Shaping workshow for chapter 8 homework

1. Shaping
Homework
Mick Needham
Jason Otto
39 Questions. Approximately 40 minutes to complete.

3. Alright. You must have pushed the
enter key or the right arrow key.
When you push the  key you
advance through the show. Push it
now. you’re prepared to go on, push the
When
 key. When you see a button or multiple
choice question, you will left click to
select your answer.
A. Left-click me

4. Alright. You must have answer, you
When you get the right pushed the will
enter key or the right  key again.
continue by hitting the arrow key. Do
this now. push the  key you advance
When you
through the show. Push it now.
When you’re prepared to go on, push the
 key. When you see a button or multiple
choice question, then you will use the TAB
key to select your answer.
Good.

5. There’s one more thing or two.
When you see a question and this
picture, you will mark your answer on the
paper form for this homework.
You will mark your answer before you
click the answer here on the screen.
Form o
i
uest
Q
n #1

6. So when you see this picture, you
mark your paper form first, then
you click your answer on the
screen second. (This time you
won’t mark your homework.)
A. True
B. False
Left-click
your answer
Form o
i
uest
Q
n #

7. So when you see this picture, you
mark your paper form first, then
you click your answer on the
screen second. (This time you
won’t mark your homework.)
A. True
B. False
Form o
i
uest
Q
n #

8. So when you see this picture, you
mark your paper form first, then
you click your answer on the
screen second. (This time you
won’t mark your homework.)
A. True
Right on. Now
B. False
F
dive in by hittingormtio
s
Que
the right arrow n #
key.

9. Welcome to the Computerbased Programmed
Instruction on
This program will
help you increase
your knowledge
and understanding
of behavior
analysis and
SHAPING.

10. You may have already read
about Andrew in
Elementary Principles of
Behavior, but we’re going
to use his story to give
you some practice and to
integrate some terms
you’re already familiar
with.
In the nineteen years
that Andrew lived in Big
State Hospital he
hadn’t spoken a single
word.

11. He attended group
therapy sessions where he
was typically unresponsive
to the external
environment.

12. One day at therapy,
Dawn, the group
therapist dropped a
piece of gum.
Andrew took
immediate notice
of the piece gum,
which was a rather
unusual reaction
for him.

13. Dawn was
shocked by
Andrew’s
reaction.
She thought
that gum
might be a
reinforcer for
Andrew.

14. Question #1
A reinforcer is defined as a stimulus, event, or
condition whose presentation immediately follows
a response and
the frequency of the
response.
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
#1
tal)
8 to
(3
A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Has no effect on
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer
Left-click
your answer
your answer
Write your first choice on
your homework now.

15. Question #1
A reinforcer is defined as a stimulus, event, or
condition whose presentation immediately follows
a response and
the frequency of the
response.
Good effort!
Give it
another try.
A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Has no effect on
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer
Left-click
your answer
your answer

16. Question #1
A reinforcer is defined as a stimulus, event, or
condition whose presentation immediately follows
a response and
the frequency of the
response.
Nope, presenting a
reinforcer does
have an effect on
the frequency of
the response.
A. Decreases
B. Increases
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer
Left-click
your answer
your answer

17. Question #1
A reinforcer is defined as a stimulus, event, or
condition whose presentation immediately follows
a response and
the frequency of the
response.
Nice
Job!
A. Decreases
B. Increases
C. Has no effect on
Let’s keep going!

18. Dawn gave Andrew
a piece of gum
each time he
looked at the gum
she was holding
near her face.
We know the sight
of the gum was a
reinforcer for
Andrew because it
increased the
frequency of
looking at the gum.

19. Reinforcement
Before:
Before
After:
Andrew has no gum
Andrew looks at the
gum near Dawns Face
Andrew has gum

20. Question #2
What procedure was
Dawn using when she
presented Andrew with
a piece of gum
immediately after he
looked at the gum?
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
#2
Left-click
Left-click
A. Punishment Write your first choice on your answer
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your homework now.
B. Escape
your answer
C. Reinforcement
your answer

21. Question #2
What procedure was
Dawn using when she
presented Andrew with
No. Punishment is
a piece of gum
used to decrease
immediately after he the frequency of a
looked at the gum?
response
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
A. Punishment
B. Escape
C. Reinforcement
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer
your answer

22. Question #2
What procedure was
Dawn using when she
presented Andrew with
a piece of gum
No. Escape is the
response
immediately after he
contingent
looked at the gum?
removal of an
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
A. Punishment
B. Escape
C. Reinforcement
aversive
condition .
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer
your answer

23. Question #2
What procedure was
Dawn using when she
presented Andrew with
a piece of gum
immediately after he
looked at the gum?
No, try
again.
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
A. Punishment
B. Escape
C. Reinforcement
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer
your answer

24. Question #2
What procedure was
Dawn using when she
presented Andrew with
a piece of gum
immediately after he That’s Right!!
looked at the gum?
Dawn was using
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
A. Punishment
B. Escape
C. Reinforcement
reinforcement to
increase
Andrew’s looking
at the gum!

25. Dawn had established
a reinforcer to begin
shaping Andrew’s
behavior.
But what behavior
should she choose
to shape?
She should choose a behavior
that will hopefully increase
Andrew’s quality of life,
happiness, and ability to
interact with other people!

26. Question #3
She picked
speaking as
the goal.
What do we
call the goal
of the
shaping
intervention?
#3
Write your first choice on
A. Initial behavior your homework now
B. Intermediate behavior
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

27. Question #3
What do we
No, the initial
She picked
call the the
behavior is goal
speaking as
of the
current behavior
the goal.
shaping
occurring at
intervention?
some minimal
frequency.
A. Initial behavior
B. Intermediate behavior
C. Terminal behavior
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

28. Question #3
She picked
speaking as
the goal.
What do we
No, the
call the goal
intermediate
of in the
behavior the
shaping
behavior that
intervention?
more closely
resembles the
goal (speaking).
A. Initial behavior
B. Intermediate behavior
C. Terminal behavior
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

29. Question #3
She picked
speaking as
the goal.
Yes. The goal
of the shaping
intervention is
the terminal
behavior.
A. Initial behavior
B. Intermediate behavior

30. In deciding the goal
of the shaping
intervention,
Dawn had to figure
out the physical
properties of
speaking.

31. Question #4
When we talk
about the
individual physical
properties of
moving lips,
making small
croaking sounds,
and speaking we
are talking about
what?
What are
the physical
properties
called?
#4
A. Response dimensions
B. Response class Write your first choice on
your homework now.
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

32. Question #4
When we talk
about the
individual physical
properties of
moving lips,
making small
croaking sounds,
and speaking we
are talking about
what?
A. Response dimensions
B. Response class
No, with a
response class
we’re talking
about the
response
necessary for
reinforcement
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

33. Question #4
When we talk
about the
individual physical
properties of
moving lips,
making small
croaking sounds,
and speaking we
are talking about
what?
A. Response dimensions
B. Response class
Yes, the
dimensions
of a
response are
the physical
properties.

