This document discusses how climate change is disproportionately impacting poor women in Bangladesh, India, and Nepal. Field research found that women in these countries are struggling to protect their livelihoods, assets, housing, and food security from increasing floods, droughts, heatwaves, and other climate-related disasters. While women are not passive victims, their limited resources, weak information networks, and lack of support constrain their ability to adapt. The evidence suggests women have started adapting in small ways like finding safer places to live and store goods during floods. However, larger investments and policy support are needed to make their livelihoods more resilient and sustainable over the long term. The document calls for targeted funding for poor women through climate change adaptation

1. xfdLnfO{ xfd|f] cfjZostf yfxf 5 Û
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg'sngsf] ;Gbe{df
"
blIf0f Pl;ofnL dlxnf eG5g
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1

2. Acknowledgements
of] k|ltj]bg 6f]d ldr]n, yf]d; 6ofg/ / Sof6L n'l:;o/
-ljsf; cWoog ;+:yf–IDS ;;]S; ljZjljBfno o"s]) åf/f
n]lvPsf] xf] .
:ynut cWoogdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg], ljZn]if0fdf ;xof]u ug]{
/ d:of}bf k|ltj]bgdfly k[i7kf]if0f lbg] ;a}nfO{ w]/} wGojfb
5, h;df M
aªunfb]z M jflxbf az/ cxdb, Go'l/g kmltdf,
km]/xfgf km]/8f];, / PS;gP8 aªunfb]zsf] sfo{;d"x .
ef/t M g]xf P]Zjof{, z/b s'df/L, df]gf, /dg d]xtf,
HoftL k|;fb / PS;gP8 ef/tsf] sfo{;d"x .
g]kfn M clDasf cdfTo, w|j uf}td, /fh]z xdfn,
'
Zofd;'Gb/ 1jfnL, cld|tf zdf{ / PS;gP8 g]kfnsf]
sfo{;d"x .
PGgL lrk]Da]/,] 6f]gL b'xf{d, ;f/fx lunfd, cfgL lhn]df, o; k|ltj]bgsf] cªuhL ;Dkfbg PGh]nf a'6g, dfl/of]g
]| {
dfl/of]g vfld;, cfsfªIff df/kmfltof, ofl:dg DofS8f]gn,] vfld; / :6]km]g /f]haf6 / g]kfnL efif ;Dkfbg /fdrGb|
sf]Nd So'gfr]g, zzfªs zfbL, Onfgf ;f]nf]df]g, 6f]d Gof}kfg]af6 ePsf] xf] .
;f/dg, x/hLt l;+x, cfgL Ol:qt / /f]h/ oft]; .
o;sf] cfs[lt ljGof; ;fGb|f Snfs{af6 ePsf] xf] .
v'l;{b cfnd -k/fdz{bftf_
vf;u/L, cg';Gwfgdf ;xefuL eP/ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] kmf]6f] M
aªunfb]zsf] kfAgf / kml/bk'/ lhNnf, ef/tsf] d'hkmkm/k'/ aªunfb]z M ODbfb'n O:nfd la6'
lhNnf / g]kfnsf] afFs] / alb{of lhNnfsf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ef/t M ;l~ht bf;
ljz]if wGojfb lbOG5 . g]kfn M lagf]b ltldlN;gf
gf]eDa/ @))&
]
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2

3. ljifo;"rL
sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z $
!= kl/ro ^
@= cfwf/e"t oyfy{M uªuf gbL–a];Ldf dlxnfn]
F
ckgfPsf hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg'sngsf pkfo
" !)
#= k|dfl0fs kIf M dlxnfsf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf
cg'sngsf k|fyldstf
" !$
$= gLltut cGt/ M ;dfof]hg;DaGwL
cfly{s nufgLdf dlxnfsf] clwsf/ !&
%= l;sfO M cg'sngsf nflu
"
nufgL;DaGwL ;'emfj
gf]6
] @@
;lGht bf;÷PS;gP8
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3

4. sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z
æ d ^) jif{sL eP“ / d}n] clxn]sf jif{x¿sf] h:tf] af9L, v8]/L, tftf] xfjf / c;Lgf slxNo} Joxf]/sL
lyO“g . xfdL;“u o:tf ;d:ofx¿ olt w]/} bf]xf]l/Psfdf d cfZro{rlst ePsL 5' . sf/0f h];s} xf];,
'
]
afnL lalu|b} 5 / pTkfbg sd eO/x]sf] 5 .
“
Æ
rlGb|sf tLjf/L ^) d6]lxof, af“s], g]kfn .
hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] hflt, ju{, lnªu / ;d'bfo cyjf
cfDbfgLsf] :t/ h:tf];s} eP klg ;a}dfly k|lts"n c;/
'
kfl//x]sf] 5 . rlGb|sfh:tf dlxnfx¿ af9Laf6 k|efljt
eO/x]sf 5g . lsgeg] pgL dlxnf x'g / dlxnfx¿ a9L
ljkGg 5g . ;+;f/sf] ul/aLsf] &) k|ltzt lx:;f dlxnfn]
cf]u6]sf 5g . pgLx¿nfO{ lg0ff{o k|lqmofdf ;xefuL
u/fOFbg / cfly{s ;|ft, e"ld, lzIff, :jf:Yo / cGo
} ]
cfwf/e"t clwsf/x¿df pgLx¿sf] kx'r k'?ifeGbf sd 5 .
F
To;}n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj;Fu h'‰g / cg'sngdf
"
;lqmo x'g dlxnfx¿ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;Ifd 5}gg .
o; k|ltj]bgn] aªunfb]z, g]kfn / ef/tsf ljkGg
dlxnfx¿ df};dhGo k|sf]kaf6 hLjg, ;DklQ, hLljsf]kfh{g
tyf 3/af/ ;+/If0fdf ;ª3if{/t /x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ b]vfPsf]
æ olb ;/sf/n] ;d'bfosf nflu af9L ;'/lIft
cfjf;x¿ agfOlbPdf af9L cfp“bfsf] avt
PDb'n O:nfd la6'÷PS;gP8
Æ
leq k5{g .
hLpwgsf] ;'/Iff x'g] lyof] .
cd]d u'Nhf/, dG8f]n ufpF, dlxnfsf] clwsf/ k|j4{gdf cg'sng sf]ifn] dxTjk"0f{
"
kml/bk'/ lhNnf, aªunfb]z . e"ldsf v]Ng' k5{ . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;Gb{edf ;dflhs
tyf cfly{s pGgltsf nflu ul/Psf ;fgf k|of; oy]i6 gx'g]
5 . uªuf gbL–a];Ldf cfPsf] eLif0f af9Lkl5 ul/Psf]
F s'/f ;a}n] klxrfg ul/;s]sf 5g . cg'sngsf nflu
"
If]qut cg';Gwfgn] klg cl:y/ jf clglZrt dg;'gL sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug{ wgL /fi6«x¿dfly rfk a9b} uPsf] 5
:j?kn] o; If]qsf dlxnfsf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf kf/]sf] hf] xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;{hg cTolws u5{g / To;}sf]
c;/af/] k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . oBlk, dlxnfx¿ hnjfo' k|efj:j?k ljZjtfkdfgdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . kl/0fdtM
kl/jt{gsf lgliqmo lzsf/ eg] xf]Ogg . sd ljsl;t b]z tyf ;fgf 6fk'sf ljsf;zLn /fHox¿df
cg'sng k|lqmofnfO{ 6]jf lbg cltl/Qm cfly{s tyf
"
;Lldt ;|ft, sdhf]/ ;"rgf k|0ffnL / Go"g ;xof]usf]
] k|fljlws ;|ftsf] Joj:yf x'g' h?/L 5 . dlxnfx¿nfO{
]
cj:yfdf cg';Gwfg ul/Psf] eP klg o; cg';Gwfgn] nlIft u/L cg'sng k|lqmofdf låkIfLo tyf ax"kIfLo
"
h'6fPsf k|df0fx¿n] ul/a If]qsf dlxnfx¿n] ablnFbf] sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf nufgL ul/Psf k|df0f sd} e]l6G5g .
hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cfk"mnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ ;'? ul/;s]sf o;sf] ;fy} ltgLx¿sf] c;dfg'kflts sfo{af]emsf afjh'b
5g eg] cfˆgf] hLljsf]kfh{gnfO{ cem lbuf] / k|efjsf/L klg hnjfo' kl/jt{g tyf cg'sng k|lqmof;DaGwL ;+oQm
" '
agfpg cfjZos kg]{ j:t' :ki6;Fu klxrfg ug{ ;Sg] /fi6«;ª3Lo ax;df ljkGg dlxnfx¿sf] cfjfh sd} dfq
eO;s]sf 5g eGg] k'li6 u5{ . jiff{ofddf a:g tyf ;'lGfG5 . c;dfg'kflts nufgLnfO{ ;dtfd"ns, k|efjsf/L
afnLgfnL Pj+ j:t'efp /fVg ;'/lIft :yfg, hLljsf]kfh]gsf
{ / r':t t'Nofpg hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg'sngsf nflu gLlt
"
ljsNk tyf cg'sng /0fgLltsf af/]df ;"rgf tyf tflnd,
" tyf lgb]l{ zsf th'dfs} qmddf ljkGg dlxnfx¿sf] ;+nUgtf
{
v]tLkftL, Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ k|efjsf/L /0fgLltsf] / pgLx¿sf] cg'ej tyf cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg u/L
th'dfh:tf ;]jfdf pTs[i6 kx'r g} oL dlxnfsf k|fyldstf
{ F k|fyldstfdf kfg'{ cfjZos 5 .
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4

