1. Announcements – April 13, 2010 Exam 2 one week from today (Wednesday April 20)

5. Hydroelectric Power 2.5% of world ’s commercial energy (2.7% U.S.) River water is held behind a dam Falling water is used to spin the turbine to generate electricity

7. The Three Gorges Dam Started in 1997 Stretches 1.3 miles across the Yangtze River

9. Wind U.S. Dept. of Energy rated wind power the world ’s fastest growing energy source in the 1990s. (but currently supplies <0.1% of U.S. energy needs Cost for electricity generation becoming competitive with fossil fuel sources. Steady, dependable wind source is critical

14. Limitations of Solar Energy Large PV arrays require space Works only during the day Inadequate in cloudy climates. Inadequate in many colder climates as sole heating source (need conventional back-up) Currently provides less than 1% of world ’s energy

16. Less common sources: Tidal Power – tides can be used to spin an electricity -generating turbine limited applicability La Rance Tidal Power Station

17. Tidal Power Generation. The Annapolis Tidal Generating Station is a pilot project to explore the potential of harnessing energy from the sea. Annapolis Tidal utilizes the sea water of the Bay of Fundy. Tides, which can sometimes reach 21 feet in height, rise and fall every 12 hours and 25 minutes in harmony with the gravitational forces of the Sun, the Earth, and the Moon.

18. Lake Source Cooling http://www.utilities.cornell.edu/LSC/default.htm Cornell University Ithaca, NY Uses cold water from Cayuga Lake to cool University Buildings 80% energy savings over conventional chillers

19. Lake Source Cooling http://www.utilities.cornell.edu/LSC/default.htm

20. History of Nuclear Development First controlled fission—Germany 1938. 1945—U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. U.S. built world ’s first nuclear power plant in 1951 Currently, 8.4% of U.S. energy from nuclear power

21. Nuclear Power Plants in North America Illinois Number of nuclear units: 11 Braidwood 1-2, Braidwood, Ill. Byron 1-2, Byron, Ill. Clinton, Clinton, Ill. Dresden 2-3, Morris, Ill. LaSalle 1-2, Seneca, Ill. Quad Cities 1-2, Cordova, Ill.

22. Workings of A Nuclear Reactor Generates electricity Chain reaction produces heat Converts water to steam Turns a turbine Nuclear Reactor — Device that permits a controlled fission chain reaction.

25. U.S. DOE Waste Sites

34. Japanese Declare Crisis at Level of Chernobyl April 11, 2011 The Japanese government raised its assessment of the month long crisis at its Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant to the highest severity level by international standards—a rating only conferred so far upon the Chernobyl accident (which struck almost exactly 25 years ago, on April 26, 1986.). Japan's nuclear regulators said the plant has likely released so much radiation into the environment that it must boost the accident's severity rating on the International Nuclear Event scale to a 7 from 5 currently.

35. Japanese Declare Crisis at Level of Chernobyl April 11, 2011 Japanese officials went to lengths to say that the problem they are struggling to contain isn't anywhere near the disaster of Chernobyl. &quot;First, the amount of released radiation is about a tenth of Chernobyl,&quot; he said, adding that while there were 29 deaths resulting from short-term exposure to high doses of radiation at Chernobyl, there were no such deaths at Fukushima. &quot;At Chernobyl, the nuclear reactor itself exploded,&quot; he said, adding that at the Fukushima plant, the pressure vessel and the containment vessel were largely intact.

36. http://nextbigfuture.com/2011/03/deaths-per-twh-by-energy-source.html

39. Buenos Aires, Argentina Over 200,000 taxis use natural gas as fuel.

40. 2009 profit: $19.3 billion The global recession cost Exxon bragging rights: It's no longer America's largest company ( that title now goes to Wal-Mart) and it isn't posting record profits. Indeed, earnings got cut in half as sales dropped by more than a third in 2009. But Exxon remains unlike any company on our list. Consider that the oil giant spent a record $27 billion during the year on exploration projects, yet it still earned more than the gross domestic product of Macedonia.

42. BMW sets 9 records with Hydrogen Combustion Engine. Top Speed over 300 km/h A fundamental consideration is that the combustion properties of hydrogen are quite different from those of gasoline or diesel: While hydrogen burns faster than conventional fuels under normal air pressure, the combustion temperature is slightly lower than in the case of gasoline. Hydrogen cars…. Only waste is water! But, where will we get pure hydrogen (H2)? - still need to burn fossil fuels to produce H2!

43. Biofuels: Green energy or grim reaper? 22 September 2006, Jeff McNeeley “ Biofuels could end up damaging the natural world rather than saving it from global warming. Better policies, better science and genetic modification call contribute to a greener biofuels revolution.” Biofuels = “deforestation diesel”??

44. It is a renewable energy resource if pursued properly. Ethanol burns more cleanly than oil. Can be made from a wide variety of “crops” Arguments for biofuels

45. Grain required to fill an SUV with ethanol could feed one person for one year. Much of plant material imported from Brazil where deforestation continues. Ethanol from maize in U.S. require fossil fuels at every stage in production process. cultivation, fertilizers, tractors, processing, transportation Up to 30% more energy spent than gained. Arguments against biofuels