Open linked governmental data for citizen engagement

Open Linked Governmental Data for Citizen Engagement
A workshop about the benefits and restrictions of open linked governmental data and the role
of metadata in citizen engagement

Anneke Zuiderwijk*, Marijn Janssen*, Keith Jeffery**, Yannis Charalabidis***

*Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
**Science and Technology Facilities Council, United Kingdom
*** University of AEGEAN, Greece

CEDEM 2012, May 3-4

Agenda

0 Introduction
0 The ENGAGE project
0 Questionnaire
0 Discussion about questionnaire and first results
0 Presentations
0 Anneke Zuiderwijk - Benefits and restrictions on the use of open linked
governmental data from the ENGAGE project
0 Keith Jeffery - The use of metadata for citizen engagement
0 Discussion

CEDEM Workshop, Krems, May 3-4, 2012

Introduction
0 Considerable attention is paid to open governmental data (e.g.
EC PSI-directives, national open data platforms, local initiatives)
0 EU Public Sector Information (PSI) directive (European Commission,
2003)
0 “A general framework is needed in order to ensure fair, proportionate and
non-discriminatory conditions for the re-use of *PSI+” (p. 1)
0 “PSI is an important primary material for digital content products and
services” (p. 1)

0 Many directives and implementation guidelines followed
0 Obama administration  “establishment of an unprecedented level
of openness of the Government” (Obama, 2009)
0 Open Data Strategy for Europe (European Commission, 2011)
0 “It will be made a general rule that all documents that are made accessible
by public sector bodies can be re-used for any purpose, commercial or
non-commercial, unless protected by third party copyright” (p. 1)
0 “public bodies should not be allowed to charge more than costs triggered
by the individual request for data (marginal costs)” (p. 1)


Introduction
0 Open governmental data can be defined as “all stored
data of the public sector which could be made accessible
by government in the public interest without any
restrictions on usage and distribution” (Geiger & Von
Lucke, 2011, p. 185).

0 For example, public sector data can be:
0 Geographic data (e.g. cadastral information)
0 Legal data (e.g. courts decisions, legislation)
0 Meteorological data (e.g. climate data, weather forecasts)
0 Social data (e.g. population, public administration)
0 Transport data (e.g. traffic congestion, work on roads)
0 Business data (e.g. chamber of commerce, patents) (MEPSIR
study, Dekkers et al., 2006)


Introduction

0 Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have the
potential to improve the responsiveness of governments to the
needs of citizens and scientific communities
0 Example: feedback loop (derived from Janssen &
Zuiderwijk, forthcoming)

government public
data make available? publishing Open data searching

finding

processing

using

discussing

? participation recommending


The ENGAGE project

0 However, significant barriers hinder the effective
exploration, management and distribution of the vast amounts
of available public sector data  ENGAGE project
0 ENGAGE (FP7): An Infrastructure for Open, Linked
Governmental Data Provision towards Research Communities
and Citizens (http://www.engage-project.eu)
0 Main goal: the development and use of a data
infrastructure, incorporating distributed and diverse public
sector information (PSI) resources.


The ENGAGE project
0 The ENGAGE project:
0 Opens up diverse government data to researchers
0 European Level (all countries of the EU)
0 Establishes Metadata Standardization framework
0 Provides access and discovery on cross-country datasets
0 Provides feedback back to public data agencies

0 The ENGAGE platform will enable researchers and citizens to:
0 Discover and browse datasets across diverse and dispersed
public sector information resources (local, national and
European) in their own language
0 Download the datasets
0 Perform geospatial search of datasets
0 Visualize properly structured datasets in data tables, maps and
charts


The ENGAGE Project
0 A European Infrastructure
0 Integrating Public Sector Data
0 Providing Public Sector Information (PSI) to Research Communities
and Citizens


The ENGAGE Project - Questionnaire

0 The deposition, access and use of open public sector data should be
improved
 we conduct a questionnaire to find out needs regarding to the use of
public sector data (e.g. deposit, access and use needs).