5. cg'sng nufgL ;+oGqn] ul/a dlxnfsf nflu cg'sngsf]
" " o;nfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf lgDgcg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M
cfjZostfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Daf]wg u/L ;xof]u ljQLo cg'sng vfsf / sfof{Gjogsf nflu
"
pknAw u/fpg] ;'lglZrttfsf lgldQ ljz]ifu/L /fli6«o
cg'sng nfugL;DaGwL ;Demf}tf tyf Joj:yfkgdf
" Gofo;ªut k|lqmof ;'lglZrt ug'{ M ljkGg
lhDd]jf/ lgsfonfO{ nlIft u/L ;'emfjx¿ k|:t't u/]sf] dlxnfx¿sf] kx'rsf nfuL ljleGg lgsfosf]
F
5 . oL ;'emfjn] d"nt M Sof]6f] cle;lGwcGt{ut :yfkgf ;+nUgtfdf cGt/f{li6«o ;Demf}tf, /fli6«o cg'sng
"
ePsf] cg'sng sf]if nlIft /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] ;fy}
" nufgL ;+oGqaf/] ;"rgf tyf sf]ifdf ljkGg
klxn]bl] v ;~rfngdf /x]sf] ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3Lo hnjfo'
'
dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg' k5{ .
kl/jt{g ;+/rgfcGt{ut sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] sf]if / ljz]if
hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;+oGq;Fu ;d]t ;DalGwt /xg]5 . cg'sng sf]ifdf ljkGg dlxnfsf] cfjZostfnfO{
"
k|fyldstf lbg' M clt hf]lvdo'Qm ;d"xdf /x]sf
ljkGg dlxnfsf] klxrfg u/L ;xof]usf] k|f?k tof/
ug{ / sfo{ut If]q lgwf{/0fdf ljz]iftM pgLx¿sf nflu
ljQLo cg'sngsf] cfjZostf kl/nlIft ul/g' k5{ .
"
;dfof]hg sf]ifaf6 dlxnfx¿ s;/L nlIft tyf
nfeflGjt x'G5g egL cg'udg ug]{ M n}ªl us
;+jbgzLntf ;"rsfªsnfO{ ;dfj]z u/L sf]ifn]
]
dlxnfsf hLljsf]kfh{g;Fu ;DalGwt vfB ;'/Iff,
;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;dfg kx'rh:tf If]qnfO{ s;/L
F
k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg' k5{ .
cg'sng sf]if Joj:yfkgsf nflu dlxnf
"
;xeflutf ;lxtsf] ;+oGq l;h{gf ug]{ M cg'sng
"
sf]if cg'udgdf gful/s ;dfhsf] nfut clej[l4sf]
;+oGq ljsf; ug]{ ;fy} kl/of]hgfsf] cg'udg,
d'Nofªsg, sf]ifsf] ;fdflhs n]vfk/LIf0fh:tf sfo{df
;fd'bflos :t/sf dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj x'gu/L dlxnf
]
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/g' k5{ .
ljQLo cg'sng ;+oGqn] ul/a ju{sf] cg'sng
" "
sfo{qmddf dlxnfsf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu
k|fyldstf;fy ;xof]u ;'lglZrt ug]{ M lzIff,
;"rgf / hLljsf]kfh{gh:tf cfwf/e"t If]qdf
dlxnfx¿sf] kx'r a9fpg / sf]ifn] k|bfg ug]{
F
cg'sngsf ljsNkx¿sf] 5gf]6df pgLx¿sf]
"
cfjZostfnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ to ul/Psf] 5 eGg]
;'lglZrt ug]{ .
PDb'n O:nfd la6'÷PS;gP8 /fHon] dlxnf ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ e/kbf]{
jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ M Gofo;ªut ;+:yfut ;+/
rgfaf6 dfq dlxnf clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt x'G5 eGg]
oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;f]cg'?k sfo{ ug]{ .
jt{dfg ;dodf cg'sng sf]ifn] :jt:km"t{ / ;dfj]zL
"
k|of;åf/f dfq ul/a dlxnfsf] cfjZostfnfO{
k|fyldstfdf kfg{ ;S5 . ;fy} o;n] eljiodf x'g]
cg'sng;DaGwL cGo ljQLo Joj:yfkg jftf{df hnjfo'
"
kl/jt{gsf] clt hf]lvddf /x]sf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{
;S5 .
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5

6. ! kl/ro
df};ddf cfPsf] kl/jt{gn]] xfd|f] hLjg sl7g agfof]
d]/f] gfd lgd s'df/L af]x/f xf] . d g]kfnsf] af“s] lhNnfsf] d6]lxof eGg] ufp“df
a:5' . d #@ jif{sL eP“ / d ljjflxtf x“"' . gbL glhs} d]/f] v/n] 5fPsf] 3/ 5 /
k|To]s jif{ d af9Låf/f g/fd|/L k|efljt eO/x]sL 5' . xfn}sf jif{x¿df xfd|f
;d:ofx¿ a9]sf 5g . o;}sf/0f d}n] d]/f] cfosf] w]/} lx:;f d]/f] 3/nfO{ ;'/lIft
/fVg vlr{g' k5{ . k|To]s af9Lkl5 d}n] o;nfO{ dd{t ug'{ k5{ .
kfgL slxn] k5{ 7]ufg gePsf]n] xfdLn] cfkm"nfO{ kl/jt{g ug'{ k¥of] . xfdLn] xfd|f] ;a}
afnL gu'df]; eGgsf nflu d}n] xfd|f] Aof8 agfpg] tl/sf kl/jt{g ug{ yfn]“ .
|
kl/l:yltcg'?k d}n] ljleGg k|sf/sf afnL nufpg] u/]sL 5' . cfkmgf] tLg s67f
-sl/a !,))) ju{ld6/_ hUufdf d}n] :yfgLo hftsf] wfg nufpg ?rfp“5' . lxp“b]
lagf]b ltdN;]gf÷PS;gP8 afnLsf ¿kdf xfdL tf]/L / d';/f] klg pAhfp“5f}+ .
'
t/ cfkmgf] afnL ;'/lIft /fVgsf nflu d}n] d]/f] 3/6x/f pEofpg ;Ifd x'g' k5{ . e"ldsf] /fd|f] l;“rfO
k|0ffnL klg xfdL ;a}sf] nflu k|fyldstfsf] If]qleq k5{ . Tolt eP tfklg olb dnfO{ ;f]Wg'xG5 eg] af9L
'
/ ;'Vvf ePsf] avt klg 5f]6f] cjlwdf kfSg] k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ePsf] wfg / cGo afnL xfdLnfO{
rflxG5 .
lgd g]kfn, ef/t / aªunfb]znfO{ hf]8/ aUg] uªuf gbLsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] hflt, ju{, lnªu / ;d'bfo cyjf
t6Lo a];Ldf al:5g . o; t6sf afl;Gbfx¿ a9bf] Pj+
F cfDbfgLsf] :t/sf afah'b klg ;a}nfO{ ;dfg ¿kdf c;/
uDeL/ k|sl[ tsf] af9Laf6 kLl8t 5g . ;g @))& sf] eLif0f kfl//x]sf] 5 . t/ lgdh:tf dlxnfx¿ a9L k|efljt ePsf
dg;'gL jiff{af6 k|efljt x'g] @ s/f]8 *) nfv 5g . lsgeg] plgx¿ dlxnf x'g / dlxnfx¿ w]/} ljkGg
dflg;x¿dWo] lgd Ps x'g . ;g @))& df @ nfv x]S6/ 5g . ;dfhdf ltgLx¿sf] c;dfg l:yltsf] dtna k};f,
afnL kfgL;Fu} x/fPsf] jf gfl;Psf] lyof] . jiff{ /f]lsPsf] e"ld, lx+;faf6 kfpg] ;'/Iffsf ;fy} :jf:Yo / lzIffh:tf
dlxgf}kl5 klg sof}n] cfˆgf] hLljsf]kfh{g oyfl:yltdf
F { cfwf/e"t If]qdf kx'r yf]/} 5 . u'hf/fsf nflu pgLx¿
F
Nofpg ;s]sf 5}gg . ! k|fs[lts ;|ftdf w]/} lge{/ x'G5g . To;}n] kl/jf/sf] x]/rfx
]
ug{ / hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;'/Iffsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ;|ft ]
tyf lghL ;DklQ pgLx¿;Fu yf]/} 5 / hnjfo'hGo
k|sf]kaf6 klg pgLx¿ g} a9L k|efljt 5g . dlxnfx¿ w]/}
k|sf/sf uDeL/ / 5'§} kL8faf6 k|efljt /x]sf 5g .
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6

7. dlxnf– vfB pTkfbs / k|bfossf ¿kdf æhnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 8/nfUbf k/hLjLhGo /f]usf
hLjf0f'sf] k|;f/ x'g] ;dofjlw nlDag] ;Defjgf /xG5 .
dlxnfx¿ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf] hf]lvddf kg'sf] { ;fy} ltgLx¿sf] ef}uf]lns z[ªvnfnfO{ kl/jt{g u/L
[
k|dv sf/0fdWo] k|fs[lts ;|ftx¿dfly c;dfg'kflts ¿kn]
' ] dflg;sf] k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf jf hg:jf:Yo ;]jfsf
lge{/ x'g' tyf kx'r r'gf}tLk"0f{ x'g' klg xf] . ;+oQm
F ' k"jf{wf/sf] cefj ePsf] If]qdf km}lng] ;Defjgf /xG5 .Æ%
/fi6«;ª3Lo hnjfo' kl/jt{g cGt/;/sf/L ;ldlt cf}nf] k/hLjLhGo /f]usf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] h'g hnjfo'
(UN/IPCC) sf] xfn} ;fj{hlgs k|ltj]bg æk|efj,
kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] ljz]ifu/L tfkdfg tyf jiff{sf] j[l4sf]
cg'sng / ;ªs6f;GgtfÆ n] pb3f]if u/]cg';f/ ;g @)@)
" kl/0ffd :j?k a9g] u5{ .
;Dddf clk|msfsf] ;j–;xf/f If]qsf jiff{sf] kfgLdf cfl>t
v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] pTkfbsTjdf nueu %) k|ltztn] x|f; ljz]ift ue{jtL dlxnfx¿ hf]lvddf x'G5g . lsgeg]
cfpg]5 .@ vfB pTkfbgdf cfpg] o:tf] x|f;n] lgZro g} pgLx¿n] dn]l/ofsf lhjf0f' af]Sg] nfdv'§nfO{ ;fwf/0f
]
s[lifhGo k];fdf ;+nUg ax";ªVos dlxnfsf] b'MvnfO{ dlxnfeGbf bf]Aa/ b/df cfslif{t u5{g . uef{j:yfn]
a9fpg]5 . ;j–;fxf/f / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf $% k|ltzt dlxnfsf] dn]l/of;Fusf] k|lt/f]wfTds IfdtfnfO{ 36fpFb}
3/kl/jf/df vfB pTkfbgsf nflu dlxnf g} lhDd]jf/ ;ªqmd0fsf] ;Defjgf a9fP/ c:j:ytf, /QmcNktf;Fu}
5g . ha vfBfGg pTkfbg 365 / ;|ftsf] cefj x'G5 ta
] d[To'sf] hf]lvd a9fpF5 . cf}nf]n] :jtM ue{ktg, ckl/kSj
dlxnfx¿dfly sfo{af]em a9g uO{ pgLx¿sf] 3/aflx/ ;'Ts]/L, d[t–afn–hGd / sd tf}nsf] hGd x'gh:tf afn
]
sfd ug]{ tyf ljBfnodf xflh/ x'g] cj;/ ;ªs6df k5{ . d[To'b/ j[l4sf nIf0fx¿nfO{ a9fpF5 .^
v8]/Lsf avtdf kl/jf/sf nflu dlxnfn] g} 6f9faf6 kfgL hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ljkGg dlxnfnfO{ c;dfg'kflts c;/
Nofpg], z'4Ls/0f ug]{ / cfk"lt{ ug]h:tf sfo{df ;do
{ kfg]{ ePsfn] /fi6«;ª3Lo ;+oGq jf cGo pkfoaf6 pknAw
vlr{g' kg]{ ePsf]n] pQ/bfloTj klg a9]sf] x'G5 .# x'g] cg'sng sf]ifn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu dlxnf
"
dlxnf– :jf:Yo ;+/lIfsfsf ¿kdf cg'sngnfO{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] s'/f alnof] d'2fsf ¿kdf
"
;'lglZrt ug''{ cfjZos 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] dlxnfdf
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] hn tyf udL{;u ;DalGwt
F kfg]{ k|efjsf] ;Daf]wg c;kmn eO/x]sf] o; cj:yfdf
/f]usf] j[l4;Fu} dlxnfx¿ cfˆgf] :jf:Yodf cfOkg]{ cTolws k|efljt dlxnfnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;lsPdf dlxnf /
r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf / kl/jf/sf] x]/ljrf/ ug{;d]t yk k'?ifaLrsf] cg'sng Ifdtfsf] lje]bnfO{ sd ug{ an k|bfg
"
sfo{af]em axg u5{g .$ ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu7gsf cg';f/ u5{ .&
;GhLt bf;÷PS;gP8
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7