34. Question #5
When we talk
about moving lips,
making small
croaking sounds,
and speaking all
resulting in gum,
we are talking
about what?
#5
A. Response dimensions
B. Response class Write your first choice on
your homework now.
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

35. Question #5
No, a response
dimension is
When we talk
talking about
about moving lips,
just the
making small
physical
croaking sounds, properties of a
response.
and speaking all
resulting in gum,
we are talking
about what?
A. Response dimensions
B. Response class
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

36. Question #5
Yes, the
response class
When we talk
about moving lips, shares the
effects of
making small
croaking sounds, reinforcement.
and speaking all
resulting in gum,
we are talking
about what?
A. Response dimensions
B. Response class

37. Response dimensions can involve the
• form, sequence or location of a
response (topography),
•the time from the beginning to
the end of a response (duration),
•how often a response occurs (rate), or
•how much effort the response requires
(force or intensity),
•and several other physical properties.

38. Question #6
Along what response
What’s the
dimension is Dawn shaping? response
dimension?
Remember she is shaping
Andrew’s speaking behavior,
or how he moves his lips and
vocal cords, not how fast or
loud or long he speaks.
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
A. Intensity or force
B. Rate
C. Topography
#6
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

39. Question #6
Along what response
No, if Dawn
dimension is Dawn shaping? were shaping
intensity or
force she’d be
reinforcing
Remember she is shaping
higher and
Andrew’s speaking behavior,higher volumes
or how he moves his lips and of speaking,
vocal cords, not how fast or for example.
loud or long he speaks.
A. Intensity or force
B. Rate
C. Topography
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

40. Question #6
Along what response
No, if Dawn
dimension is Dawn shaping? were shaping
rate she’d be
reinforcing
faster and
Remember she is shaping
faster speeds
Andrew’s speaking behavior, of speaking,
or how he moves his lips and for example.
vocal cords, not how fast or
loud or long he speaks.
A. Intensity or force
B. Rate
C. Topography
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

41. Question #6
No, if Dawn
Along what response
were shaping
dimension is Dawn shaping? duration she’d
be reinforcing
longer and
longer speech
Remember she is shaping
sounds, for
Andrew’s speaking behavior, example.
or how he moves his lips and
vocal cords, not how fast or
loud or long he speaks.
A. Intensity or force
B. Rate
C. Topography
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

42. Question #6
Along what response
dimension is Dawn shaping?
Correct.
Dawn
reinforces
the form
Remember she is shaping
of
Andrew’s speaking behavior,
or how he moves his lips and Andrew’s
vocal cords, not how fast or speech.
loud or long he speaks.
A. Intensity or force
B. Rate
C. Topography

43. Question #7
Just for fun, let’s say that What’s the
Andrew can already speak
response
but he speaks really quietly.
Dawn, in this case, wants
him to speak loudly.
dimension?
What response dimension
would be shaped in this
situation?
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
A. Intensity or force
B. Rate
C. Topography
#7

44. Question #7
Just for fun, let’s say that No, shaping
Andrew can already speak rate would
but he speaks really quietly. be shaping
often he
Dawn, in this case, wants
says gum.
him to speak loudly.
What response dimension
would be shaped in this
situation?
A. Intensity or force
B. Rate
C. Topography

45. Question #7
Just for fun, let’s say that No, shaping
Andrew can already speak topography
but he speaks really quietly. would be
shaping
Dawn, in this case, wants
how clearly
him to speak loudly.
he says
What response dimension
gum.
would be shaped in this
situation?
A. Intensity or force
B. Rate
C. Topography

46. Question #7
Just for fun, let’s say that No, duration
Andrew can already speak would be the
but he speaks really quietly. amount of
time from
Dawn, in this case, wants
the
him to speak loudly.
beginning to
What response dimension the end the
would be shaped in this
word “gum.”
situation?
A. Intensity or force
B. Rate
C. Topography

47. Question #7
Just for fun, let’s say that
Andrew can already speak Correct. It’s
important to know
but he speaks really quietly.
what response
Dawn, in this case, wants dimension along
which you are
him to speak loudly.
shaping because if
What response dimension
you aren’t
changing behavior
would be shaped in this
along a response
situation?
dimension then
you are not
shaping.
A. Intensity or force
B. Rate
C. Topography

48. Let’s also say that Andrew
can already speak but he
speaks only with Dawn and
others living with him.
Dawn then works with him
so that he speaks with all
sorts of people (i.e., in the
presence of other stimuli)
Is this shaping?
A. Yes
B. No
#8

49. Let’s also say that Andrew
can already speak but he
speaks only with Dawn and
others living with him.
Dawn then works with him
so that he speaks with all
sorts of people (in the
presence of other stimuli)
The stimuli and contingencies
Is this shaping? present when Andrew speaks
may change, but speaking isn’t
changing along some response
dimension, so it’s not shaping.
A. Yes
B. No

50. Let’s also say that Andrew
can already speak but he
speaks only with Dawn and
others living with him.
Dawn then works with him
so that he speaks with all
sorts of people (in the
presence of other stimuli)
Correct, the stimuli and
Is this shaping? contingencies present when
Andrew speaks may change,
but speaking isn’t changing
along some response dimension,
A. Yes
so it’s not shaping.
B. No

51. After several
weeks of
reinforcing
Andrew’s behavior
of looking at the
gum near her face,
one day he slightly
moved his lips.
Dawn immediately
gave Andrew a piece
of gum.

52. Here’s the first criterion for reinforcement
in the shaping procedure. What is Andrew
doing now that resembles speaking?
Before
Before
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew
has no
gum
?
Andrew
has gum
A. Andrew looks at the gum
B. Andrew moves his lips
C. Andrew speaks
#9
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
your answer

53. Here’s the first criterion for reinforcement
No, that’s a
prerequisite to
in the shaping procedure. What is Andrew
doing now training; but it’s
that resembles speaking?
Before
Before
Andrew
has no
gum
not similar to
speaking in the
Behavior
responseBehavior
dimension.
?
A. Andrew looks at the gum
B. Andrew moves his lips
C. Andrew speaks
After
After
Andrew
has gum
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
your answer

54. Here’s the first criterion for reinforcement
No, that’s not
in the shaping procedure. What is Andrew
occurring for
doing now that resembles speaking?
Dawn to
Before
Before
reinforce.
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
?
Andrew
has gum
Andrew
has no
gum
A. Andrew looks at the gum
B. Andrew moves his lips
C. Andrew speaks
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
your answer

55. Here’s the firstit’s the
Correct, criterion for reinforcement
behavior that’s
in the shaping procedure. What is Andrew
occurring at some
doing now that resembles speaking?
minimal frequency and
resembles speaking in
Before
Before some way.Behavior
Behavior
Andrew
has no
gum
Andrew
moves his
lips
A. Andrew looks at the gum
B. Andrew moves his lips
C. Andrew speaks
After
After
Andrew
has gum

56. What do we call this behavior?
Remember, eye contact was not
in the speaking response class (so
it wasn’t the initial behavior, just
a prerequisite).
Before
Before
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew
has no
gum
Andrew
moves his
lips
Andrew
has gum
A. Initial behavior
B. Intermediate behavior
#1 Left-click
0your answer
C. Terminal behavior Write your first choice on
your homework now.

