Enviar búsqueda
Cargar
4. environment pollution and disaster
•
0 recomendaciones
•
512 vistas
DPNet
Seguir
Educación
Noticias y política
Denunciar
Compartir
Denunciar
Compartir
1 de 34
Descargar ahora
Descargar para leer sin conexión
Recomendados
10. epidemics dks 10
10. epidemics dks 10
DIPECHO Nepal
5. climate change and disaster dks 5
5. climate change and disaster dks 5
DIPECHO Nepal
1. disaster k introduction
1. disaster k introduction
DIPECHO Nepal
2. d ks law and hs
2. d ks law and hs
DIPECHO Nepal
15. biochemical accident dks 14
15. biochemical accident dks 14
DIPECHO Nepal
आर्थिक स्वतंत्रता - एक परिचय
आर्थिक स्वतंत्रता - एक परिचय
Akash Shrestha
12. fire dks 12
12. fire dks 12
DIPECHO Nepal
3. sd for disaster dks 3
3. sd for disaster dks 3
DIPECHO Nepal
Recomendados
10. epidemics dks 10
10. epidemics dks 10
DIPECHO Nepal
5. climate change and disaster dks 5
5. climate change and disaster dks 5
DIPECHO Nepal
1. disaster k introduction
1. disaster k introduction
DIPECHO Nepal
2. d ks law and hs
2. d ks law and hs
DIPECHO Nepal
15. biochemical accident dks 14
15. biochemical accident dks 14
DIPECHO Nepal
आर्थिक स्वतंत्रता - एक परिचय
आर्थिक स्वतंत्रता - एक परिचय
Akash Shrestha
12. fire dks 12
12. fire dks 12
DIPECHO Nepal
3. sd for disaster dks 3
3. sd for disaster dks 3
DIPECHO Nepal
Aan dipecho 5 dmc management flip chart backup
Aan dipecho 5 dmc management flip chart backup
DIPECHO Nepal
Pa ddr planning process brief aug 09
Pa ddr planning process brief aug 09
DIPECHO Nepal
8. landslide and its controll dks 8
8. landslide and its controll dks 8
DIPECHO Nepal
Communication and Dissemination Strategy on Comprehensive School Safety in Ne...
Communication and Dissemination Strategy on Comprehensive School Safety in Ne...
DPNet
Curriculum 11 12 (group-1)
Curriculum 11 12 (group-1)
sharadnp
Booklet cancer (2)
Booklet cancer (2)
BP KOIRALA INSTITUTE OF HELATH SCIENCS,, NEPAL
7. flood and its manage dks 7
7. flood and its manage dks 7
DIPECHO Nepal
Booklet of diabetes final pcs nepali
Booklet of diabetes final pcs nepali
BP KOIRALA INSTITUTE OF HELATH SCIENCS,, NEPAL
Cheli Sandesh 1
Cheli Sandesh 1
KI Nepal
39 issue of paryawaran
39 issue of paryawaran
DPNet
Aksharica - 080 (अक्षरिका - ०८०)
Aksharica - 080 (अक्षरिका - ०८०)
Rajesh Koirala
9. drought dks 9
9. drought dks 9
DIPECHO Nepal
Lesson learnt from diarrheal outbreak edcd
Lesson learnt from diarrheal outbreak edcd
DPNet
Prese on rapid asses format
Prese on rapid asses format
DPNet
Paani kar
Paani kar
DPNet
Tr 74 adaptation-c cplanning nep
Tr 74 adaptation-c cplanning nep
DPNet
Final ccdrr evalaution and learning report ( nov 30) pdf
Final ccdrr evalaution and learning report ( nov 30) pdf
DPNet
Kharka jagga-rastriyakaran
Kharka jagga-rastriyakaran
DPNet
5. climate change and disaster dks 5
5. climate change and disaster dks 5
DPNet
10. epidemics dks 10
10. epidemics dks 10
DPNet
1. disaster k introduction
1. disaster k introduction
DPNet
38 issue of paryawaran
38 issue of paryawaran
DPNet
Más contenido relacionado
La actualidad más candente
Aan dipecho 5 dmc management flip chart backup
Aan dipecho 5 dmc management flip chart backup
DIPECHO Nepal
Pa ddr planning process brief aug 09
Pa ddr planning process brief aug 09
DIPECHO Nepal
8. landslide and its controll dks 8
8. landslide and its controll dks 8
DIPECHO Nepal
Communication and Dissemination Strategy on Comprehensive School Safety in Ne...