8. ;Gbe{
k|:t't k|ltj]bg :ynut cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t 5 . k|ltj]bg
aªunfb]z, ef/t / g]kfndf uªufgbL d}bfgdf a:g] u|fdL0f
;d'bfosf dlxnfx¿sf] b}lgs hLjg, hLljsf]kfh{g, ;fdflhs
cj:yfsf cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . oL tLgj6} b]z hnjfo'hGo
hf]lvdaf6 xb};Dd k|efljt /fi6«dWo] k5{g . of] If]q ljz]iftM
cfFwL / af9Lsf] ;d:ofn] cfqmfGt 5 / :yfgLo ;d'bfodf
7"nf] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . *
uªuf gbL dWolxdfnoaf6 ;'? x'G5 / aªufnsf]
vf8L;Dd @%)) ls=ld= axG5 . uªufa]F;L ;+;f/s}
;a}eGbf a9L hg;ªVof ePsf] a]F;L xf] . uªufsf]
&,%),))) ju{ ls=ld= hnwf/ If]qdf $) s/f]8 dflg; hnjfo';DaGwL cGt/;/sf/L ;ldlt -IPPC) sf cg';f/ hnjfo'
a;f]af; u5{g .
kl/jt{gaf6 Pl;ofdf lgDg k|efj kg{ ;S5g M
• lxdfnL e]udf lxdgbL klUngfn] af9L / lxdklx/f]sf]
;d:of cfpg ;S5 . o;n] lxdgbL v'lDrg hfg]
x'Fbf gbLx¿df kfgLsf] a]u / dfqf ;d]t 36g
hfG5 .
• t6Lo If]q, ljz]ifu/L w]/} hg;ªVof ePsf blIf0f,
k"j{ / blIf0fk"j{ Pl;ofsf If]qx¿df ;d'bsf ;fy}
|
gbLaf6 cfpg] af9Lsf] hf]lvd w]/} x'g5 .
]
• dWo / blIf0f Pl;ofdf @! cf}F ztfAbLsf] dWo;Dddf
vfBfGg pTkfbg #) k|ltztn] 36g uO{ w]/} b]zdf
ef]sd/Lsf] hl6n ;d:of ylkg]5 .
• af9L / v8]/Lsf sf/0f x'g] emf8fkvfnf;DaGwL /f]u
/ ;fd'lb|s tfkqmd a9gfn] x'g] x}hfh:tf /f]un]
ladf/L / d[To'sf 36gfdf j[l4 x'g] ;Defjgf
/xg]5 .
k[i7
8

9. PDb'n O:nfd la6'÷PS;gP8
of] cWoog u|fdL0f If]qsf ljkGg dlxnfx¿dfly ul/Psf] lyof] afFs] lhNnfdf k5{ / of] lhNnfs} ;a}eGbf las6 ufpF dflgG5 .
hf] k'?if jf dlxnf 3/d'nL ePsf] 3/kl/jf/ cyjf hf] kl/jf/sf] of] ufpF Ps bzs nfdf] åGåaf6 kLl8t dfq /x]sf] lyPg, oxfF
cfDbfgLsf] ;|ftsf nflu lhDd]jf/ 5g jf dxTjk"0f{ ¿kdf
] clxn];Dd lah'nL tyf oftfoftsf] pknAwtf klg 5}g .
of]ubfg u5{g . ;xeflutfd"ns cg';Gwfg ;fdfu|Lsf] k|of]u ] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] k|dv pkfo eg]sf] s[lif, kz'kfng tyf df};dL
'
u/]/ pgLx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ablnFbf] dg;'g / af9Lsf] sfd g} xf] . alb{of lhNnfdf /x]sf] ;"ok6'jf ufpF ljsf;
{
:j?kn] kf/]sf] k|efj, ljBdfg ;dGjo /0fgLlt, ;dGjodf ;ldlt klg åGåaf6 k|efljt lyof] / o;n] dlxnfdflysf]
b]vf k/]sf afwf / eljiosf] af9Lsf] kl/b[iodf cfwfl/t hf]lvdnfO{ cem a9fPsf] 5 . oxfFsf ax';ªVos dflg;
cg'sngnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] ;DaGwdf cGj]if0f ul/Psf] lyof] . (
" kz'kfng, df};dL sfd tyf s[lifdf cfwfl/t 5g .
of] cg';Gwfg aªufnfb]zsf] s[lifdf lge{/ b'O{ lhNnf kml/bk'/ hLljsf]kfh{g lsg <
/ kfAgfdf ePsf] lyof] . kml/bk'/sf d'Vo afnLx¿df wfg, hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] dflg;sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf 7"nf] c;/ kf/]sf]
bfn, h'6, Kofh, n;'g abfd / v';f{gL k5{g eg] nueu ;a} 5 . ljkGg dflg;n] af9L, rqmatfh:tf ;ªs6sf sf/0f cfˆgf]
kl/jf/ kIfLkfng / kz'kfngdf ;+nUg 5g . kfAgfdf klg hLljsf]kfh{g u'dfpF5g . k|sf]ksf] csf]{ kL8f kg'klxn] lat]sf]
{
dflg;x¿ s[lif / kz'kfngdf a9L lge{/ 5g . oxfFsf d'Vo k|sf]kaf6 ePsf] Iflt jf hLjg, 3/ / ;DklQsf] k'gM:yfkg ug{
afnLx¿df wfg, ux',F tf]/L, d';/f], ltn / abfd k5{g . ;fd'lxs
' d'l:sn kl//x]sf] x'G5 . hLljsf]kfh{g gePkl5 dlxnfx¿ g}
v]tLkftL / a:t'efp kfng oxfFsf] ;fdfGo cEof; xf] . ef]s} /xg] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . vfB pTkfbs tyf k|a4{ssf
ef/tdf of] cWoog laxf/ k|fGtsf] d'hˆkm/k'/ eGg] ufpFdf ¿kdf dlxnfsf] k|dv e"ldsf /xg'sf ;fy} 3/sf] cfly{s
'
ePsf] lyof] . dlxnfx¿sf nflu d'Vo cfly{s lqmofsnfk lqmofsnfkdf ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ :yfg /x]sf] x'G5 . 3/kl/jf/
[
eg]sf] ldn]/ ul/g] ;fd'lxs v]tL, s[lif dHfb'/L / kz'kfng g} ;~rfngdf blIf0f Pl;ofsf] u|fdL0f cy{tGqdWo] aªunfb]zsf
xf] . lgof{tsf nflu ul/g] lnrL / cfFk v]tL klg :yfgLo !% k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/, g]kfnsf !) k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/ / u|fdL0f
hgtfsf] gubsf] /fd|f] ;|ft /x]sf] 5 . !)
] ef/tsf #% k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/!! dlxnf 3/d"nLsf] dxTjk"0f{
g]kfndf of] cWoog uªuf gbLsf] t6Lo hnfwf/ If]qdf kg]{ :yfg /x]sf] 5 . ha ljkGg dlxnfx¿n] cfˆgf] hLljsf]kfh{g
afFs] lhNnfsf] /fKtL gbL–t6l:yt ufpF / s0ff{nL gbLt6df kg]{ u'dfpF5g, c;dfgtf / l;dfGts[t cj:yfdf cem a9L k|efj
F
alb{of lhNnfdf ul/Psf] lyof] . d6]lxof ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt k/]/ k|tfl8t aG5g .
k[i7
9