0 You are asked to participate in this survey, because you might
(potentially) use open public sector data

0 The results will be used to develop and further specify the
requirements of the ENGAGE e-infrastructure for open data



0 The information provided by you participating is treated in a
confidential way
0 Completing the questionnaire will take about 10-25 minutes of your
time (14-23 questions)
0 Receive the results of the questionnaire (please leave your contact
details at the end)

0 Attention: each time that the term 'open data' is used in the
questionnaire, this refers to 'open governmental/public sector data'!

2nd ENGAGEWorkshop, Krems, May 3-4, 2011
CEDEM Meeting, Haifa, Nov 14-15, 2012


0 Taking the questionnaire.

0 The results of this questionnaire will be used to find out your needs
regarding the use of public sector data and to develop and further
specify the requirements for the ENGAGE e-infrastructure for open
public sector data.

0 Your response is very valuable to us. Thank you very much for
participating in this survey.


Questionnaire - Approach
0 Target groups:
0 (Potential) Users of open public sector data
0 Researchers and citizens from all fields of research and all EU-
countries
0 Questions
0 Based on interviews and Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of
Technology (UTAUT)
0 Background questions (gender, age and function)
0 Current use of open public sector data (use, type of data,
frequency, websites, purpose, ability, usefulness)
0 Metadata (use, benefits, restrictions, needs)
0 Statements about use (perceptions of easiness, expectations,
voluntariness, intentions)
0 Other (comments and contact details)


0 Questionnaire was put on line and:
0 Sent to e-mail lists of conferences (e.g. the E-GOV list)
0 Put on the ENGAGE project website
0 Sent to contacts via LinkedIn
0 Sent to contacts directly (e.g. via the ENGAGE contact list)
0 Sent to organizations that employ researchers that probably
work with open data
0 Sent to contacts working for open data platforms and asked
them to put the link to the questionnaire on their website
(e.g. EPSI-platform and Dutch governmental open data
websites)
0 Questionnaire was printed on paper and used for:
0 Workshops
0 Handing out to conference participants



0 Aim: at least 246 respondents finishing the questionnaire
(taking into account the confidence level and a margin of error)
0 On April 19, 2012, 129 people started the questionnaire and 60
people (24% of aim) finished the questionnaire


Questionnaire – Results – Background
Gender (%) (N=120)
100

80 75

60

40
25
20

0
Man Woman

Age (%) (N=120)
30 28 27

25

20
16
15 12
9
10 7

5 2
1
0
Under 18 18-21 22-25 26-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 61 or over


Questionnaire – Results – Background
Working field (%) (N=118)
45 42
40
35
30
25 20
20 15 14
15
8
10
5
0
Social sciences Natural sciences Non-scientific Non-scientific Other
industry

Social sciences* (N=47)
35% 32%
30% 28%
26%
25%

20%

15%

10%
* Multiple
5%
answers possible
0%
Economics Political science Sociology


Questionnaire – Discussion

0 Did you ever use open public sector data?

0 More or less than 75 percent?
0 And which types of open public sector data are used most?
(geographic, legal, meteorological, social, transport, business or
other?)


Questionnaire – Results – Type of use
Did you ever use open data? (N=113)
90% 85%
80%
70% Two paths:
0 Potential users
60%
50%
40%
0 Users
30%
20% 13%
10% 2%
0%
Yes No Don't know

Which types of open public sector data?* (N=94)
80% 76%

70% 65%
60% 54%
50% 47%

40% 37%
29%
30%
20% 12%
10% * Multiple
0% answers
Geographic data Legal data Meteorological Social data Transport data Business data Other data possible
data



0 How often do you use open public sector data?

0 What did the majority say? (yearly, monthly, weekly, daily?)


Questionnaire – Results – Type of use

How often? (N=93)
45%
39%
40%

35%

30%
24% 24%
25%

20%
14%
15%

10%

5%
0% 0%
0%
Never Yearly or a few Monthly or a few Weekly or a few Daily or multiple Don't know
times per year times per month times per week times per day