Communication and Dissemination Strategy on Comprehensive School Safety in Ne...
DPNet
Curriculum 11 12 (group-1)
Curriculum 11 12 (group-1)
sharadnp
Booklet cancer (2)
Booklet cancer (2)
BP KOIRALA INSTITUTE OF HELATH SCIENCS,, NEPAL
7. flood and its manage dks 7
7. flood and its manage dks 7
DIPECHO Nepal
Booklet of diabetes final pcs nepali
Booklet of diabetes final pcs nepali
BP KOIRALA INSTITUTE OF HELATH SCIENCS,, NEPAL
Cheli Sandesh 1
Cheli Sandesh 1
KI Nepal
39 issue of paryawaran
39 issue of paryawaran
DPNet
Aksharica - 080 (अक्षरिका - ०८०)
Aksharica - 080 (अक्षरिका - ०८०)
Rajesh Koirala
9. drought dks 9
9. drought dks 9
DIPECHO Nepal
La actualidad más candente
(12)
Aan dipecho 5 dmc management flip chart backup
Aan dipecho 5 dmc management flip chart backup
Pa ddr planning process brief aug 09
Pa ddr planning process brief aug 09
8. landslide and its controll dks 8
8. landslide and its controll dks 8
Communication and Dissemination Strategy on Comprehensive School Safety in Ne...
Communication and Dissemination Strategy on Comprehensive School Safety in Ne...
Curriculum 11 12 (group-1)
Curriculum 11 12 (group-1)
Booklet cancer (2)
Booklet cancer (2)
7. flood and its manage dks 7
7. flood and its manage dks 7
Booklet of diabetes final pcs nepali
Booklet of diabetes final pcs nepali
Cheli Sandesh 1
Cheli Sandesh 1
39 issue of paryawaran
39 issue of paryawaran
Aksharica - 080 (अक्षरिका - ०८०)
Aksharica - 080 (अक्षरिका - ०८०)
9. drought dks 9
9. drought dks 9
Destacado
Lesson learnt from diarrheal outbreak edcd
Lesson learnt from diarrheal outbreak edcd
DPNet
Prese on rapid asses format
Prese on rapid asses format
DPNet
Paani kar
Paani kar
DPNet
Tr 74 adaptation-c cplanning nep
Tr 74 adaptation-c cplanning nep
DPNet
Final ccdrr evalaution and learning report ( nov 30) pdf
Final ccdrr evalaution and learning report ( nov 30) pdf
DPNet
Kharka jagga-rastriyakaran
Kharka jagga-rastriyakaran
DPNet
Destacado
(6)
Lesson learnt from diarrheal outbreak edcd
Lesson learnt from diarrheal outbreak edcd
Prese on rapid asses format
Prese on rapid asses format
Paani kar
Paani kar
Tr 74 adaptation-c cplanning nep
Tr 74 adaptation-c cplanning nep
Final ccdrr evalaution and learning report ( nov 30) pdf
Final ccdrr evalaution and learning report ( nov 30) pdf
Kharka jagga-rastriyakaran
Kharka jagga-rastriyakaran
Similar a 4. environment pollution and disaster
5. climate change and disaster dks 5
5. climate change and disaster dks 5
DPNet
10. epidemics dks 10
10. epidemics dks 10
DPNet
1. disaster k introduction
1. disaster k introduction
DPNet
38 issue of paryawaran
38 issue of paryawaran
DPNet
40 issue of paryawaran
40 issue of paryawaran
DPNet
3. sd for disaster dks 3
3. sd for disaster dks 3
DPNet
9. drought dks 9
9. drought dks 9
DPNet
2. d ks law and hs
2. d ks law and hs
DPNet
8. landslide and its controll dks 8
8. landslide and its controll dks 8
DPNet
15. biochemical accident dks 14
15. biochemical accident dks 14
DPNet
12. fire dks 12
12. fire dks 12
DPNet
13. cold wave dks 13
13. cold wave dks 13
DIPECHO Nepal
Aan dipecho 5 dmc management flip chart backup
Aan dipecho 5 dmc management flip chart backup
edmnepal
Kdrri case study report nepali 2009 low res
Kdrri case study report nepali 2009 low res
DIPECHO Nepal
7. flood and its manage dks 7
7. flood and its manage dks 7
DPNet
Appropriate infrastructure for nepal rural towns seminar presentation by bhim...