10. @ cfwf/e"t oyfy{ M
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg'sng
"
uªuf gbL–a];Lsf dlxnf /
F
xfdLn] lhljsf]kfh{gsf] cGo ljsNk kQf nufpg' k5{
‘t];f] af9Ldf ;a} s'/f ljgfz ePsf] lyof] .
|
klxn]sf af9Lx¿ 7"nf eP klg o;kfnLsf] af9Ln]
s]nfO{ -bfnsf] Ps k|sf/_ h:tf afnLx¿ gi6
PDb'n O:nfd la6'÷PS;gP8
kf¥of] . klxn]sf] af9Ldf eGbf kfgLsf] ;tx clxn]
a9b5 . clxn] af9Lsf] kfgL clglZrt ta/n]
} cVt/ afg' #) jif{sL eOg / b'O{ 5f]/Lx¿sf ;fy t6aGbsf]
cfp“5 . klxn]–klxn] gbLn] c;f/df -aªunfb]zL IfoLs/0fsf] pkh:j?k kbdf gbLsf] cjlzi6 kbfy{n] ag]sf]
kfqf]sf] t];f] dlxgf_ df dfq s6fg uYof]{ t/
| gbLsf] anf}6] 6fk'df al:5g . pgL cfkmgf]] kl/jf/sf] d'nL x'g
/ afv|f tyf kIfLkfng u/]/ kl/jf/sf] u'hf/f rnfp“l5g .
cfhsn jif{el/ g} yf]/ax't s6fg eO/x]sf] 5 . pgsf] cf7F}“ sIff;Ddsf] cWoognfO{ wGojfb 5, lsgeg] pgn]
olb o:t} eO/xg] xf] eg] xfdLn] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] glhs}sf] ufp“df lzlIfsf eP/ cfkmgf] cfDbfgLdf s]xL yk ug{{
j}slNks pkfo vf]Hg' cfjZos x'G5 h:t} M ;xof]u kfPsL l5g . slxnsfxL“ pgL c? dflg;sf] v]tdf
ufOj:t' kfNg' jf ;fgf] Joj;fo ug'{ h;af6 xfdL Hofnfbf/L dhb'/sf ¿kdf klg sfd ul5{g / o; jif{ tLgj6f
af“Rg ;sf}“ .’ af9Låf/f pgL k|efljt ePsL lyOg .
uªuf gbLsf] t6df af9L cfpg' lgoldt k|lqmof g} xf] . jif]gL
{ clgb|f, nfrf/ Pj+ tLj| cfzfsf] efjgfn] u|l;t ePsf] kfP .
cfpg] af9L hndfu{af6 ;fdfg 9'jfgL ug{, l;FrfOsf nflu kl/jf/x¿ af9Lu|:t ;dodf c:yfoL ¿kn] / sltko cj:yfdf
kfgLsf] pknAwtf / hldgsf] pa{/tf a9fpg lgs} kmnbfoL t :yfoL ¿kd} lj:yflkt x'g' kg]{ b]lvof] . o;sf] hl6n c;/
klg x'G5 . tyflk, xfn}sf bzsdf lgGt/ bf]xf]l/O/xg] af9LhGo ;fdflhs ;xfotf ;~hfn / kfl/jfl/s aGwgdf kg{ hfG5
k|sf]ksf] ;do / axfjsf] cjlwdf pNn]vgLo kl/jt{g cfPsf] h;n] dlxnfnfO{ af9Lsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 . o;
5 . df};ddf cfPsf] ljrngsf] 9fFrfn] 3gf jiff{sf] ;ªst ] cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt k|df0fn] ;a} af9Lu|:t If]qsf] of] ;femf
æ
!@
u/]sf] 5 h;sf sf/0f clws jiff{ x'G5 . clgoldt ¿kdf ;d:of xf] eGg] ls6fg u5{ .
x'g] 3gf jiff{n] ck|Tofl;t ¿kdf af9L bf]xf]l/g] ;Defjgf klg
a9]sf] 5 . t/ cVt/h:tf dlxnfsf nflu To;sf] ;fdgf ug'{
xfd|f] ufp“sf dflg;n] Ps csf{klt ;xof]usf]
|
g} klxnf] ;To xf] . efjgf x/fO;s]sf 5g / ca t ;fdflhs
;'ldqfn] cg'ej u/]cg';f/ -k[i7 !! x]gxf];_ 7"nf] txsf] af9Ln]
{' efjgf g} af“sL 5}g . dflg;n] Ps csf{nfO{
pNn]vgLo ¿kdf v]tLkftL, j:t'efp tyf ;DklQsf] gf]S;fgL ;xof]u ub}gg a? u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf jf
{
u5{ . pgLh:tf dlxnfn] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu Hofnfbf/L ;/sf/sf] ;xof]u s'// a:5g . af9L
]
>ldssf] ¿kdf sfd ug'{ jf ;fx";u rsf]{ Aofhb/df C0f
F
lng'afx]s cGo s'g} ljsNk /xFbg . ha e08f/0f ul/Psf]
}
cfPsf avt Pscsf{nfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ efjgf
k'gM s;/L Nofp“g ;lsG5 eg]/ xfdLn] ;f]Rg'
Æ
vfBfGg, aLplahg / cGo k|sf/sf ;DklQsf] Iflt x'G5 ta
vfBfGg / aLplahgsf] d"No j[l4 x'G5 . b}lgs Hofnfbf/L u/]/ h?/L eO;s]sf] 5 .
hLjg wfGg] >ldssf nflu xKtf}F jf dlxgf};Dd a]/f]huf/ /xg'
F –r'NrLb]aL, u+u6L la;gk'/,
kg]{ cj:yf pTkGg eP hLjg emg} sl7g aG5 . laxf/, ef/t
o; ;Gbe{df, 3/fo;L ;fdu|L tyf ef}lts ;DklQsf] Ifltsf lgZro g} k|sf]ksf] dgf]j1flgs c;/ dlxnfx¿df dfq ;Lldt
}
afah'b klg dlxnfx¿n] af9Laf6 pTkGg x'g] dfgl;s kL8fsf] 5}g t/ ;xof]u ug]{ lgsfo jf JolQm pknAw gePsf] ;dodf
;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ jf:tljstfk|lt cfZro{ dfGg' kg]{ cj:yf cfkm" 7"nf] ;d:ofdf k/] tfklg kl/jf/sf c? ;b:osf] x]/larf/
x'bg . g]kfnsf cg';Gwfg If]qx¿df uf}tdn]!# dflg;x¿ lrGtf,
F}
/ /]vb]v ug]{ yk sfo{af]em eg] pgLx¿df k/]s} x'G5 .
k[i7
10

11. ;'ldqfb]jL ef/tsf] laxf/ k|fGtdf kg]{ afudtL gbL glhs}sf] rf}kfn
e/t ufp“df al:5g . pgL / pgsf >Ldfg e"ldxLg 5g / :yfgLo
;fx"n] clwof“df lbPsf] hUufdf wfg, ds}, ux'“ / t/sf/Lv]tL ug'kj{
{ "
Hofnfbf/L sfd ug]{ uy]{ .
æxfd|f] wfgafnL k"0f{ ¿kdf ;vfk eof] .
cln klxn] kfgL k/]sf] eP xfdLn] s]xL
t/sf/L;Dd nufpg ;SYof}“ . t/ ca
To;sf] nflu klg l9nf] eO;Sof] / xfd|f]
v]t cem} hnfdo 5 . afnLsf] ladf
hUufwgLn] lng]5 / xfdLnfO{ s]xL
cfpg]5g . xfd|f] d]xgt, wfg pAhfpg
}
u/]sf] ;Dk"0f{ nufgL / vr{ v]/ uof] .
Æ
;'ldqfb]jL rf}kfn ef/t ufpF, afUdtL
gbL glhs}, laxf/, ef/t
;GhLt bf;÷PS;gP8
k[i7
11

12. xfdLnfO{ af9Lsf] c;/;“ u h' ‰ g ljBdfg cg'sng /0fgLlt
"
lhljsf]kfh{gsf] ljsNkn] ;xof]u u¥of] / o;sf ;Ldfx¿
æd]/f] gfd ;jf/L yf? xf], d #@ jif{sL Aff9Ln] cGo aGws >ldsnfO{ h:t} ;jf/L yf? / pgsf
afnaRrfnfO{ ;d]t Jofks c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . pgLx¿ xf]rf]
eP“ / g]kfnsf] ;"ok6'jfdf a:5' . xfdL
{
e"ld / hf]lvdo'Qm gbLsf t6x¿df a:g afWo 5g .
d'Qm sd}of xf}“ . xfdLnfO{ ;/sf/n] yf]/}
To;}sf/0f pgLx¿sf pTkfbg af9Ln] ;lhn} aufpF5 .
dfq e"ld lbPsf] 5 . d]/f] kl/jf/df !)
;b:o 5f}“ . xfdL klxn] c?sf] nflu sfd t/, dlxnfx¿ ufx|f] cj:yfsf afah'b lg/Lx lzsf/sf]
¿kdf g/xL ;a} r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf u5{g . ;jf/L yf¿sf]
uYof}+{ t/ clxn] xfdLn] l5d]sL /
sygn] o;nfO{ k'i6L u/]sf] 5 . dlxnfx¿ hLjg,
cfkmGtsf] ;xof]udf sfpnL, Kofh, hLljsf]kfh{g / ;DklQsf] /Iff ug{ /0fgLlt / ;+oGq lgdf{0f
uf]ne]8fh:tf t/sf/L pAhfpg yfn]sf
“ ug{ ;Ifd 5g .
5f}“ . of] jif{ af9Ln] ;a} t/sf/L v]tL
aªunfb]zdf kfgLsf] ;tx a9bf s]xL dlxnfx¿ glhs}sf]
;vfk kf¥of] .
cUnf] hldgtkm{ hfG5g / cfkm" tyf cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf]
xfdLn] a]ndf dT:okfngsf af/]df
} ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt ug{ c:yfoL af; agfpF5g . sltn] t
g;f]rsf] eP af9Låf/f yk kLl8t x'GYof}“ .
] cUnf] 7fpFdf /x]sf cfkmGt / ;fyLsf] 3/df z/0f lnG5g .
xfdLn] d+u/ hftsf] df5fsf ! xhf/ e'/f
' dlxnfx¿ aLplahg af9L cfpg'kj{ g} 3/sf] cUnf] :yfgdf
"
kf]v/Ldf 5f]8/ dT:okfng ;'? u¥of}“ . tL
] ;'/lIft;Fu /fV5g h;sf sf/0f pgLx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf]
dWo]sf s]xLnfO{ af9Ln] aufof] t/ ;|ft ;'/lIft /xg]5 . slxnsfxLF kz'kIfLnfO{ cUnf] e"lddf
]
clwsf+znfO{ p4f/ ug{ d ;kmn eP“ . nluG5 t/ ufO{j:t'sf] nflu ;'/lIft :yfg e]66fpg lgs}
tyflk, af9Lsf] sf/0fn] tf/ftfn / sl7g x'G5 . af9Lsf] k|lts"n k|efjsf] kl/0ffd:j?k pTkGg
;fgf]>L ahf/ hfg] af6f] lxnfDd] eP/ x'g] vfBfGg tyf cGo cfjZos ;fwgsf] cefjlj?4 h'‰g
dlxnfx¿n] k};f ;fk6 lnG5g / kz'kIfL nufot cGo
aGb ePsf] 5 kl/0ffd:j?k d df5f a]Rg
;fwg laqmL u5{g .
ahf/ hfg ;lSbg . obL d}n] lhNnf
;b/d'sfd uP/ tflnd lng ;s]sf] eP s]xL ls;fgn] hndUg v]tdf afnL s'lxgaf6 arfpg af9L
t/sf/L v]tL / df5f v]tL b'adf yk
} cfpg'cl3 g} leqofpg ;lsg] jf l56} kfSg] hftsf afnL
nufpF5g . To;sf] ;fy} pgLx¿n] ljutsf] l;sfOsf
sfd ug{ ;Sy]“ .
cfwf/df af9Lsf] cf}ift ;txeGbf cUnf] x'g] hftsf afnL
d]/f] >Ldfg df};dL Hofnfbf/Lsf] nflu nufpg] u5{g, h;sf sf/0f nufOPsf] afnLdf w]/} 7"nf]
ef/t hfG5g . ToxL sf/0fn] afnaRrf, k|efj gk/f]; .
æ
t/sf/Lv]tL / df5fkfng ;a}klt d]/f]
|
w]/} pQ/bfloTj 5 . xfd|f] ufp“df klg d tL ls;fgx¿dWo] Ps x“" hf] a]df};dL
;fgf] 3/]n' pBf]u eP Psbd /fd|f] x'g] t/sf/L / s]/f v]tLdf ;+nUg 5g . oL
lyof] . dT:okfng / t/sf/L v]tL ug{ afnLx¿ af9L / v8]/Laf6 sd Iflt x'G5g .
xfdLnfO{ yk ;Lk / ahf/sf] vf“rf] 5 .
xfd|f pTkfbg a]Rg] ahf/af/] xfdL
d}n] a]Rgsf nflu s/];faf/Ldf t/sf/L
;'lglZrt x'g ;s] xfdLn] cfkmgf] Jofkf/ pTkfbg ug{ yfn]sL 5' . nufOPsf] afnL
lj:tf/ ug]{ lyof}“ .Æ gi6 x'gaf6 hf]ufpg xfdL ;dIf xfd|f]
v]tLafnL nufpg] tf}/tl/sfdf kl/jt{g
k[i7
12
ug'sf] csf]{ ljsNk g} 5}g .
{
Æ nf}6gL yf?,
;'ok6'jf ufpF, alb{of lhNnf, g]kfn .
{