0 Which of the following non-European Union open public
sector data sources/websites have you used in the past?

0 What did the majority say? (E.g. data.gov? Which other websites?)


Questionnaire – Results – Websites

Use of non-EU websites (N=78) %

65%
United States: www.data.gov
Canada: www.data.gc.ca 12%

New Zealand: http://www.data.govt.nz/ 6%

Australia: http://data.australia.gov.au 14%
Morocco: http://data.gov.ma/ 0%
Moldova: http://data.gov.md 1%
Albany: http://open.data.al 0%
Israel: http://data.gov.il 0%
Kenya: http://www.opendata.go.ke/ 4%
Other, namely: 12%
None of these 28%
I do not remember 6%



0 Which of the following European Union open public sector data
sources/websites have you used in the past?

0 What did the majority say? (E.g. data.gov.uk? Which other websites?)


Use of EU-Websites (N=80) %

Europe: www.epsiplatform.eu 25%

United Kingdom: www.data.gov.uk 53%

France: www.data.gouv.fr 5%

Greece: www.observatory.gr 4%

Netherlands: www.data.overheid.nl 13%
Luxembourg: www.statistiques.public.lu 0%
Italy: www.dati.gov.it 6%
Belgium: http://data.gov.be 1%
Norway: www.data.norge.no 4%
Denmark: www.digitaliser.dk 1%
Estonia: http://www.opendata.ee/ 1%
Spain: http://datos.gob.es 8%
Other, namely: 13%

None of these 14%

I do not remember 5%



0 Which other data sources/websites of open public sector data
have you used in the past?

0 Many other websites? Which websites?


Use of other websites (N=88)
Eurostat
CBS (Dutch statistics office)
United Nations
World Bank
http://diavgeia.gov.gr
http://geodata.gov.gr
http://www.gsis.gr
OECD
Land Registry
Historic weather data
UNESCO
http://daten.berlin.de/
www.norway.no
http://data.wien.gv.at/
http://www.denhaag.nl/opendata
Openstreetmap.org
www.joinup.eu
http://offeneskoeln.de/
maps.geoportal.gov.pl
www.eubusinessregister.com
www.e-practice.eu

And many other websites…



0 To which extent are the following purposes important for your
use of open public sector data?

0 Which purposes were mentioned most?

(academic publications, statistical analysis, policy research, non-
scientific and non-policy investigations, political and policy-making
decisions, data linking, news reporting, daily operation in work,
curiosity/recreation, other?)


Questionnaire – Results – Purpose

Which purposes are important for use?
Very unimportant Unimportant Neutral Important Very important Don't know
Academic publications 7% 5% 15% 22% 47% 4%
Statistical analysis 4% 4% 10% 23% 56% 3%
Policy research 3% 9% 13% 33% 40% 3%
Investigations (non-scientific, non-policy) 4% 10% 19% 43% 21% 3%
Political and policy-making decisions 7% 9% 12% 41% 30% 1%
Data linking 1% 7% 14% 29% 47% 3%
News reporting 13% 17% 28% 19% 20% 3%
Daily operation in work 7% 11% 28% 24% 27% 3%
Curiosity/recreation 6% 9% 23% 33% 26% 4%
Other 1% 0% 4% 4% 7% 4%



0 To which extent are you currently able to perform the following
actions when you use open data?
0 To which extent do you find the following actions useful for
your use of open public sector data?

0 Which actions were mentioned as difficult/useful by the majority of
respondents?

(searching, searching by using an API, finding, finding by the use of
metadata, finding linked material, discover and browse datasets on
different levels in the own language, downloading, downloading
supplementary data?)