57. No, we’ve just
started shaping
speaking behavior.
Before
Before
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew
has no
gum
Andrew
moves his
lips
Andrew
has gum
A. Initial behavior
B. Intermediate behavior
C. Terminal behavior
Left-click
your answer

58. No, the terminal
behavior is the
goal, speaking.
Before
Before
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew
has no
gum
Andrew
moves his
lips
Andrew
has gum
A. Initial behavior
B. Intermediate behavior
C. Terminal behavior
Left-click
your answer

59. Right, Andrew’s moving
his lips is the first
behavior resembling
speaking.
Before
Before
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew
has no
gum
Andrew
moves his
lips
Andrew
has gum
A. Initial behavior
B. Intermediate behavior
C. Terminal behavior

60. Although lip movement
is a long way from
actually speaking
it was a behavior that
resembled speaking in
some way.
And it gave Dawn a
place to begin shaping
Andrews speech.
Saving the world
with behavior
analysis

61. Remember that Dawn started out
reinforcing Andrew’s looking behavior.
This behavior does not resemble
speaking like the initial behavior of
moving lips.
But she needed to start with looking
because she needs Andrew’s attention
(he must look at her) to begin shaping
his speech.
Now when Andrew just looks at the
gum, Dawn will not give him the gum
because she wants to increase only
behaviors that more closely resemble
the terminal behavior (speaking).

62. So if Dawn wants to shape
speaking but also keep Andrew’s
attention, then what must
Andrew do before she delivers
the gum.
#1
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
1
A. Look at the gum only
B. Move his lips only
C. Look at the gum and move his lips
Left-click
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer
your answer

63. So if Dawn wants to shape
speaking but also keep Andrew’s
attention, then what must
Andrew do before she delivers
the gum.
No. Looking at the gum near
Dawn’s face (being
attentive) is necessary to
train speaking, but it does
not resemble the terminal
behavior.
A. Look at the gum only
B. Move his lips only
C. Look at the gum and move his lips
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

64. So if Dawn wants to shape
speaking but also keep Andrew’s
attention, then what must
Andrew do before she delivers
the gum.
No. Looking at the gum near
Dawn’s face (being
attentive) is necessary to
train speaking, even though
it does not resemble the
terminal behavior.
A. Look at the gum only
B. Move his lips only
C. Look at the gum and move his lips
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

65. So if Dawn wants to shape
speaking but also keep Andrew’s
attention, then what must
Andrew do before she delivers
the gum.
Correct. Looking at
the gum near Dawn’s
face (being attentive)
is necessary to train
speaking, but it does
not resemble the
terminal behavior.
A. Look at the gum only
B. Move his lips only
C. Look at the gum and move his lips

66. When shaping
behavior, it’s
sometimes difficult to
know when to stop
reinforcing a particular
response that
approximates the
terminal behavior.

67. Dawn needs to
reinforce successive
approximations to
speaking, but she must
be sure not to get
stuck on an
approximation.
Keep the
procedure
moving.

75. Left-click
Left-click
Left-click
Left-click
Complete the diagram
your answer
your answer
your answer
for your initial behavior.
the answer
Before
Before
Reinforcement
After
After
Behavior
Behavior
A.
A.
Andrew moves his lips
Andrew moves his lips
,, and looks at the
and looks at the
gum
gum
B.
B.
#1
Andrew only looks at the gum
Andrew only looks
No Reinforcement at the gum
Behavior
Behavior
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
What behavior will result in the
delivery of the gum reinforcer?
2
After
After

76. Left-click
Left-click
Left-click
Left-click
Complete the diagram
your answer
your answer
your answer
for your initial behavior.
the answer
Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
A.
A.
Andrew moves his lips
Andrew moves his lips
B. Andrew only
B. Andrew only
looks at the gum
looks at the gum
Before
Before
After
After
Try
Again.
No Reinforcement
He must look at the gum,
Behavior
Behavior
then move his lips. Dawn
will reinforce lip
movement now that
looking at the gum is
occurring at a high rate.
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
What behavior will result in the
delivery of the gum reinforcer?
After
After

77. Reinforcement
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourinitial behavior.
the answer
Before
Before
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew moves
Andrew moves
his lips and
his lips and
looks at gum
looks at gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
A.
A.
Andrew moves his lips
Andrew moves his lips
and looks at gum
and looks at gum
B.
B.
Please
your answer Andrew only looks at the gum
Andrew only looks at the gum
on your answer sheet.
What behavior will no longer be Write your first choice on
reinforced?
your homework now.
#1
3

78. Reinforcement
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourinitial behavior.
the answer
Before
Before
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew moves
Andrew moves
his lips
his lips
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
A. Andrew moves
A. Andrew moves
his lips and looks
his lips and looks
at gum
at gum
B.
B.
your answer Andrew only looks at the gum
Andrew only looks at the gum
Please
on your answer sheet.
What behavior will no longer be
reinforced?

79. Reinforcement
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourbefore
the answer
condition.
Before
Before
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew moves
Andrew moves
his lips and
his lips and
looks at gum
looks at gum
A.
A.
No Reinforcement
Andrew has no gum
Andrew has no gum
Behavior
Behavior
B.
B.
#1
Andrew has gum
Andrew has gum
Andrew only
4 Andrew only
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
After
After
looks at the
looks at the
gum
gum
After
After

80. Reinforcement
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourbefore
the answer
condition.
Before
Before
A.
A.
Andrew has no gum
Andrew has no gum
B. Andrew has
B. Andrew has
gum
gum
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew moves
Andrew moves
his lips and
his lips and
looks at gum
looks at gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew only
Andrew only
looks at the
looks at the
gum
gum
After
After

81. Reinforcement
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourafter condition.
the answer
Before
Before
Andrew has
Andrew has
no gum
no gum
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew moves
Andrew moves
his lips and
his lips and
looks at gum
looks at gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew only
Andrew only
looks at the
looks at the
gum
gum
After
After
A.
A.
Andrew has no gum
Andrew has no gu
B.
B.
Andrew has gum
Andrew has gum
#1
After
After
5

82. Reinforcement
Complete the diagram
for the after condition.
Before
Before
Andrew has
Andrew has
no gum
no gum
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew moves
Andrew moves
his lips and
his lips and
looks at gum
looks at gum
A. Andrew has
A. Andrew has
no gum
no gum
B.
B.
Andrew has gum
Andrew has gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew only
Andrew only
looks at the
looks at the
gum
gum
After
After

83. Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Before
Before
Andrew has
Andrew has
no gum
no gum
After
After
Andrew moves
Andrew moves
his lips and
his lips and
looks at gum
looks at gum
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourafter condition.
the answer
Andrew has
Andrew has
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew only
Andrew only
looks at the
looks at the
gum
#1
gum
6
A.
A.
Andrew has no gum
Andrew has no gu
B.
B.
Andrew has gum
Andrew has gum

84. Reinforcement
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourafter condition.
the answer
Before
Before
Andrew has
Andrew has
no gum
no gum
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew moves
Andrew moves
his lips and
his lips and
looks at gum
looks at gum
Andrew has
Andrew has
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew only
Andrew only
looks at the
looks at the
gum
gum
After
After
A.
A.
Andrew has no gum
Andrew has no gu
B. Andrew has
B. Andrew has
gum
gum