13. To;}u/L, tLg b]zdf ul/Psf] cWoogaf6 k|fKt
glthfcg';f/ aLpAof8 tof/ kfg]{ ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/, :yfgLo
kl/j]z / df};dcg';f/ afnLsf] hftsf] 5gf]6 -:yfgLo /
j0f{zªs/ hftsf] ld>0f_ ;xof]uL k|ljlwsf] ¿kdf kfOof] .
o; ljlwaf6 hLljsf]kfh{gdf kg]{ k|lts"n k|efj s]xL
xb;Dd sd ePsf] b]lvof] . j0f{zªs/ hftx¿ k|fo M
dxFuf x'G5g eg] s]xL hftsf] /]vb]v / x]/rfx ug{ w]/} >d
rflxg] x'g ;S5g . clws >d cfjZos k/]df dlxnfdfly
g} af]em ylkG5 . To:t} tL hftsf] pTkfbgsf] nflu k|r/ '
1fg / ;Lk rflxG5 hf] u|fdL0f, ul/a / ;LdfGts[t
dlxnfx¿;Fu x'bg . dlxnfx¿ sd lzlIft x'g] x'gfn] gofF
F }
;Lk l;Sg] If]qdf ;d]t kx'r ;Lldt x'G5 . 1fg, ;Lk, /
F
k|ljlw l;Sg] sfo{df ;+nUg x'g kfP pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf
ljsf; x'g] lyof] t/ o; cj;/af6 dlxnf k|foM jl~rt
/x]sf 5g . lagf]b ltldN;]gf÷PS;gP8
dlxnfx¿åf/f 5/l5d]sdf j}slNks pmhf{ k|j4{g -;f}o,{
uf]a/ Uof;, ;'wfl/Psf] u[x:y r'nf]_ ug]{ cEof;df ;+nUg
x'g yfn]sf 5g . pgLx¿n] sd >d nfUg] afnL nufpg],
ldl>t afnL tyf cGt/ afnLsf] nflu kxn ug],{ ;lhn}
ahf/ pknAw x'g] afnL tyf v8]/L ;xg] afnL
nufpg]h:tf cg'sngsf ljsNkx¿ klxrfg ul/Psf] /
"
l;FrfOdf nufgL a9fpg] pkfo cjnDag ePsf] 5 t/
w]/h;f] dlxnfx¿ o;nfO{ wfGg ;Ifd aGg ;s]sf 5}gg .
} pgLx¿;Fu yf]/} ;DklQ ePsf] sf/0f ;fx|f–ufx|f] k/]sf] avt
]
æ
;fdflhs ;'/Iff ;+oGqsf] cefjdf kmfObf p7fO{ rsf]{
Aofh c;'Ng] JolQmut ;fx" dxfhgsxfF cf>o lng afWo
l5d]sLx¿n] k|of]u ug]{ ;fdfu|Lsf] af/]df 5g . oBlk, cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPcg';f/ g]kfndf a9bf]
yfxf x'bfx'b} klg To:tf ;fdfg h'6fpg d
“ “ qmddf /x]sf] ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t ;xsf/L ;d"x /
;~hfnx¿ ;d'bfosf] ;fd'lxs cleofg ;~rfng ug],{
c;dy{ 5' . d tL ;a}sf] kmfObfaf/] ;'/lIft hLljsf]kfh{gsf] lgldQ Ifdtf clej[l4 ug]{ Pj+
ul/a dlxnfsf] cfly{s hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug]h:tf sfo{df
{
hfGb5' t/ Tof] k|ljlwsf] d"No lgs} w]/} cu|;/ /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu >dsf] PsLs[t
5 . Tof] k|ljlw k|of]u ug{ d]/f] cfly{s ;b'kof]u / ;dod} v]tL nufpg] sfo{df ;d'bfon] kd{
Æ
-;fd'lxs >d–;6xL_ k|0ffnL ;~rfng u5{g hf] klxn]bl] v g}
cj:yf g} afws ag]sf] 5 . kxf8L ;d'bfodf JofKt lyof] . ;fd'bflos artsf]
ldG6' ltjf/L, d6]lxof ufpF, Jojxf/nfO{ klg l5d]sLaLrsf] ;fdflhs P]Soa4tfsf]
afFs] lhNnf, g]kfn . k|df0f dfGg ;lsG5 .
æxfdLn] xfd|f] dgf]jlQ / cEof;df kl/jt{g NofPgf“} eg] abln“bf]
[
kl/j]zdf af“Rg d'l:sn x'g5 . xfdLn] a;fO“;/fOaf6 cfPsf kxf8L
]
;d'bfosf] h:t} k|0ffnL c“ufNb}5f}“ . xfdLn] af9L / v8]/Llj?4
h'‰gnfO{ ;dflhs ;+:yfsf] ljsf; u/]sf 5f}“ h;af6 af9L kLl8t
l5d]sLsf nflu vfgf / af; pknAw u/fpg] ;+oGq lgdf{0f xf]; .ÚÚ
d'Ggf d's]/L, %%, d6]xLof ufpF .
lagf]b ltldN;]gf÷PS;gP8
k[i7
13

14. # k|fdfl0fs kIf M
cg'sng–k|fyldstfdf dlxnfsf] hLljsf]kfh{g
"
æ xfdL ufO{df lge{/ 5f}“ / xfd|f] u[x:yLsf] nflu of] cToGt} dxTjk"0f{ 5 . olb xfd|f]
hldg hndUg eof] eg] d}n] tx a9fpg ;of}“ O“6f lsGg' kg]{ x'G5 h;sf] nflu k};f
rflxG5 . To;dfly xfdLdWo] sf]xL klg lzlIft 5}gf}“ . olb sf]xL lzlIft jf
kz'lrlsT;s ePsf] eP af6f]df cj/f]w ePsf] a]nf ufOj:t'sf] pkrf/ ug{
;lsGYof] . olb xfdL;“u df5f dfg]{ 8'ªuf ePsf] eP xfdLdWo] kf“rn] ;fd'lxs ¿kdf
Æ
ef8fdf lnO{ glhs}sf] anf}6] 6fk'df uO{ ufOj:t'sf] nflu 3f“; Nofpg ;SYof}“ .
df]d]gf a]ud, u'Nhf/ dG8f]n ufpF, kml/bk'/ lhNnf, aªufnfb]z
cg';Gwfgdf efu lnPsf dlxnfx¿n] k]z u/]sf] wf/0ffdf
af9L;Fu cg'sl" nt x'g' cfjZos /x]sf] cfef; k|i6 ¿kdf
kfOPsf] 5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 hLjgdf k|lts"n c;/
kf/]sf] cg'ej pgLx¿n] JoQm u/]sf 5g / ;'/lIft
hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu cg'sngsf k|of; u/]sf 5g .
"
pgLx¿ cg'sngsf ljBdfg ;+oGq / ljlw tyf To;sf
"
;Lldt kIfaf/] cgle1 /x]sf] kfOP klg pgLx¿nfO{ cfˆgf]
jt{dfg l:ylt lglZrt ¿kdf yfxf 5 / k|dv k|fyldstfdf
'
kg]{ cTofjZos j:t' jf ;fwgsf] ;"rLsf] gofF r'gf}tL ;fd'
;'/lIft hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu h'‰g' k5{ eGg] yfxf 5 .
tLgj6} b]zsf clwsf+z dlxnfn] afnL ljljlws/0f /
cg'sl" nt s[lif k|0ffnL Pj+ cEof;nfO{ h?/L 7fg]sf] kfOof] .
oBlk, pgLx¿n] cfkm";u gofF s[lif k|0ffnL cFufNg] Ifdtf
F PDbfb'n O:nfd la6'÷PS;gP8
sd ePsf] dx;'; u/] . To;}n] pgLx¿n] ;fyL,
clVtof/jfnf, k];j/, lj1 / u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfh:tf cGo
]
;/f]sf/jfnfaf6 s[lif, kz'kIfL, af9L / v8]/L ;xg] hftsf
afnL, lglZrt hnjfo'sf] cj:yf cg'sn pTkfbg lbg]
"
:yfgLo / j0f{zªs/ afnLsf hftx¿, dn k|of]u,
sL6gfzs, l;FrfO, afnL leqofPkl5sf] k|ljlw, ;'wfl/Psf]
kz'kfng Pj+ hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu j}slNks 1fg, ;Lk /
k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ rfxG5g . g]kfnL dlxnfx¿n] ljz]if u/L
æ
cWoog e|d0f, ;Lkd"ns tflndsf] cfjZostfdf hf]8
lbP . pgLx¿n] afv|fkfng / s'v/fkfngnfO{ af9Låf/f
' xfdL gof“ ;Lk l;Sg] s'/fdf lgs} k5fl8
IftLu|:t dg;'gL afnLsf] c;/ Go"gLs/0fsf] pkfosf] /x]sf 5f}“ . d ;f]R5', xfdLn] klg
¿kdf lnPsf] kfOof] .
hfgsf/L, tflnd / cGo ljsNksf]
af/]df hfGg' h?/L 5 . xfdL cGo
ufp“sf dlxnfx¿n] s;/L hLljsf]kfh{g
14
k[i7
wfg]sf 5g eg]/ x]g{ rfx5f}“ .
Æ
d'Ggf d's]/L, d6]xLof ufpF, afFs] g]kfn .