Questionnaire – Results - Requirements
Current ability to perform the following actions when using open public sector data (N=70)

Very difficult Difficult Neutral Easy Very easy Don't know
Searching 9% 23% 22% 28% 16% 3%
Searching by using an API 7% 28% 19% 13% 4% 27%
Finding (getting data) 11% 31% 27% 21% 5% 5%
Finding by use of metadata 11% 24% 29% 26% 5% 6%
Finding linked material 17% 21% 30% 15% 6% 11%
Discover and browse datasets (different levels, own language) 18% 26% 25% 19% 4% 7%
Downloading 9% 17% 25% 28% 17% 4%
Downloading supplementary data (e.g. metadata) 16% 19% 34% 16% 4% 10%

Assessment of usefulness of performing the following actions when using open public sector data (N=56)

Very useless Useless Neutral Useful Very useful Don't know
Searching 2% 7% 7% 25% 56% 2%
Searching by using an API 2% 2% 15% 25% 36% 20%
Finding (getting data) 2% 4% 11% 17% 65% 2%
Finding by use of metadata 2% 4% 13% 22% 48% 11%
Finding linked material 0% 5% 11% 39% 43% 2%
Discover and browse datasets (different levels, own language) 5% 5% 15% 29% 44% 2%
Downloading 0% 4% 13% 22% 59% 2%
Downloading supplementary data (e.g. metadata) 2% 0% 16% 29% 42% 11%



0 To which extent are you currently able to perform the following
actions when you use open data?
0 To which extent do you find the following actions useful for
your use of open public sector data?

0 Which actions were mentioned as difficult/useful by the majority of
respondents?

(processing, processing by transforming data/linking data/linking
metadata, visualizing, analyzing, feedback by rating, feedback by
putting needs, uploading, uploading processed data, viewing usage
statistics, getting training?)


Current ability to perform the following actions when using open public sector data (N=61)
Very difficult Difficult Neutral Easy Very easy Don't know
Processing 6% 15% 32% 25% 13% 9%
Processing by transforming data 5% 18% 15% 32% 13% 17%
Processing by linking data 15% 24% 22% 17% 5% 17%
Processing by linking metadata 16% 23% 21% 11% 12% 18%
Processing by visualising data in tables, maps and charts 5% 13% 25% 27% 23% 7%
Processing by analysing data 5% 20% 20% 38% 12% 5%
Providing feedback by rating the data 20% 27% 25% 12% 3% 12%
Providing feedback to the data producer by putting needs 15% 25% 20% 15% 5% 20%
Uploading datasets 14% 24% 19% 12% 7% 24%
Uploading processed, enhanced, extended, annotated
19% 22% 22% 5% 2% 31%
and/or linked datasets
Viewing usage statistics 12% 25% 25% 8% 7% 22%
Getting training on the use of open data 12% 35% 23% 13% 5% 12%

Assessment of usefulness of performing the following actions when using open public sector data (N=53)
Very useless Useless Neutral Useful Very useful Don't know
Processing 2% 4% 8% 38% 44% 4%
Processing by transforming data 2% 4% 13% 37% 40% 4%
Processing by linking data 2% 4% 20% 33% 37% 4%
Processing by linking metadata 2% 4% 20% 27% 35% 12%
Processing by visualising data in tables, maps and charts 0% 6% 12% 20% 59% 4%
Processing by analysing data 0% 4% 6% 33% 53% 4%
Providing feedback by rating the data 2% 4% 29% 29% 29% 8%
Providing feedback to the data producer by putting needs 4% 8% 19% 23% 40% 6%
Uploading datasets 2% 9% 26% 32% 19% 11%
Uploading processed, enhanced, extended, annotated
2% 9% 19% 38% 19% 13%
and/or linked datasets
Viewing usage statistics 4% 8% 22% 33% 20% 14%
Getting training on the use of open data 8% 10% 23% 29% 25% 6%



0 Do you currently use metadata in the context of your work or
for other activities?

0 How many respondents used metadata? More or less than 90%?


Questionnaire – Results - Metadata

Use metadata? (N=56)
90%
82%
80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20% 14%
10% 4%
0%
Yes No Don't know


0 When you use metadata for open public sector data in your current
practice, how often do you personally obtain the following benefits
from it?
0 When you use metadata for open public sector data in your current
practice, how often do you personally notice the following problems?

0 Which benefits are mentioned by the majority of respondents?
(metadata can make reuse, interpretation, searching and browsing and
linking easier)
0 Which problems are mentioned by the majority of respondents?
(difficult to interpret, insufficient data about data quality, data gathering
and data measuring, no structure, difficult to search and browse?)