85. Since Dawn had seen Reinforcement
some lip movement
Behavior
Behavior
she was able to
differentially
Andrew moves
Andrew moves
reinforce lip moving
his lips
his lips
and stop reinforcing
Before
Before
simply looking at the
gum. She couldn’t
Andrew has
No Reinforcement
stop reinforcing
Andrew has
no gum
simply looking at the
no gum
Behavior
Behavior
gum until there were
some further
Andrew only
Andrew only
approximations
looks at the
occurring at some
looks at the
gum
frequency.
gum
After
After
Andrew has
Andrew has
gum
gum
After
After
Andrew has no
Andrew has no
gum
gum

86. After Dawn reinforced lip
movement for just a few
minutes, she decided to stop Reinforcement
reinforcing lip movements and
Behavior
Behavior
wait for his first sounds.
Andrew
Andrew
After all, Dawn knew he could
moves his
moves his
do it, even though he has not
lips and looks
lips and looks
made a sound in 19 years.
at gum
at gum
Before
Before
Andrew
Andrew
has no
has no
gum
gum
After
After
Andrew
Andrew
has gum
has gum
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to no
longer reinforce lip movements
and wait for croaking sounds?
Behavior
Behavior
?
?
#1
7
After
After
Andrew
Andrew
has no
has no
gum
gum
Write your first choiceLeft-click
on
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer
your homework now. your answer
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing lip movements.
B. No, let’s continue reinforcing lip movements.

87. After Dawn reinforcedany
If Dawn hasn’t heard lip
movement for Andrew
sounds from a few minutes, Reinforcement
she decided to stop to
lately, then she has
reinforcing lip movements and
continue to reinforce what
Behavior
Behavior
wait for his first sounds.
approximates it. If Dawn
Andrew
Andrew
After all, Dawn knew he could
doesn’t continue to
moves his
moves his
do it, even though he has not
reinforce lip movement,
lips and looks
lips and looks
madeis even less19 years.
a sound in likely to
she
at gum
at gum
hear sounds.
Before
Before
Andrew
No Reinforcement
Andrew
has no
has no
Behavior
gum
Behavior
gum
Andrew
Andrew
Is it probably a good time to no moves his lips
moves his lips
longer reinforce lip movements
and wait for croaking sounds?
After
After
Andrew
Andrew
has gum
has gum
After
After
Andrew
Andrew
has no
has no
gum
gum
Left-click
your
movements. answer
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing lip
B. No, let’s continue reinforcing lip movements.

88. After Dawn reinforced lip
movement for just a few
minutes, she decided to stop Reinforcement
reinforcing lip movements and
Behavior
Behavior
wait for his first sounds.
Andrew
Andrew
After all, Dawn knew he could
moves his
moves his
do it, even though he has not
Lips and looks
Lips and looks
made a sound in 19 years.
at gum
at gum
Before
Before
Andrew
Andrew
has no
has no
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew
Andrew
Is it probably a good time to no moves his lips
moves his lips
longer reinforce lip movements
and wait for croaking sounds?
After
After
Andrew
Andrew
has gum
has gum
After
After
Andrew
Andrew
has no
has no
gum
gum
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing lip movements.
B. No, let’s continue reinforcing lip movements.

89. Currently, Andrew is moving his lips only once in a
while. He is not making any croaking sounds yet.
Before Dawn moves on to the next criterion, the
current behavior must occur at a high frequency
and the next step in the shaping procedure must
occur at some minimum frequency.
What should Dawn do?
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
#1
8
Left-click
your answer
A. Stop reinforcing his lip movements and reinforce his
B. Continue reinforcing his making lip movements while

90. Currently, Andrew is moving his lips only once in a
while. He is not making any croaking sounds yet.
Before Dawn moves on to the next criterion, the
current behavior must occur at a high frequency
No. If we stop reinforcing
and the next step in the shaping we
lip movements before procedure must
see some further
occur at some minimum frequency.
approximation to speaking,
What should then we will extinguish all
Dawn do?
behavior resembling
speaking.
A. Stop reinforcing his lip movements and reinforce
Left-click
his making croaking sounds
Left-click
your answer
your answer
B. Continue reinforcing his making lip movements while

91. Currently, Andrew is moving his lips only once in a
while. He is not making any croaking sounds yet.
Before Dawn moves on to the next criterion, the
current behavior must occur at a high frequency
and the next step in the shaping procedure must
occur at some minimum frequency.
Correct. Since croaking
sounds are
What should Dawn do? not occurring
at all, and lip movements
are not very frequent, we
can’t move on yet.
A. Stop reinforcing his lip movements and reinforce his
B. Continue reinforcing his making lip movements
while looking for croaking sounds to reinforce

92. At the beginning of
the fourth week Dawn
held a piece of gum in
front of Andrew.
Andrew looked at the
gum. And Andrew
moved his lips.
But Dawn did not give
him the gum as she
had before.

93. Then Andrew emitted a
small croaking sound.
And Dawn immediately
gave him the gum!
Because Dawn
needed Andrew to
speak, she
required him to
make a response
that more closely
resembled
speaking.
“Uuh.”
Gum

94. What behavior more closely
resembles the goal of speaking
than lip movements.
What
behavior is
closer to
the goal?
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
#1
9
A. Speaking
B. Looking at the gum
C. Lip movement
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

95. What behavior more closely
resembles the goal of speaking
than lip movements.
No. Croaking
resembles lip
movement
more than
speaking does.
A. Speaking
B. Looking at the gum
C. Lip movement
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

96. What behavior more closely
resembles the goal of speaking
than lip movements.
No. Looking at
the gum is a
prerequisite
behavior for
training.
A. Speaking
B. Looking at the gum
C. Lip movement
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

97. What behavior more closely
resembles the goal of speaking
than lip movements.
No. Lip
movement
is the
initial
behavior.
A. Speaking
B. Looking at the gum
C. Lip movement
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

98. What behavior more closely
resembles the goal of speaking
than lip movements.
Correct. A
small croaking
sound is the
behavior that
more closely
approximates
speaking.
A. Speaking
B. Looking at the gum
C. Lip movement

99. The behavior of making small
croaking sounds approximates the
final behavior of speaking. What is
this middle step called in a shaping
procedure?
#2
0
A. Initial behavior
B. Terminal behavior
Write your first choice on
your homework now. Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

100. The behavior of making small
croaking sounds approximates the
final behavior of speaking. What is
this middle step called in a shaping
procedure?
No, the initial
behavior is the
first step not
the middle step
in the shaping
procedure.
A. Initial behavior
B. Terminal behavior
C. Intermediate behavior
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

101. The behavior of making small
croaking sounds approximates the
final behavior of speaking. What is
this middle step called in a shaping
procedure?
No, the terminal
behavior is the
goal of the
intervention and
not the middle
step
A. Initial behavior
B. Terminal behavior
C. Intermediate behavior
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

102. The behavior of making small
croaking sounds approximates the
final behavior of speaking. What is
this middle step called in a shaping
procedure?
Correct. Croaking
sounds approximate
speaking.
A. Initial behavior
B. Terminal behavior

103. After Dawn reinforced lip
movement over several days,
Andrew also began making
croaking sounds as often as
moving his lips alone.
Before
Before
Andrew
Andrew
has no
has no
gum
gum
Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew
Andrew
moves his
moves his
lips
lips
Andrew
Andrew
has gum
has gum
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to
begin reinforcing croaking
sounds and no longer reinforce
lip movements without croaking?
Behavior
Behavior
?
?
#2
1
After
After
Andrew
Andrew
has no
has no
gum
gum
Write your first choiceLeft-click
on
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer
your homework now. your answer
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing just lip movements.
B. No, let’s continue reinforcing just lip movements.