15. ;GhLt bf;÷PS;gP8
æ
ljsf;f]Gd'v d'nssf dlxnfx¿sf] ;Lk clej[l4 ug'{ kg]{
'
cfjZostfnfO{ cGo cWoogx¿n] ;d]t k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . ;/sf/n] ;d'bfosf nflu af9L–
:srn] eg]cg';f/ ……olb dlxnfx¿n] hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu
ufFl;Psf ;Dk"0f{ ljQLo kIf 5'g] xf] eg] pgLx¿sf] ;'/lIft c:yfoL cfjf;
cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t Ifdtf clej[l4 ug{ / pgLx¿sf] agfOlbPdf af9L cfPsf] ;dodf
Æ
lxtdf hnjfo' jftf{df k}/jL ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .ÚÚ
;'/Iff ;a}sf] k|d'v ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo xf] . t/, ljz]ifu/L
xfd|f] hLpwgsf] ;'/Iff x'g] lyof] .
;+/Ifssf] ¿kdf dlxnfsf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . aªunfb]zsL cd]df u'Nhf/, dG8f]n ufpF, kml/bk'/, aªunfb]z .
Ps dlxnfsf] ufpF d f xfn} dfq rf/j6f 6fk'
-gbLs6fg / e"Ifosf sf/0f_ ag]sf] 5, pgsf cg';f/ oxfF dlxnfsf] ;d'Gglt Pj+ hLljsf]kfh{gsf] nflu lrlsT;s, kz'
a;'Gh]n pgLx¿ slxn] klg cfk"mnfO{ ;'/lIft 7fGb}gg . pgLx¿sf lrlsT;f, s[lif k|;f/ ;]jfdf pgLx¿sf] kx'r x'g' klg cfjZos
F
nflu cg'sngsf] k|yd k|fyldstf eg]sf] ;d'bfosf] k'gjf;
" { x'G5 . af9Lsf] avt clwsf+z ;8s / af6f] hndUg x'G5g /
xf] hxfF ;'/lIft;fy a:g / hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ ;lsof]; . hals, ;d'bfo plNnlvt ;]jfaf6 k|foM al~rt /xG5g . af9L j[l4
clwsf+z dflg;n] oyf:yfgdf cUnf ejg lgdf{0f u/]/ cg'sl" nt eO/x]sf] kl/b[iodf dlxnfx¿n] pgLx¿sf] lhljsf]kfh{gsf]
x'g] ck]Iff /fv]sf x'G5g . cfwf/df k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fVg] oL ;]jfx¿sf] kx'r x'gkg]{
F '
clwsf+z dlxnfn] af9Lsf] avt cf>o lng ;lsg] af;:yfgsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/] .
lgdf{0f cToGt} h?/L ePsf] pNn]v u/] . o:tf :yfgdf kLl8t
tyf ul/a hgtfsf] kx'r ;xh xf]; / kz';lxt kz'cfxf/ tyf
F
aLp ;'/lIft /fVg ;lsof]; eGg] rfxgf kfOPsf] 5 .
k[i7
15

16. tflnsf
af9Lsf] k|lts"n c;/, af9Llj?4 h'em g] ljBdfg /0fgLlt,+
;fdgf Ifdtf Pj+ uªuf gbLa};Lsf dlxnfsf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf
F
;Gbe{df ;xof]usf] k|fyldstf
b]z hLljsf]kfh{gdf k|efj ljBdfg ;xof]u tyf cg'sngsf
" ljBdfg ;Ldf
cg'sng /0fgLlt
" k|fylds If]q
aªunfb]z 3/ tyf 6x/fsf] Iflt k};f ;fk6 lng] lhljsf]kfh{gsf] j}slNks pko'Qm ;Lk tyf
kz' k IfL s' v ' / fdf husf] tx j[l4 ug]{ pkfo vf]Hg] 1fgsf] sdL,
/f]u÷d[To' ufOj:t' tyf s'v'/fnfO{ 3/ tyf uf]7sf] hu cUnf] ef}lts ;fdu|L tyf
3fF; ;f]Q/sf] sdL cUnf] 7fpFdf /fVg] kfg]{ ljQdf ;Lldt kx'rF
ahf/ k'Ug cK7of/f] kf/Dkl/s cf}iflwsf] k|of]u ;fd'bfonfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf ;'/lIft hldg /
v]tsf] afnLdf Iflt 5/l5d]sdf a]Rg] :yfgfGt/0f ug]{ cfjf;sf] cefj
;'/lIft e08f/0fsf] af9Lk"j{ leqØfpg ;Sg] ;fd'bflos cfjf;sf] lgdf{0f af9Lsf] k|sf]kkl5
cefjdf lap ty afnL nufpg] :yfoL kz':jf:Yo ;]jf / lsGg ;lsg] d"Nosf]
cGgsf] IftL af9Ld'Qm 7fpFdf v]tL ug]{ cf}iflwsf] Joj:yf lapsf] cefj
s[ l ifhGo kbfy{ sf] jf afnL nufpg] af9Lsf] ;dodf 5f]6f] kfSg] ;]jfpk/ dlxnfsf]
pRr d"No / cefj pTkfbg 3/sf] cUnf] / v]tL ug]{ kx'Frdf ;fF:s[lts
afn'jfsf] y'kfn] ubf{
|] ;'/lIft 7fpFdf e08f/0f ug]{ af9Lsf] ;dosf] nflu x'g] afwfx¿
pTkfbsTjdf x|f; afn' j fdf dlnnf] df6f] oftfoft Joj:yfdf ;'wf/
ahf/ tyf C0fdf kx'Fr
a9fpg]
ef/t 3/sf] Iflt ;fx";u k};f lng]
F lhljsf]kfh{gsf] j}slNks pko'Qm 1fg tyf
kz'wgsf] Iflt cUnf] ;8sdf ;g]{ ;|ftsf] ljsf;
] ;Lksf] sdL
;' w fl/Psf] c:yfoL kSsL 3/ lgdf{0f ug]{ ljQLo ;| f ] t sf]
kfgLhGo /f]u af9L ;f]:g ;Sg] Ifdtf
cfjf;df ;g]{ sdL
s'F8f]÷ cfxf/f / kz'kIfLsf] laqmL ug]{ ePsf l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;:tf] Aofhsf]
kz'cfxf/sf] cefj afWotf ;+/If0f C0f cefj
/f]huf/Lsf] sdL
;fx";u k};f lng]
F hLljsf] k fh{ g sf] j} s lNks pko'Qm ;Lk tyf
g]kfn dlnnf] hUufsf]
pkfo
cefj 3/6x/fsf] hu cUnf] kfg]{ 1fgsf] sdL
e08f/0f ul/Psf ufpFaflx/ a;fOF;/fO ug]{ kSsL 3/ lgdf{0f ljQLo tyf
lap tyf cGgsf] ;fd'lxs v]tLsf] cEof; s[lif tyf kz';DaGwL 1fgsf] ef}lts ;fdu|Lsf]
Iflt km/s k|sf/sf] Aof8 lgdf{0f lj:tf/ ;] j fdf ;Lldt
vfgfsf] sdL j}slNks pmhf{sf] k|of]u 3/ tyf 6x/f cUnf] kfg]{ kx'rF
:yfgLo 1fgsf] k|of]uåf/f v]tL c;kmn x'gaf6 hf]ufpg ;:tf] Aofhsf]
nfutdf kx'rsf]
F
afnL ljljwLs/0fsf] nflu cGt/afnL / ld>Lt afnLsf] C0f ;xof] u sf]
sdL
cGt/afnL, ldl>t afnL cEof; k|f/De cefj
v]tLof]Uo hUufdf
/ ax"afnL nufpg] cEof; gub]afnLsf] pTkfbg ;' / lIft e" l dsf]
afn'jfsf] cefj
cjlzi6Ls/0f s[ l if tyf kz'
afWofTds k| ; f/ ;] j fdf
a;fOF;/fO ;Lldt kx'rF
v] t Ldf pRr
nfut
k[i7
16

17. $ gLltut cGt/
cg'sng nufgLdf dlxnfsf] clwsf/
"
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] uDeL/ c;/ ljz]ifu/L ul/a dlxnfdf pgLx¿n] cg'sngsf] ;Gbe{df cfˆgf] cfjZostf tyf
"
k/]sf] 5 / o;lj?4 h'‰g' kg]{ k|dv lhDd]jf/L pgLx¿s}
' hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ;'wf/sf nflu k|efjsf/L tl/sf ckgfpg
sfFwdf 5 . cg';Gwfgdf ;xefuL dlxnfn] pgLx¿sf] / hnjfo'hGo hf]lvdn] ljz]ifu/L dlxnfx¿sf] hLjg
kl/jf/df ul/aLlj?4 h'‰g / kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fd'bflos lgjf{xdf v8f u/]sf] r'gf}tLlj?4 n8g cg'sng sf]if
"
¿kdf hLljsf]kfh{g /0fgLlt sfof{Gjogdf hnjfo' cfjZos /x]sf]df hf]8 lbPsf 5g .
kl/jt{gn] s:tf] afwf k'¥ofPsf] 5 eGg] b]vfPsf 5g .
;GhLt bf;÷PS;gP8
k[i7
17

18. hnjfo' kl/jt{g;DaGwL uPsf] bzse/ ljZjJofkL ¿kdf oBlk, ljBdfg pknAw ;|ftx¿ ;Lldt 5g . oL ;|ftsf]
] ]
j[l4 eO/x]sf] pi0fLs/0f /f]Sg xl/t u[x Uof; pT;{hgdf lbuf] / k|efjsf/L pkof]u tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]
s;/L s6f}tL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ljifodf ax; s]lGb|t /x]sf] kl/0ffd:j?k ul/a dlxnfdfly c;dfg'kflts lx;fan]
5 . t/, ca Tof] ax;sf] Wofg csf]{ If]qdf ;/]sf] 5 / a9]sf] af]emnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/g' cToGt} cfjZos 5 . s"n
cTolws hf]lvdo'Qm b]zx¿nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g ul/asf] ;ªVofdf dlxnfsf] lx:;f &) k|ltzteGbf a9L
cg'sngsf] nflu ;xof]u gul/Pdf ;fdflhs–cfly{s
" /x]sfn] klg cg'sng nufgL / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efjsf]
"
j[l4sf] ;fy} ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo k|fKtLdf ;d]t cj/f]w ;fdgf ug]{ /0fgLlts sfo{df pgLx¿nfO{ k|fyldstfdf
cfpg] oyfy{ phfu/ eO;s]sf] 5 . ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3Lo
' /fVg' cfjZos 5 .
hnjfo' kl/jt{g cGt/;/sf/L ;ldlt (IPCC) sf] xfn}
k|sflzt k|ltj]bgcg';f/ ……hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj o;} kl/b[iodf o; k|ltj]bgn] dlxnf clwsf/sf] /Iff /
Go"gLs/0fsf nflu Hofb} s8f k|of; ul/Pdf klg o;sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;fdgf ug]{ k|of;df gLltut Joj:yfsf]
c;/ cfufdL s]xL bzs;Dd sd x'g] ;Defjgf 5}g, cefj Jofks /x]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . blIf0f Pl;ofsf ul/a /
To;}n] k|efjsf/L cg'sng cfjZos 5 .!^
" lk5l8Psf dlxnfsf af/]df hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|lts"n
k|efj;Fu h'‰g] pgLx¿sf] cg'ejsf] sb/ ub}{ cg'sng"
ljsf;f]Gd'v b]znfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg'sngsf] nflu !)
" /0fgLltdf ;'wf/sf] nflu cfjZos sbd cl3 a9fpg o;
b]lv %) ca{ cd]/LsL 8n/ cltl/Qm nufgL ug'{ kg]{ cg';Gwfg k|ltj]bgn] pgLx¿sf] b[9 ljrf/;d]t k|:t't
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .!& of] cg'dfgn] ;'Id / oyfy{k/s u/]sf] 5 . k|:t't k|ltj]bgn] cg'sng nufgLsf] vfsf
"
u0fgf ug{ g;s] klg ul/aL 36fpg / cfly{s ljsf;sf] th'df k|lqmof, ;'zf;g, Joj:yfkgsf ;fy} ;du| sfo{qmd
{
af6f]df cl3 a9g cem} yk k|of; ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] / ultljlwdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;xeflutf h?/L 5 eGg] :ki6
5 . kl/0ffd:j?k hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] nflu k|dv lhDd]jf/
' ¿kdf cf}NofPsf] 5 .
F
7xl/Psf wgL /fi6«x¿n] ul/a, cTolws hf]lvddf /x]sf
tyf sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] ;d"x / ;fgf 6fk' b]zsf]
;d"xsf nflu cg'sng k|lqmofnfO{ cfly{s / k|fljlws
"
;xof]usf] dfqf a9fpg' kg]{ oyfy{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg]
cj:yf 5}g .
PDb'n O:nfd la6'÷PS;gP8
k[i7
18