Assessment of noticing benefits when using open public sector data (N=47)
Never Rarely Sometimes ften
O Always Don't know
Metadata can make reusing data easier 0% 2% 18% 42% 36% 2%
Metadata can make interpretation of data easier 0% 2% 13% 33% 50% 2%
Metadata can make searching and browsing data easier 0% 9% 16% 18% 56% 2%
Metadata can make linking data easier 0% 11% 13% 33% 33% 9%

Assessment of noticing problems when using open public sector data (N=53)
Never Rarely Sometimes Often Always Don't know
Insufficient metadata and therefore difficult to interpret the data 0% 7% 25% 57% 5% 7%
Insufficient data about the data quality 0% 0% 35% 47% 14% 5%
Insufficient metadata about data gathering and measuring 0% 0% 30% 49% 16% 5%
Metadata have no structure and are therefore difficult to search and browse 0% 14% 27% 36% 14% 9%



0 Which of the following metadata would you like to use when
you use (e.g. search, browse, retrieve and evaluate) open public
sector data?

0 Which metadata?

(e.g. description of
dataset, title, creator, publisher, country, source, type/theme/category,
format, language, keywords/tags, geographical/spatial
coverage, temporal coverage, release data, license, linked
datasets, organizations and persons involved, projects
related, funding, data collection
period, helpdesk, quality, completeness, parameters used by software)


Type of metadata % Type of metadata %
Description of dataset 95% Linked datasets 86%
Title of dataset 88% Organizations involved in creating the dataset 70%
Creator of dataset 74% Persons involved in creating the dataset 60%
Publisher of dataset 70% Projects related to the dataset 65%
Country where the dataset was created 79% Funding information of the dataset 47%
Source of dataset 86% Data collection period (from-to) 84%
Type/theme/category of data 74% Helpdesk for the dataset 58%
Format of dataset 81% Quality as declared by the data provider 74%
Language used in dataset 72% Quality as declared by the data user (feedback) 74%
Keywords/tags in dataset 84% Completeness of the dataset 81%
Parameters used by software accessing and
93% 53%
Geographical or spatial coverage of dataset processing the dataset
Temporal coverage of dataset 81% Other metadata, namely: 21%
Release date of dataset 77% Don't know 0%
License of dataset 67%


Questionnaire – discussion

0 Statement: Using open public sector data is of benefit for me


Questionnaire – first results

0 Statement: Using open public sector data is of benefit for me

Using open public sector data is of
benefit for me (N=56)
80%
67%
70%
60%
50%
40%
31%
30%
20%
10% 2%
0% 0% 0%
0%
Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Don't know
disagree agree



0 Statement: Using open public sector data will enable me to
accomplish my research more quickly



0 Statement: Using open public sector data will enable me to
accomplish my research more quickly

Using open public sector data will enable me
to accomplish my research more quickly
(N=56)
60%
51%
50%

40% 35%

30%

20%
9%
10% 5%
0% 0%
0%
Strongly Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly agree Don't know
disagree



0 Statement: I have the resources necessary to use open public
sector data



0 Statement: I have the resources necessary to use open public
sector data

I have the resources necessary to use open
public sector data (N=56)
40% 38%

35%
30%
25%
20%
20% 18%
16%
15%
10%
4% 4%
5%
0%
disagree



0 Statement: A specific person or group is available for assistance
with difficulties concerning the use of open public sector data



0 Statement: A specific person or group is available for assistance
with difficulties concerning the use of open public sector data

A specific person or group is available for
assistance with difficulties concerning the
use of open public sector data (N=56)
35% 33%

30%

25%
20%
20% 18%
15%
15%
11%
10%
4%
5%

0%
disagree



0 Statement: It will be easy for me to become skillful at using
open public sector data



0 Statement: It will be easy for me to become skillful at using
open public sector data

It will be easy for me to become skillful at
using open public sector data (N=56)
50%
45%
45%
40%
35%
30%
24%
25%
20%
20%
15%
10% 7%
5% 2% 2%
0%
disagree