104. After Dawn reinforced lip
No. If we continue to days,
movement over several reinforce
Reinforcement
only lip movements then
Andrew also began makingthey
will be sounds as often as
croakingthe behaviors that
Behavior
occur in the future.
moving his lips alone. Remember Behavior
Andrew
Andrew
Dawn wants Andrew to speak
moves his
moves his
not just move his lips.
lips
lips
Before
Before
Andrew
Andrew
has no
has no
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to
begin reinforcing croaking
sounds and no longer reinforce
lip movements without croaking?
Behavior
Behavior
?
?
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing just lip
After
After
Andrew
Andrew
has gum
has gum
After
After
Andrew
Andrew
has no
has no
gum
gum
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
your answer
movements.
your answer
B. No, let’s continue reinforcing just lip movements.

105. After Dawn reinforced lip
movement over several days,
Andrew also began making
croaking sounds as often as
moving his lips alone.
Before
Before
Andrew
Andrew
has no
has no
gum
gum
Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew
Andrew
moves his
moves his
lips
lips
No Reinforcement
Is it probably a good time to
begin reinforcing croaking
sounds and no longer reinforce
lip movements without croaking?
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew
Andrew
moves his lips
moves his lips
After
After
Andrew
Andrew
has gum
has gum
After
After
Andrew
Andrew
has no
has no
gum
gum
A. Yes, let’s stop reinforcing just lip movements.
B. No, let’s continue reinforcing just lip movements.

106. Reinforcement
Complete the diagram
for the intermediate
behavior.
Before
Before
Left-click
Left-click
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer
Left-click
your answer
your answer
Left-click
your answer
your answer
Left-click
your answer
After
After
Behavior
Behavior
A.
A.
your
Andrew only movesWritelips first choice on
his lips
Andrew only moves his
your homework now.
B.
B.
Andrew makes croaking sounds while movi
Andrew makes croaking sounds while mov
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
What behavior will result in the
delivery of the gum reinforcer?
#2
2
After
After

107. Reinforcement
Complete the diagram
for the intermediate
behavior.
Before
Before
Left-click
Left-click
Left-click
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer
Left-click
your answer
your answer
your answer
your answer
Left-click
your answer
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
A. Andrew only
A. Andrew only
moves his lips
moves his lips
B.
B.
Andrew makes croaking sounds while movi
Andrew makes croaking sounds while mov
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
What behavior will result in the
delivery of the gum reinforcer?
No, now that he is
croaking while moving
his lips, Dawn will stop
reinforcing lip
After
movements occurring
After
without sounds.

108. Reinforcement
Complete the diagram
for the intermediate
behavior.
Before
Before
Left-click
your answer
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
croaking
croaking
sounds while
sounds while
moving his lips
moving his lips
After
After
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
A.
A.
Andrew only moves his lips
Andrew only moves his lips
B. Andrew speaks
your answer B. Andrew speaks
Please
on your answer sheet.
What behavior will no longer be Write your first choice on
reinforced?
your homework now.
#2
3

109. Reinforcement
Complete the diagram
for the intermediate
behavior.
Before
Left-click
Before
your answer
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
croaking
croaking
sounds while
sounds while
moving his lips
moving his lips
After
After
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
A.
A.
Andrew only moves his lips
Andrew only moves his lips
B. Andrew speaks
your answer B. Andrew speaks
Please
on your answer sheet.
What behavior will no longer be
reinforced?
After
After

110. Reinforcement
Complete the diagram
for the before
condition.
Before
Before
A.
A.
Andrew has no gum
Andrew has no gum
B.
B.
Andrew has gum
Andrew has gum
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
croaking
croaking
sounds while
sounds while
moving his lips
moving his lips
After
After
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Left-click
your answer
No Reinforcement
Andrew only
Andrew only
moves his lips
moves his lips
#2
4
Write your first choice on
your homework now.

111. Reinforcement
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourbefore
the answer
condition.
Before
Before
A.
A.
Andrew has no gum
Andrew has no gum
B. Andrew has
B. Andrew has
gum
gum
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
croaking
croaking
sounds while
sounds while
moving his lips
moving his lips
After
After
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew only
Andrew only
moves his lips
moves his lips
After
After

112. Reinforcement
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourafter condition.
the answer
Before
Before
Andrew has
Andrew has
no gum
no gum
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
croaking
croaking
sounds while
sounds while
moving his lips
moving his lips
A.
A.
Andrew has no gum
Andrew has no gu
B.
B.
Andrew has gum
Andrew has gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew only
Andrew only
moves his lips
moves his lips
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
After
After
After
After
#2
5
Write your first choice on
your homework now.

113. Reinforcement
Complete the diagram
for the after condition.
Before
Before
Andrew has
Andrew has
no gum
no gum
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
croaking
croaking
sounds while
sounds while
moving his lips
moving his lips
A. Andrew has
A. Andrew has
no gum
no gum
B.
B.
Andrew has gum
Andrew has gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew only
Andrew only
moves his lips
moves his lips
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
After
After
After
After

114. Reinforcement
Before
Before
Andrew has
Andrew has
no gum
no gum
After
After
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
croaking
croaking
sounds while
sounds while
moving his lips
moving his lips
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourafter condition.
the answer
Andrew has
Andrew has
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew only
Andrew only
moves his lips
moves his lips
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
#2
6
A.
A.
Andrew has no gum
Andrew has no gu
B.
B.
Andrew has gum
Andrew has gum

115. Reinforcement
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourafter condition.
the answer
Before
Before
Andrew has
Andrew has
no gum
no gum
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
croaking
croaking
sounds while
sounds while
moving his lips
moving his lips
Andrew has
Andrew has
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew only
Andrew only
moves his lips
moves his lips
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
After
After
After
After
A.
A.
Andrew has no gum
Andrew has no gu
B. Andrew has
B. Andrew has
gum
gum

116. Nice job!
Here’s the differential
reinforcement diagram
you just completed for
the intermediate behavior.
Before
Before
Andrew has
Andrew has
no gum
no gum
Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
croaking
croaking
sounds while
sounds while
moving his lips
moving his lips
After
After
Andrew has
Andrew has
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew only
Andrew only
moves his lips
moves his lips
Andrew has no
Andrew has no
gum
gum

117. By the way, what do we
call the procedure of
reinforcing one
response class while
not reinforcing another
response class?
#2
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
7
A. Differential Punishment
B. Escape
C. Differential Reinforcement
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

118. No, we
By the way, what do differential
punishment involves
call the procedure punishing one
of
reinforcing one response class
allowing the other
response class while recover!
to
not reinforcing another
response class?
A. Differential Punishment
B. Escape
C. Differential Reinforcement
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

119. By the way, what do we
No, escape is
call the procedure of
the contingent
reinforcing one removal of an
aversive
response class while
condition!
not reinforcing another
response class?
A. Differential Punishment
B. Escape
C. Differential Reinforcement
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

120. By the way, what do we
call the procedure of
No, this is not
reinforcing one plain vanilla
response class reinforcement!
while
not reinforcing another
response class?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Differential Punishment
Escape
Differential Reinforcement
Reinforcement
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer

121. By the way, what do we
call the procedure of
Nice Job! This
reinforcing one
procedure is
response class while called
differential
not reinforcing another
reinforcement!
response class?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Differential Punishment
Escape
Differential Reinforcement
Reinforcement

122. After several days of
differentially reinforcing
Andrew’s behavior of making
croaking sounds he was
frequently making croaking
“Small
sounds each time he moved
croaking
his lips.
sounds.”