19. cg'sng sf]if
" /fHo tyf ;+:yfsf] e"ldsf
cg'sng nufgLdf dlxnfsf cfjZostfnfO{ ;dflxt ug{
" cg'sng sf]if PSn}n] ul/a dlxnf tyf ;d'bfosf
"
n}ªl us lrGtgnfO{ cg'sng nufgLsf] k|0ffnLdf!* ;dflxt
" cfjZostfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sb}g . o;sf] nflu ;dfhdf
n}ªl us ;dfgtf sfod /fVg k|lta4 ;jn gLlt tyf
ug'{ k5{ . o;sf nflu tn n]lvPsf l;4fGtaf/] dgg ug'{
;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] cfjZostf k5{ . To;}n,] cg'sng
"
cfjZos 5 M
sf]ifnfO{ ;dtfd"ns / k|efjsf/L agfpg /fHo, /fHosf
k|hftflGqs ;'zf;g :yfgLo lgsfo tyf ;ª3;+:yfn] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x
gful/s ;dfhsf] ;xeflutf ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
lbuf] / ;+:yfut nufgL
zt{/lxt cfly{s nufgL ;dfhleq n}ªl us ;dfgtfsf] k|lta4tf x'g' cfjZos 5 .
clt ;ªs6f;Gg cj:yfdf /x]sf ;d'bfosf] kx'r .
F cg'sng nufgLdf ;dfgtfsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg] sfo{df /fHo /
"
;ª3;+:yfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . ul/a dlxnf,
cg'sng;DaGwL lgDgcg';f/sf cGt/fli6«o sf]ifx¿n] ;+oQm
" ' pgLx¿sf] kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|lts"n
/fi6«;ª3Lo hnjfo' kl/jt{g sfo{;/rgfsf] dftxtdf /x]/
+ / a[xt k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ oL lgsfon] ;a}sf] Ifdtf
sfo{ u5{g M clej[l4 ug]{ Goflos k|lta4tf /fHon] ug'{ k5{ . hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf] k|lts"n k|efjsf] ;fdgfsf nflu ;fdflhs /
sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] sf]ifn] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«df gLlt Goflos cg'sngsf nflu nufgLdf ;+nUg ;a} kIfn]
"
lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjogdf nufgL u/]sf 5g . /fli6«o ljz]ifu/L dlxnfsf] ;dfg clwsf/ / kx'rsf] k|Tofe"lt lbg]
F
cg'sng sfo{qmd ;+/rgf (gfkf–NAPA) th'df
" { jftfj/0f tof/ ug'{ h?/L 5 .
k|lqmofdf n}ªl us ;dfgtfnfO{ Ps k|dv tTjsf]
'
ljz]ifu/L /fHon] sfg'gL ¿kd} dlxnfsf] ;dfg clwsf/sf]
¿kdf /flvPsf] eP klg o;af6 ;~rfng x'g]
k|Tofe"lt ug'{ cfjZos 5 . ul/a dlxnfsf] clwsf/sf] /Iff
cg'sng kl/of]hgfdf dlxnfnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf nlIft
"
tyf k|j4{gsf] nflu lgDg a'bfdf Wofg lbg' kg]{ b]lvG5 M
F
u/]sf] kfOFbg .
}
ljz]if hnjfo' kl/jt{g sf]ifn] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«df pko'Qm 1fg / ;Lkdfly kx'r F
cg'sng kl/of]hgfsf] nufgLdf k|fyldstf lbPsf]
" e"lddflysf] :jfldTj
5 . t/ klg o; sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg / sfof{Gjogsf] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ;dfg ;xeflutf
nflu tof/ ePsf] lgb]l{ zsfn] oyfy{k/s 9ªun] lnªu s[lif k|;f/ ;]jf Pj+ kz' lrlsT;f ;]jfdfly kx'r
F
/ clwsf/sf] af/]df ;Daf]wg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .
o;afx]s lgDg ljifodf gLltut Joj:yf x'g' cfjZos 5 M
t];f] sf]if, Sof]6f] cle;lGwcGt{ut :jR5 ljsf; ;+oGqsf]
|
cjwf/0ffdf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 pT;{hssf] tkm{af6 ul/g] cg'sng nufgLdf dlxnf ;+nUgtfsf nflu ;xof]u
"
sfa{g Aofkf/df s]lGb|t 5 . xfn cEof;df geP klg lhljsf]kfh{g;DaGwL cg'sngsf lg0f{odf dlxnfsf]
"
o;leq ul/aL / lnªunfO{ lgb]l{ zsfsf] d'Vo tTjsf] ¿kdf cfjZostfdfly Wofg k'¥ofpg] ;'lglZrttf
:ki6;Fu ;dfj]z ug'{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . n}ªl us k|sf]ksf] hf]lvdnfO{ e"–pkof]u of]hgfdf ;dfj]z
;+jbgzLntfnfO{ /fli6«o lxtcg'?k ;~rfng ul/g] cg'sng
] " ul/Psf] 5 eGg] ;'lglZrttf
sf]ifsf] sfo{n] dlxnfsf] lxtdf lgjf{x ug]{ e"ldsfsf] k/Dk/fut ;fF:s[lts cEof;n] dlxnfsf] cg'sng "
;'lglZrttf sfod ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ jf Ifdtfdf afwf gk'¥ofpg] k|lta4tf .
k|fks tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf] sfFwdf /xG5 .
cGTodf, k|sf]k k|efljt If]qsf] of]hgf tyf cg'sng
"
låkIfLo / ax"kIfLo nufgLaf6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmdn] vfsfsf] tof/L, k'g/fjnf]sg / 3/nufot ef}lts ;+/rgf
cg'sngsf yk ultljlwdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj;Fu
" tyf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f jf of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf ;+:yfut
;ª3if{/t ;ªs6f;Gg / hf]lvddf /x]sf dlxnfx¿sf nflu ;+oGqnfO{ pko'Qm 9ªun] k|of]u ug'{ cfjZos 5 . dlxnfsf
cg'sngsf ;Gbe{df cNksfnLg / bL3{sfnLg
" ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg / lgdf{0f;+lxtfsf] kfngf u/L
cfjZostfsf] k"lt{ ug]tkm{ ljz]if Wofg lbg] k|of; u/]sf]
{ cg'sngsf] nflu k|efjsf/L of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] ;'lglZrttf
"
b]lvPsf] 5}g . o; ;Gb{edf bftf /fi6« / k|fks /fi6«sf k|bfg ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj xf] .
;/sf/n] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] hf]lvddf /xg] ;d"xsf]
lhljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/sf] nflu n}ªl us ;+jbgzLntfnfO{
]
cg'sng ;xfotfsf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg' k5{ .
"
k[i7
19

20. % l;sfOM cg'sng nufgLsf nflu
" ;'emfjx?
cg'sng nufgL ;+oGqn] ul/a dlxnfsf] nflu cg'sngsf
" " l;kmfl/;n] ljz]ifu/L Sof]6f] cle;lGwcGtu{t :yfkgf ePsf]
cfjZostfnfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] cg'sng sf]ifnfO{ nlIft /x]sf] 5 . oBlk, k|:t't ;'emfjx¿
"
;'lglZlrt ug{ ljz]ifu/L ;a} /fi6«sf ljlzi6 k|ltlglw Pj+ ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3sf] hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;dGjo ;+/rgfcGt{ut
'
cg'sng nufgL sf]if Joj:yfkgk|lt lhDd]jf/ lgsfo tyf
" sd ljsl;t /fi6«sf] sf]if / klxnfb]lv g} ;~rfngdf /x]sf]
JolQmnfO{ nlIft u/L o; k|ltj]bgn] s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ljz]if hnjfo' kl/jt{g sf]ifsf] cnfjf ljsl;t cg'sng"
l;kmfl/;sf] k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . nufgLsf ;+oGqsf nflu klg pkof]uL x'g5 .]
;GhLt bf;÷PS;gP8
k[i7
20