0 Statement: People who are important to me (e.g. colleagues)
think that I should use open public sector data



0 Statement: People who are important to me (e.g. colleagues)
think that I should use open public sector data

People who are important to me (e.g.
colleagues) think that I should use open
public sector data (N=56)
35%
31%
30%
24% 24%
25%
20%
15%
11%
10% 7%
4%
5%
0%
disagree



0 Statement: I intend to use open public sector data in the future



0 Statement: I intend to use open public sector data in the future

I intend to use open public sector data in the
future (N=56)
60% 55%

50%
40%
40%

30%

20%

10%
4%
2%
0% 0%
0%
disagree


Presentations

0 Anneke Zuiderwijk - Benefits and restrictions of the use of
open linked governmental data from the ENGAGE project

0 Keith Jeffery - The use of meta-data for citizen engagement


Presentations (1) - Benefits

0 Literature overview and two use-cases to identify benefits of
the use of open linked governmental data for the ENGAGE
project


Presentations (1) – Benefits (user perspective)

Category Benefits
Political and social Obtaining new insights in the public sector
Creating new ways of understanding problems and
interpreting data
Easier to participate in policy making
More participation and self-empowerment of users
Improvement of policy-making processes
New (innovative) and/or improved governmental services
for users
Improving citizen satisfaction
Improving life-quality of user



Category Benefits
Economical Economic growth
Stimulating innovation
Stimulating scientific progress
Less dependency on other (governmental) organizations
Development of new products and services
Easier to perform research
Easier to do job
Reuse of data and therefore not having to collect the
same data again
Counteracting unnecessary duplication of costs (public
money
Availability of information for investors and companies
More competition



Category Benefits
Operational and Being able to scrutinize data
technical Creating new data and obtaining new knowledge by
merging, integrating and mashing public and private
data (linked data)
Fair decision-making by enabling comparison
Sustainability of data (no data loss on the long term)
Cooperation with data provider
Ability to use the wisdom of the crowds


Presentations (1) – Restrictions (user perspective)

0 However, there are also many restrictions of the use of open
linked governmental data


Categories Barriers
Task complexity Not able to discover the appropriate data
and access The data are (temporarily) not available/open
restrictions Not having access to the original data (only processed data)
Difficult to search and browse; few central websites
No information about the way access to data may be obtained
No/few central website(s) to request access to data
Prior written permission is required to get access to and reproduce data
Not being free to creatively reuse data because of licences
Registration required before being able to download the data
Having to pay a fee for the data
Language issues
Data about the data (metadata) are not available
Not being aware of the potential use of data
Data are available in various forms resulting in discussing what is the right
source
No tooling support or helpdesk
Focus is on making use of single datasets, whereas the real value might come
from combining various datasets
Contradicting outcomes based on the use of the same data



Categories Barriers
Use and No incentives for users
participation Public organizations do not react on user input
No time to make use of the open data
Lack of knowledge to make sense and therefore to make use of data
Lack of capabilities – users do not have the information capabilities necessary
No statistical knowledge and understanding of the potential and the limitations
of statistics
Data are poorly annotated
Data format is not reusable
Insufficient metadata available
No explanation of the meaning of data
Invalid conclusions based on the reused data
Data formats and datasets are too complex to handle and use easily
Barriers stemming from laws and guidelines
Risk on privacy violation
Risk on dispute and litigations; threat of lawsuits or other violations
Unclearness because there is no uniform policy for opening data



Categories Barriers
Information Lack of information
Quality Accuracy/imprecise information
Obsolete data
Information may appear to be irrelevant or benign when viewed in isolation,
but when linked and analyzed collectively it may add value
Too much information to process and not sure what to look at
(Essential) Information is missing
Similar data stored in different systems yield different results

Categories Barriers
Technical Restrictions on data format for deposition and use
Absence of standards (e.g. for architecture)
Lack of metadata standards
No standard software for processing open data
Fragmentation of software and applications


