Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Hypertension is more difficult to control in patients with diabetes due to various pathophysiological factors. This document discusses hypertension in diabetes in depth, including definitions, types, causes, management goals, refractory hypertension, and treatment approaches. Treatment involves optimizing drug regimens, addressing medication non-adherence, and considering secondary causes of hypertension such as kidney disease or obstructive sleep apnea.

1. Hypertension in Diabetes Mellitus

3. Top Three Countries for Diabetes Data from King H et al. Diabetes Care . 1998;21:1414-1431.

4. What is Hypertension? JNC 7 Definition Hypertension 2003;42:1206-52 Blood Pressure (mm Hg) Category Systolic Diastolic <120 and <80 Normal 120-139 or 80-89 Prehypertension 140-159 or 90-99 Stage 1 hypertension ≥ 160 or ≥100 Stage 2 hypertension

8. Hypertension: A Significant CV and Renal Disease Risk Factor National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:186-208.

9. CV Mortality Risk Doubles with Each 20/10 mm Hg BP Increment* *Individuals aged 40-69 years, starting at BP 115/75 mm Hg. CV, cardiovascular; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure Lewington S, et al. Lancet . 2002; 60:1903-1913. JNC VII. JAMA. 2003. CV mortality risk SBP/DBP (mm Hg) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 115/75 135/85 155/95 175/105

14. Management: JNC 7 GUIDELINES

31. Management of Refractory Hypertension

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