21. ;'emfjx¿
!= cg'sng nfugLsf] of]hgf th'df tyf sfof{Gjogdf
" { ul/g' k5{ h;n] lgDgcg';f/sf ljifonfO{ sfo{If]q
agfP/ cg'udg ug{ ;sf]; M
Goflos k|lqmofsf] ;'lglZrttf cg'sng sf]ifsf] cg'udgsf] nflu dlxnf
"
cg'sng nufgLdf ul/g] ;Demf}tfsf] nflu klxnf] r/0fdf M
" clwsf/sdL{sf] ;d"x :yfkgf ug],{
cg'sng nufgL ;Demf}tf, ljsf; / cg'sng sfo{qmd
" " of]hgf th'df, sfof{Gjog, cg'udg / d"Nofªsgh:tf
{
sfof{Gjogdf dlxnfsf] ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf tyf kl/of]hgfsf ;a} txsf ;ldltx¿df dlxnfsf]
kx'r ;'lglZrt ul/g' k5{ .
F ;dfg'kflts ;xeflutf u/fpg],
/fli6«o cg'sng sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgfdf dlxnfsf]
" sf]if Joj:yfkg k|lqmofdf ;fj{hlgs n]vfk/LIf0f k|0ffnL
;dfg'kflts ¿kdf ;'lglZrt kx'rsf] ;'lglZrttfsf]
F ;dfj]z ug]{ .
nflu l;4fGt / k|lqmofsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ . % cg'sng nufgL ;+oGqaf6 ul/a dlxnfsf]
"
/fli6«o cg'sng sf]if Joj:yfkg / kl/of]hgf g]tTjsf]
" [ hLljsf]kfh{gdf cg'sngsf k|fyldstfdf ;xof]u ug]{
"
1fg / Ifdtf ul/a dlxnfsf] cfjZostf klxrfg u/L ;'lglZrttf
sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sg] u/L a9fpg' k5{ . cg'sng nufgL h'g;'s} ;+oGqaf6 ;~rfng eP klg
"
dWo:tstf{sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ lgsfo, gufl/s sf]ifn] dlxnfsf] hLljsf]kfh{g;DaGwL k|fyldstfnfO{
;dfhsf ;+:yf, ;/sf/L lgsfo, cg';Gwfg ;+:yf, lgDgcg';f/ ;xof]u ug'{ u?/L 5 M
dlxnf, afnaflnsf, ul/a / clt hf]lvddf /x]sf cg'sng /0fgLlt sfo{Gjogdf lhljsf]kfh{g, j}slNks
"
;d"xsf] cfjZostf / k|fyldstfk|lt ;+jbgzLn /x]sf]
] v]tL, l;FrfO k|0ffnL, s[lif rqm tflnsfdf :yfgLo
;'lgZlrt ul/g' k5{ . kl/j]zcg'?k k|ljlwsf] ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos kg]{ lzIff,
sf]ifsf] cg'udg ;+oGq / To;af/]sf] ;"rgfdf gful/s ;"rgf / tflnddf pgLx¿sf] kx'r ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
F
;dfhsf] kx'r, pgLx¿sf] k|fyldstf, ;dfg'kflts
F dlxnfsf] lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu pgLx¿nfO{
ljt/0f, Jofj:yfksLo g]tTj / pQ/bfloTjaf]w
[ cfjZos kg]{ ;|ft tyf ;]jf ;'lglZrt ug]{ . cWoogdf
]
;'lglZrt ul/g' k5{ . ;dfj]z ul/Psf tLgj6} /fi6«n] cg'sngsf] nflu
"
@ ljkGg dlxnfx¿sf] cg'sng;DaGwL cfjZostfnfO{
" dlxnfsf k|dv cfjZostfsf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ qmddf
'
cg'sngg sf]ifaf6 k|fyldstf lbg]
" ;fd'bflos ;DklQ, ;|ft, ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, ahf/ d"No
]
cg'sng nfugL;DaGwL ;Demf}tf stf{ / Joj:yfkgn]
" lgoGq0f / Hofn lgwf{/0fh:tf If]qdf lgoGq0f sfod
cg'sng k2ltdf ljz]ifu/L M
" u/]sf] kfOof] . hnjfo'sf] lau|bf] k|efjsf] afah'b
F
hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ul/a dlxnfnfO{ k'¥ofpg] uDeL/ dlxnfsf] nflu hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;'/lIft ljlw ;'lglZrt
c;/sf] ;fy} pgLx¿sf] cfjZostfsf] klxrfg Pj+ ul/Psf] k|Tofe"lt lbg' h?/L 5 .
k|fyldsLs/0f ug'{ h?/L 5 . ul/a dlxnfsf] cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df lgAof{h cyjf
nlIft / jf:tljs ;ªs6f;Gg ;d"xsf] klxrfg u/L sd Aofhdf nfdf] cjlwdf ltg{ ;lsg] / ;lhn} pknAw
ltgsf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ ug{ / cg'sng Ifdtfsf]
" x'g] C0f–sf]ifdf kx'rsf] k|j4{g ug]{ .
F
ljsf;df ;3fpg sf]ifsf] lglZrt k|ltzt cf/If0f u/L ^= dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] nflu /fHon] ;an jftfj/0f
sfof{Gjogsf] nflu :ki6 lgb]l{ zsf tof/ ug'{ k5{ . pknAw u/fpg] ;'lglZrttf
gful/s ;dfh;Fu oL /0fgLlt / k|:tfj;DaGwdf 5nkmn ul/a dlxnfdfly kg]{ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] hf]lvdnfO{
ul/g' k5{ . cg'sng sf]if PSn}n] 36fpg ;Sb}g . lg0f{o k|lqmof,
"
# cg'sng sf]ifdf ul/a dlxnflxtk|lt nlIft nfesf]
" clwsf/, ;|ft / ;]jfdf ;dfg kx'r agfpg pko'Qm /
] F
cg'udg ug]{ km/s–km/s ;"rsfªs ;dfj]z ug]{ ;'b9 jftfj/0f cfjZos 5, h;sf] nflu M
[
dlxnfsf] clwsf/;DaGwL sfg'g tyf ;+:yfut ;+/rgfsf]
cg'sng;DaGwL sfo{sf] cg'udgsf] nflu ;Demf}tf stf{
"
:yfkgf ug]{ sfo{df ;/sf/ pQ/bfoL x'G5 . ;/sf/n]
/ sf]if Joj:yfkg ug]{ lgsfon] nufgL ;+oGqdf n}ªl us
ljz]ifu/L ul/a dlxnfsf] clwsf/sf] /Iff tyf 1fg /
;+jbgzLn ;"rsfªs ul/a dlxnfsf] lxtdf k|of]u ug'{
] ;Lkdfly kx'r a9fP/ e":jfldTj, kl/jf/sf] nflu lg0f{o
F
k5{ . o; k|lqmofdf sf]ifn] hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 pTkGg ug]{ clwsf/ / pknAw x'g] ;]jf;Dd ;xh kx'r a9fpg'
F
;d:ofleq dlxnfsf] ;'/lIft lhljsf]kfh{g, vfB ;'/Iff, cfjZos 5 .
JolQmut ;'/Iff, lzIff, :jf:Yoh:tf ;fdflhs ;]jfdf
;dfg kx'r s;/L k'¥ofPsf] 5 eGg] oyfy{k/s
F
;"rsfªs ;dfj]z ug'{ k5{ .
$ cg'sng sf]if Joj:yfkgdf dlxnf ;xeflutf ;+oGq
"
tof/ ug]{
cg'sng sf]ifsf] cg'udgsf] nflu gful/s ;dfh,
"
:yfgLo ;ª3;+:yf, ul/a dlxnf, ljsf;sf] d"nk|jfxaf6
k5fl8 kl/Psf] ;d"x;d]tsf] Ps Joj:yfkg ;+oGq tof/
k[i7
21

22. gf]6
1 One million hectares of cereal land were submerged in Bihar 11 CPD (2000) Centre for Policy Dialogue. Female Headed
State in India alone. In Bangladesh, official estimates in households in rural Bangladesh: strategies for wellbeing and
August indicated that some 854 000 hectares of paddy were survival. CPD-UNFPA paper 10. Dhaka. Bangladesh. 2000;
completely lost and another 582 000 hectares partially World Bank 1991. Gender and poverty in India, A world Bank
damaged. In Nepal, the number was placed at 106865 country study. The World Bank. Washington DC. 1991; CBS
hectares. FAO/GIEWS Global 2007. Central Bureau of Statistics. Ministry of Planning.
Watch, Floods Have Adversely Affected Crop Prospects and Government of Nepal.
Food Security of Millions of Small Farmers in South Asia. http://www.cbs.gov.np/Surveys/NHCS/demographics_
http://www.fao.org/giews/english/shortnews/ characterics.htm
sasia070814.html
12 In the Indian catchment, rainfall is projected to increase from
2 Stoparic, B. (2007) Climate Change Is a Women’s Issue. a 134cm per year baseline (1961-1990) to 150cm per year by
Women’s eNews, April 8. http://www.alternet.org/story/ the 2071-2100 period, with annual river flows rising nearly
38659 12% (IITM/MoEF/Defra 2005 Keysheet 5 Climate change
impacts on water resources in India).
3 COP 10 (2004) Mainstreaming Gender into the Climate
Change Regime, 14 December Buenos Aires 13 Gautam D (2007) Floods and need assessment, a
sociological study from Banke, Bardiya and Kailali of mid and
4 A Women’s Rights Base Approach to Climate Change far-western Nepal. Lutheran World Federation, Nepal.
http://www.madre.org/articles/int/climatechange.html
14 Skutsch MM (2002) ‘Protocols, treaties, and action: the
5 World Health Organization (2007) Fact sheet N°266, Climate ‘climate change process’ viewed through gender spectacles’.
and Health. Augusthttp://www.who.int/mediacentre/ Gender and Development, 10, 30-39. See also Lambrou Y
factsheets/fs266/en/index.html and Piana G (2006) Gender: the missing component of the
response to climate change. FAO, Rome.
6 Climate Change and Malaria in Nairobi, 31 July 2007
http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?ReportId=73501) 15 Some women in Bangladesh and India mentioned high roads
as a good solution to their problems because it secures their
7 Dankelman, I. (2002) Climate change learning from gender
mobility and access to markets during the flood season.
analysis and women’s experiences of organising for
However, poorly planned and designed infrastructure projects
sustainable development. Gender and Development, 21-29.
such as highways can disrupt the natural drainage of the
Davison, J.; 1988: Agriculture, Women and the Land: the
water. Standards must be established and enforced to ensure
African Experience. Westview, 278 pp. ; Denton, F., 2004:
that the design and construction of infrastructure such as
Gender and climate change - Giving the “Latecomer” a head
roads, railways and dams factor in their impact in the
start. IDS Bull., 42-49.
surrounding areas and do not aggravate the local hazards.
8 Sven Anemüller, Stephan Monreal and Christoph Bals (2006)
16 IPCC (2007): Summary for Policymakers. Climate change
Global Climate Change Index 2006: Weather related loss
2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of
events and their impacts on countries in 2004 and in a long
Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the
term comparison. http://www.germanwatch.org/klak/
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F
cri06.pdf
Canziani, J.P Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E.
9 The studies were conducted over a short period of time in Hanson, Eds, 7-22.
limited number of villages affected by severe flooding in
17 Stern, N. (2006) The Economics of Climate Change,
2007. They do not aim to demonstrate that the floods are a
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, available at:
result of climate change, but to show the urgent adaptation
http://www.hmtreasury.gov.uk/independent_reviews/stern_
needs of poor and disadvantaged women and how these
review_economics_climate_change/sternreview_index.cfm
could be best met by adaptation financing. It is hoped that
(accessed 11th November 2007); Adapting to climate
this report will lead to more studies on rights and gender
change, Oxfam Briefing Paper, May 2007.
sensitive adaptation mechanisms being undertaken.
18 ActionAid USA (2007) Compensating for Climate Change:
10 Practice whereby landlords allow landless people to cultivate
Principles and Lessons for Equitable Adaptation Funding.
their land in exchange of a share in the crops.
ActionAid USA.
k[i7
22

23. Back cover photographs from top:
Emdadul Islam Bitu,
Emdadul Islam Bitu,
Emdadul Islam Bitu,
Binod Timilsena,
Emdadul Islam Bitu
/ ActionAid
ActionAid UK is a UK registered charity no. 274467
ActionAid International is registered under Section 21A of the South African Companies Act 1973.
Registration Number 2004/007117/10
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