men in the back were to push forward on the ranks in front to help maintain the front line as well to move up and replace the guy at the front should he fall.,[object Object]
Here are a few illustrations of Greek warfare from Greek vases.
You can see why keep the formation was so important. ,[object Object]
The shields created a wall.,[object Object],[object Object]
If your spear broke, you’d use the butt spike.  As a last resort, you’d go to your xiphos.All the while, the men in back are pushing forward. ,[object Object]
It was also to push the other side and possibly expose a gap.
The second and third ranks are also stabbing forward with their spears.A gap would be exposed, the phalanx would break down, and panic would ensue as hoplites fled for their lives.  Ironically, they were more likely to be killed at this point.
The winning side typically would not pursue very far since they were weighed down with their equipment. ,[object Object],Battles were typically short, bloody, and decisive.  Remember that these were citizen-soldiers who had jobs back at the city-state.  As such, they couldn’t be spared for long, drawn-out campaigns.
From 300.   Good movie.   Not so accurate.

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5.0 - Ancient Greek Army

  • 2.
  • 4. They were typically armored with bronze chest plates (called a cuirass), a helmet with cheek guards, and greaves (shin guards).
  • 5. They were typically armed with a 1 meter round shield called a aspis, a 2.5 m spear, and a 60 cm thrusting sword called a xiphos.
  • 6.
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. It was bell-shaped or muscled.
  • 12. Some versions reached all the down near the groin, while others stopped at the waist (especially for cavalry).
  • 13.
  • 14. A modern recreation of a bell cuirass that follows the design of the actual one from the previous slide.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18. The purpose of the cuirass (obviously) was to protect the body from sword or spear strikes.
  • 19. Actual Greek helmets (Corinthian style)
  • 21.
  • 22.
  • 23. Also had a spear butt spike in case the spear broke.
  • 24. This was sometimes a problem as you could accidentally stab the guy behind you.
  • 25.
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29.
  • 30. Here are a few illustrations of Greek warfare from Greek vases.
  • 31.
  • 32.
  • 33.
  • 34.
  • 35. It was also to push the other side and possibly expose a gap.
  • 36. The second and third ranks are also stabbing forward with their spears.A gap would be exposed, the phalanx would break down, and panic would ensue as hoplites fled for their lives. Ironically, they were more likely to be killed at this point.
  • 37.
  • 38.
  • 39.
  • 40. From 300. Good movie. Not so accurate.
  • 41.
  • 42.
  • 43.
  • 44.
  • 45. Phalanx and hoplite pros and cons Pros Phalanx was extremely effective due to its cohesion and wall of shields. Hoplites were well-armored. Cons The phalanx was not maneuverable. It had to go straight ahead. If it tried to turn, then it would break the front line with the shield wall and expose gaps that could be exposed. The hoplite armor was heavy and hot. The helmet, while effective, also limited sight and hearing. This made keeping formation all the more important since you couldn’t hear orders or see things to your side.
  • 46. The Greek phalanx and hoplites were so effective, they were often employed as mercenaries by foreign powers.