123. When shaping behavior it’s sometimes difficult
to know when to move on to the next
behavioral criterion and no longer provide
reinforcers for the previously reinforced
response.
Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking
sounds (while moving his lips) but has not said #2
gum.
Write your first choice on
8
your homework now.
What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds (while moving
his lips) and reinforce spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing croaking sounds (while moving
LeftLeft-click
click
Left-click
your
his lips) and start looking for fragments of spoken
your
your
answer
answer
answer
words to reinforce.

124. When shaping behavior it’s sometimes difficult
No. Even though, croaking
sounds are to move on
to know when occurring at ato the next
high frequency Andrew
behavioral criterion and no longer provide
has not said ga or previously reinforced
reinforcers for the gum yet
and we need have Andrew
response. ga or gum at a
saying
Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking
minimal frequency before
we (while moving his
sounds no longer reinforce lips) but has not said
gum.croaking sounds .
What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds (while moving
his lips) and reinforce spoken words.
Left-click
Left-click
B. Continue reinforcing croaking sounds (while moving
your answer
Left-click
your answer
your spoken
his lips) and start looking for fragments of answer
words to reinforce.

125. Correct. We need to it’s
When shaping behaviorhave sometimes difficult
Andrew saying gum at some
to know when to move on to the next
minimal frequency before
behavioral criterion and no longer provide
we no longer reinforce
reinforcers sounds. previously reinforced
croaking for the
response.
Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking
sounds (while moving his lips) but has not said
gum.
What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds (while moving
his lips) and reinforce spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing croaking sounds (while moving
his lips) and start looking for fragments of spoken
words to reinforce.

126. By differentially reinforcing
Andrew’s croaking behavior
for several days
“Say
‘gum’….
he began frequently making
croaking sounds.
One day after
Andrew made a
croaking sound
Dawn hesitated giving
Andrew the gum
reinforcer and said
“Say, ‘gum, gum’”.
‘Gum’.”

127. At first the croaking
sounds were like those
heard before.
Dawn waited until the
“Gaa
croaking sound slightly
resembled the word gum
gaa…
mmmmm”
before she would give
Andrew the reinforcer.

128. Next, Dawn waited
until Andrew’s sound
even more closely
approximated gum,
and reinforced that
response.
“Guummm…Gum”
Finally, Andrew clearly
said, “Gum” when Dawn
asked him to and she
immediately gave him the
gum.

129. Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking
sounds and is saying the word gum at a moderate
#2
frequency.
Write your first choice on
What should Dawn do?
your homework now.
9
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds and reinforce
spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing his croaking sounds while
Left-click
Left-click
Left-click
looking for fragments of spoken words to your answer
your answer
your answer
reinforce.

130. No. Now that Andrew is
saying gum at a moderate
rate we can stop
reinforcing his croaking
sounds and reinforce his
speaking behavior.
Currently, Andrew is frequently making croaking
sounds and is saying the word gum at a moderate
frequency.
What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds and reinforce
spoken words.
Left-click
Left-click
B. Continue reinforcing his croaking soundsLeft-click
your while
answer
your answer
your
looking for fragments of spoken words to answer
reinforce.

131. Correct. Now that
Andrew is saying gum at
a moderate frequency
we no longer have to
reinforce his croaking
sounds and we can focus
Currently,reinforcingis frequently making croaking
on Andrew his
soundsspeakingsaying the word gum at a moderate
and is behavior.
frequency.
What should Dawn do?
A. Stop reinforcing his croaking sounds and reinforce
spoken words.
B. Continue reinforcing his croaking sounds while
looking for fragments of spoken words to
reinforce.

132. Great Job at making those
difficult decisions for Dawn,
she appreciates your help!
Now that you’ve
decided what to do,
let’s get busy filling
the diagram for the
terminal behavior.
Thanks for
your help!

133. Reinforcement
Complete the diagram
for the terminal
behavior.
Before
Before
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
your answer
After
After
Behavior
Behavior
A. Andrew makes a
A. Andrew makes a
croaking sound
croaking sound
B. Andrew says
B. Andrew says
gum
gum
#3
No Reinforcement
0
Behavior
Behavior
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
What behavior will result in the
delivery of the gum reinforcer?
After
After

134. Reinforcement
Complete the diagram
for the terminal
behavior.
Before
Before
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
your answer
your answer
Behavior
Behavior
A. Andrew makes a
A. Andrew makes a
croaking sound
croaking sound
B. Andrew says
B. Andrew says
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
What behavior will result in the
delivery of the gum reinforcer?
After
After
No, Dawn is not
currently trying
to increase only
After
lip movements.
After

135. Reinforcement
Complete the diagram
for the terminal
behavior.
Before
Before
Left-click
your answer
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew says
Andrew says
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
A. Andrew makes
A. Andrew makes
a croaking sound
a croaking sound
B. Andrew says
B. Andrew says
Please
your answer gum
gum
on your answer sheet.
What behavior will no longer be Write your first choice on
reinforced?
your homework now.
#3
1

136. Reinforcement
Complete the diagram
for the terminal
behavior.
Before
Before
Left-click
your answer
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew says
Andrew says
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
A. Andrew makes
A. Andrew makes
a croaking sound
a croaking sound
B. Andrew says
B. Andrew says
Please
your answer gum
gum
on your answer sheet.
What behavior will no longer be
reinforced?
After
After

137. Reinforcement
Complete the diagram
Left-click
for the before
your answer
condition.
Before
Before
A. Andrew has
A. Andrew has
gum
gum
B. Andrew has
B. Andrew has
no gum
no gum
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew says
Andrew says
gum
gum
#3
No Reinforcement
2
Write
Behavior your first choice on
After
Behavior
After
the scan-tron form now.
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
a croaking
a croaking
sound
sound

138. Reinforcement
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourbefore
the answer
condition.
Before
Before
A. Andrew has
A. Andrew has
gum
gum
B. Andrew has
B. Andrew has
no gum
no gum
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew says
Andrew says
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
a croaking
a croaking
sound
sound
After
After

139. Reinforcement
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourafter condition.
the answer
Before
Before
Andrew has
Andrew has
no gum
no gum
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew says
Andrew says
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
A. Andrew has
A. Andrew has
gum
gum
B. Andrew has
B. Andrew has
no gum
no gum
After3
#
After
3
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
a croaking
a croaking
Write your first choice on
sound
sound
your homework now.