Fishbone diagram (Zuiderwijk, Janssen & Choenni, forthcoming)
Data access (A)
Political, Economical, Social, Technical (PEST) Only a part of the
Access requires written
Data are covered by No information about data is available
permission (1)
copyright (act) and structurally updating data in
Access requires registration
other regulations (1) the future Data are currently or becoming a member
not available (2)
Legacy system complicates Threat of lawsuits or other
violations No uniform set of
the opening of data (1) No access to original data licensing terms for reuse
(only processed data) (3)
No or few visualization
Access requires a fee (2)
facilities No access to recent data,
Access requires (filling a only out-dated data
No awareness of data (3) form for) a data request (4)
No funding Access requires
Few central websites accepting a variety
No dialogue between the data-
Data-infrastructure is not (fragmentation of of use agreements
producing public body and data user (4)
easily expandable when sources) (5)
Access is limited to
No information about which data will PSI-amount increases
Data cannot be found (5) professionals
be published in the future massively Impediments of
current open
Little knowledge about data quality (1) Unfamiliar with data format data policies
Deposition requires
registration or becoming Use (especially comparability) requires data (Essential) Information is missing
a member transformations (2)
Language problems
Limited types of data Downloading data requires a lot of disk space (3) Users lack capabilities to use data
formats accepted
Users cannot make sense of data and Data about the same topic are
extract the knowledge contained within (4) displayed in different ways

Data deposition (D) Use (especially linking data) requires domain Difficult to search and browse data
expertise (5)
Losing track because of size of dataset
No tooling support or helpdesk (6)

Insufficient metadata (7) Reproductions must comply with standard conditions

Metadata have no structure (8) Too few concessions to statistical needs

Little attention paid to data gathering Unfamiliar with format of metadata

Unfamiliar with (meta)data language
Complex to understand data provenance

Data use (U)


Presentations (1) – Main challenges

0 Rectify fragmentation by creating a single shop for PSI
0 Create open access for all users
0 Create interoperability and provide users with possibilities to
analyse data
0 Create an infrastructure for processing PSI

(Zuiderwijk, Janssen & Choenni, forthcoming)


Presentations (2) – Metadata for citizen engagement

0 The survey shows that a key technology for
making open data available is metadata
0 The metadata is used for
0 Discovery (finding appropriate datasets)
0 Contextualising (the data was collected for what purpose,
which project(s), how funded, by whom, which
organisations, any related publications….
0 Data processing: here detailed domain (or even project)
specific metadata is used to link the software used for
analysis / reporting / visualising to the dataset


The Vision: Metadata for Data Model

DISCOVERY
Linked
open data (DC, eGMS…)
Generate

CONTEXT
(CERIF)
Formal Point to
Information
Systems DETAIL
(SUBJECT OR TOPIC SPECIFIC)


Models for an infrastructure

0 The data model with its metadata described is
only one relevant model
0 The other models are
0 User model
0 Processing model
0 Resource model


The Vision: The Models

User Model
Processing
Model
Data Model

Complete cohort of users Complete ICT environment for PSI


Models

0 User Model: controls the way in which the end-
user interacts with the e-infrastructure.
0 User profile, security certification, privacy;
0 Device and interaction mode preferences (keyboard/mouse through voice and
gesture to brain-connected), language preference;
0 Resource preferences (including contacts) with directories;

0 METADATA


Models
0 Process Model controls the way processes are constructed
and executed in the e-infrastructure.
0 Services
0 Described for discovery, described for functional and
non-functional (security, privacy, performance)
properties
0 Mobile (deployed in distributed / parallel execution
environments)
0 Open source where possible
0 Service composition
0 Dynamically (re-) composable during execution
0 METADATA


Models
0 Resource Model catalogs the available computing resources
in the e-infrastructure
0 This allows virtualisation so the user neither knows nor
cares from where the data comes, or where the
processing is done, as long as quality of service is
maintained;
0 Requires updating by resource owners – together with
conditions of use
0 METADATA


Discussion

0 I do not have difficulty in explaining why using metadata for
open public sector data may be beneficial

0 I clearly understand how to use metadata for open public
sector data


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