140. Reinforcement
Complete the diagram
for the after condition.
Before
Before
Andrew has
Andrew has
no gum
no gum
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew says
Andrew says
gum
gum
After
After
A. Andrew has
A. Andrew has
gum
gum
B. Andrew has
B. Andrew has
no gum
no gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
a croaking
a croaking
sound
sound
After
After

141. Reinforcement
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourafter condition.
the answer
Before
Before
Andrew has
Andrew has
no gum
no gum
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew says
Andrew says
gum
gum
Andrew has
Andrew has
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
a croaking
a croaking
sound
#3
sound
4
A. Andrew has
A. Andrew has
no gum
no gum
B. Andrew has
B. Andrew has
gum
gum
Write your first choice on
your homework now.

142. Reinforcement
Left-click
Complete the diagram
for yourafter condition.
the answer
Before
Before
Andrew has
Andrew has
no gum
no gum
Please
your answer
on your answer sheet.
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew says
Andrew says
gum
gum
Andrew has
Andrew has
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
a croaking
a croaking
sound
sound
After
After
A. Andrew has
A. Andrew has
no gum
no gum
B. Andrew has
B. Andrew has
gum
gum

143. Nice job!
Here’s the differential
reinforcement diagram
you just completed for
the terminal behavior.
Before
Before
Andrew has
Andrew has
no gum
no gum
Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew says
Andrew says
gum
gum
Andrew has
Andrew has
gum
gum
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Andrew makes
Andrew makes
a croaking
a croaking
sound
sound
Andrew has no
Andrew has no
gum
gum

144. Nice job! You have
successfully completed
the last successive
approximation in the
shaping procedure Dawn
used to get Andrew to
speak.
Thanks
again for
your help!

145. Now, just a quick test
to check your razor
sharp behavior analytic
skills at shaping.
These next couple of
questions may be tough,
but hang in there
because we want to be
sure you don’t identify
muscle-building, shapingup examples as
behavioral shaping.
We’re almost
through with the
training and on to
bigger and more
exciting things!

146. Jimmy, the scrawny kid in class,
has just taken up weight lifting.
Currently he can barely bench
press 100 lbs. But when he’s
finished training he’ll be much
stronger and able to lift 300 lbs.
Is this an example of shaping?
#3
5
A. Yes
B. No
Write your first choice on
Left-click
your homework now.
Left-click
your answer
your answer

147. Jimmy, the scrawny kid in class,
No, this is not an
has just taken up shaping lifting.
weight
example of
Currently he can are talking
because we barely bench
about physically building
press 100 lbs. But when he’s
muscle tissue. This
finished training he’ll be much
differs from behavioral
stronger and which is used to300 lbs.
shaping able to lift
Is
A. Yes
B. No
develop or improve an
this an example of .shaping?
organism’s repertoire
Left-click
Left-click
your answer
Left-click
your answer
your answer

148. Jimmy, the scrawny kid in class,
Correct, this is not an
has just taken up shaping lifting.
weight
example of
Currently he can are talking
because we barely bench
about physically building
press 100 lbs. But when he’s
muscle tissue. This
finished training he’ll be much
differs from behavioral
stronger and which is used to300 lbs.
shaping able to lift
Is
A. Yes
B. No
develop or improve an
this an example of .shaping?
organisms repertoire

149. Now, not only was Jimmy weak he also
had very poor form while bench
pressing. His hands and arms were
located in the wrong spot when he
pushed the weights up off his chest.
His personal trainer began teaching him
how to improve his bench pressing form.
By the end of his training Jimmy looked
like a weight training pro.
Is this an example of shaping?
#3
A. Yes
B. No
6
Left-click
your answer
Write your first choice on
your homework now.

150. Now, not only was Jimmy weak he also
No, this is and example
had very poor formwe
while bench
of shaping because
pressing. His hands and arms were
are improving the form
Jimmy uses wrong
located in the to bench spot when he
press weights. The
pushed theform of bench off his chest.
weights up
correct
His personal trainer began teaching him
pressing is a skill that
was not previously bench pressing form.
how to improve his in
Jimmy’s repertoire.
By the end of his training Jimmy looked
like a weight training pro.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. Yes
B. No
Left-click
your answer

151. Now, not only was Jimmy weak he also
Correct. This is and
hadexamplepoor form while bench
very of shaping
pressing. His hands and arms were
because we are
improving the wrong spot when he
located in the form
Jimmy uses to bench
pushed the weights up off his chest.
press weights. The
His personal of bench began teaching him
correct form trainer
pressing is a skill his
how to improve that bench pressing form.
was not previously in
By Jimmy’s repertoire. training Jimmy looked
the end of his
like a weight training pro.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. Yes
B. No

152. Sara, the slow jogger, wants to be able to
run the mile in less than 7 minutes.
Unfortunately, right now she can barely
break the 10 minute marker. But by the
end of this year, after lots of hardcore
running, she’ll be able to race through the
mile in less than 7 minutes. She just
physically can’t get down to 7 minutes.
Is this an example of shaping?
#3
A. Yes
B. No
7
Left-click
Write your first choiceyour answer
on
your homework now.

153. No,this is not an example
Sara, the because we
of shaping slow jogger, wants to be able to
are talking about less
run the mile in Sera than 7 minutes.
physically getting in
Unfortunately, right now she can barely
shape which consists of
break the 10 minute marker. But by the
building muscle tissue
and reducing year, after lots of hardcore
end of this body fat
which do
running,not involve the
she’ll be able to race through the
altering of an individuals
mile in less than 7 minutes. She just
behavioral repertoire.
physically can’t get down to 7 minutes.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. Yes
B. No
Left-click
your answer

154. Correct, this is not an
Sara, theof shaping
example slow jogger, wants to be able to
because mile talking
run the we arein less than 7 minutes.
about Sera physically
Unfortunately, right now she can barely
getting in shape which
break the 10 minute marker. But by the
consists of building
endmuscle tissue and after lots of hardcore
of this year,
reducing
which
running,body fatthe able to race through the
she’ll be
do not involve
mile in of an individualsminutes. She just
altering less than 7
behavioral can’t get
physicallyrepertoire. down to 7 minutes.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. Yes
B. No

155. Not only was Sara slow when she first
started, she also ran like a chicken with its
head cut off. Arms and legs flailing all
over the place. Her form was terrible.
The track coach was appalled by the sight
of her and gave her some training. By the
end of training Sara was running with the
form of a world class runner.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. Yes
B. No
#3
8
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
Left-click
your answer

156. No,this is an example of
Not only waswe are slow when she first
shaping because Sara
training Sera on the
started, she also ran like a chicken with its
correct form of running,
head cut off. not
a skill that was Arms and legs flailing all
over the place. Her form was terrible.
previously in her
The repertoire.
track coach was appalled by the sight
of her and gave her some training. By the
end of training Sara was running with the
form of a world class runner.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. Yes
B. No
Left-click
your answer

157. Correct,this is an
Not onlyof shaping slow when she first
example was Sara
because we are also
started, shetrainingran like a chicken with its
Sera on the correct
headof running, a Arms and legs flailing all
form cut off. skill
overwas not previously form was terrible.
that the place. Her
in track coach
Theher repertoire. was appalled by the sight
of her and gave her some training. By the
end of training Sara was running with the
form of a world class runner.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. Yes
B. No

158. Amber is going to school to be a court reporter.
In order to graduate she must be able to type 90
words per minute. Unfortunately, right now she
can only type 20 wpm. But by the end of her
training she’ll be typing away at speeds greater
than 100 wpm. Amber’s finger muscles were
always strong enough to type a string of random
characters equal to 100 wpm, but now her typing
has formed a specific response class.
Is this an example of shaping?
#3
A. Yes
B. No
9
Write your first choice on
your homework now.
Left-click
your answer

159. No, this is an example of
Amber is going to school to be a court reporter.
shaping because Amber’s
Intyping repertoire is she must be able to type 90
order to graduate
being improved. We Unfortunately, right now she
words per minute. are
not building the tiny
can only type 20 wpm. But by the end of her
muscles she’ll be typing away at speeds greater
training in her fingers
but we are altering her
than 100 wpm. Amber’s finger muscles were
existing typing skill level
always strong enough to type a string of random
(behavioral repertoire).
characters equal to 100 wpm, but now her typing
has formed a specific response class.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. Yes
B. No
Left-click
your answer

160. Correct,this is an
Amber is going to school to be a court reporter.
example of shaping
In order the graduate she must be able to type 90
because to Amber’s
typing repertoire
words per minute.is Unfortunately, right now she
being improved. We are
can only type 20 wpm. But by the end of her
not building the tiny
training she’ll be typing away at speeds greater
muscles in her fingers
than 100 wpm. Amber’s finger muscles were
but we are altering her
always typing skill level
existing strong enough to type a string of random
characters equal to 100 wpm, but now her typing
(repertoire).
has formed a specific response class.
Is this an example of shaping?
A. Yes
B. No

161. Another common mistake
is to identify examples
of behavioral chains as
behavioral shaping.

162. The process of teaching
a dog to roll over is the
best erroneous example
of shaping—it’s actually
a behavioral chain.
Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Spot rolls over
Spot rolls over
Treat
Treat
Before
Before
No treat
No treat
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Spot lays down
Spot lays down
No treat
No treat
Why isn’t this an example of shaping? Because sitting,
laying down and rolling over are separate behaviors that
build on top of each other and occur one after the other.

163. The process of teaching
a dog to roll over is the
best erroneous example
of shaping—it’s actually
a behavioral chain.
Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Spot rolls over
Spot rolls over
Treat
Treat
Before
Before
No treat
No treat
No Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Spot lays down
Spot lays down
No treat
No treat
In the example with Andrew, moving lips, making croaking
sounds and speaking don’t occur in a sequence. Moving lips
and making sounds occur while speaking.

164. The trick is to look at
your whole response
class, from the initial
behavior all the way to
the terminal behavior.
Before
Before
No treat
No treat
#4
0
A. Yes
B. No
Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Treat
Spot lifts paw
Treat
Spot lifts paw
5 inches Are these two
5 inches
responses in the same
response class (similar
along
No Reinforcement a meaningful
response dimension)?
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Spot lifts paw
Spot lifts paw
1 inch
1 inch
No treat
No treat
Left-click
your answer

165. The trick is to look at
your whole response
class, from the initial
behavior all the way to
the terminal behavior.
Before
Before
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Treat
Spot lifts paw
Treat
Spot lifts paw
5 inches Lifting farther and
5 inches
farther up involves
almost the same
topography.
No Reinforcement
No treat
No treat
#4
0
A. Yes
B. No
Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Spot lifts paw
Spot lifts paw
1 inch
1 inch
No treat
No treat
Left-click
your answer

166. The trick is to look at
your whole response
class, from the initial
behavior all the way to
the terminal behavior.
Before
Before
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Treat
Spot lifts paw
Treat
Spot lifts paw
5 inches Lifting farther and
5 inches
farther up involves
almost the same
topography. Good.
No Reinforcement
No treat
No treat
#4
0
A. Yes
B. No
Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Spot lifts paw
Spot lifts paw
1 inch
1 inch
No treat
No treat

167. The trick is to look at
your whole response
class, from the initial
behavior all the way to
the terminal behavior.
Before
Before
No treat
No treat
#4
1
A. Yes
B. No
Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Treat
Spot lifts paw
Treat
Spot lifts paw
5 inches Are these two
5 inches
responses in the same
response class (similar
along
No Reinforcement a meaningful
response dimension)?
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Spot sits
Spot sits
No treat
No treat
Left-click
your answer

168. The trick is to look at
your whole response
class, from the initial
behavior all the way to
the terminal behavior.
Before
Before
No treat
No treat
#4
1
A. Yes
B. No
Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
After
After
Treat
Spot lifts paw
Treat
Spot lifts paw
5 inches Lifting the paw and
5 inches
sitting are two different
responses that occur in a
sequence or chain. They
No Reinforcement
aren’t similar on any
Behavior response dimension.
After
Behavior
After
Spot sits
Spot sits
Left-click
your answer
No treat
No treat

169. The trick is to look at
your whole response
class, from the initial
behavior all the way to
the terminal behavior.
Before
Before
No treat
No treat
Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Treat
Spot lifts paw
Treat
Spot lifts paw
5 inches Lifting the paw and
5 inches
sitting are two different
responses that occur in a
sequence or chain. They
No Reinforcement
aren’t similar on any
Behavior response dimension.
After
Behavior
After
Spot sits
Spot sits
A. Yes
B. No
After
After
No treat
No treat

170. Congratulations!
You have made it through the
training session on shaping.
Now it’s time to get your
creative juices flowing and
put those finely sharpened
behavior analytic skills to
good use.

171. I hope you’re ready for some
excitement because it’s time for
you to put together your own
We’ll help you
original example of shaping.
out, don’t
worry.

172. First, take a look at
the diagram for
Andrew. It includes the
initial, intermediate
and terminal behaviors
Fill in your original example in your
diagram just like the diagram for
Andrew—unless you are using the
PowerPoint Viewer (not the complete
Program), which will not allow you to fill
in answers on your screen.

173. Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Initial
Initial
After
After
Intermediate
Before
Before
Terminal
Extinction
Behavior
Behavior
Click me to
complete your
original example’s
diagram.
Initial
Initial
N/A
N/A
Intermediate
Terminal
After
After

174. Final diagram! Type
each of your
behaviors and
stimulus conditions in
the appropriate
spots.
Before
Before
Reinforcement
Behavior
Behavior
Initial
Initial
After
After
Intermediate
Terminal
Extinction
Behavior
Behavior
Print out this slide or
write out your answers
onto your worksheet.
Also, prepare a master
transparency to show
in the seminar.
Arrow key forward when
finished filling in your
example.
After
After
Initial
Initial
N/A
N/A
Intermediate
Terminal
Click me to
review Andrew’s
diagram.

175. All done.