Appropriate infrastructure for nepal rural towns seminar presentation by bhim...
Bhim Upadhyaya
Child Centered DRR and School safety booklet Nepali
Child Centered DRR and School safety booklet Nepali
Ndrc Nepal
Eco
Eco
9849951606
2009 11-08-07-49-20
2009 11-08-07-49-20
DPNet
Nepal faecal sludge management and regulatory framework 2074
Nepal faecal sludge management and regulatory framework 2074
Bhim Upadhyaya
Similar a 4. environment pollution and disaster
(20)
5. climate change and disaster dks 5
5. climate change and disaster dks 5
10. epidemics dks 10
10. epidemics dks 10
1. disaster k introduction
1. disaster k introduction
38 issue of paryawaran
38 issue of paryawaran
40 issue of paryawaran
40 issue of paryawaran
3. sd for disaster dks 3
3. sd for disaster dks 3
9. drought dks 9
9. drought dks 9
2. d ks law and hs
2. d ks law and hs
8. landslide and its controll dks 8
8. landslide and its controll dks 8
15. biochemical accident dks 14
15. biochemical accident dks 14
12. fire dks 12
12. fire dks 12
13. cold wave dks 13
13. cold wave dks 13
Aan dipecho 5 dmc management flip chart backup
Aan dipecho 5 dmc management flip chart backup
Kdrri case study report nepali 2009 low res
Kdrri case study report nepali 2009 low res
7. flood and its manage dks 7
7. flood and its manage dks 7
Appropriate infrastructure for nepal rural towns seminar presentation by bhim...
Appropriate infrastructure for nepal rural towns seminar presentation by bhim...
Child Centered DRR and School safety booklet Nepali
Child Centered DRR and School safety booklet Nepali
Eco
Eco
2009 11-08-07-49-20
2009 11-08-07-49-20
Nepal faecal sludge management and regulatory framework 2074
Nepal faecal sludge management and regulatory framework 2074
Más de DPNet
Implementation Guideline for Comprehensive School Safety in Nepal. (Nepali)
Implementation Guideline for Comprehensive School Safety in Nepal. (Nepali)
DPNet
Comprehensive School Safety Implementation Guidelines Nepal (English)
Comprehensive School Safety Implementation Guidelines Nepal (English)
DPNet
Communication and Dissemination Strategy on Comprehensive School Safety in Ne...
Communication and Dissemination Strategy on Comprehensive School Safety in Ne...
DPNet
Nepal national actionplan_disastermanagement_1996
Nepal national actionplan_disastermanagement_1996
DPNet
AMCDRR 2016 Nepal Disaster Report
AMCDRR 2016 Nepal Disaster Report
DPNet
Joint aintgdm+dp netpresentationmarch2017
Joint aintgdm+dp netpresentationmarch2017
DPNet
DRR CCA Learning Centre Guideline approved by GON
DRR CCA Learning Centre Guideline approved by GON
DPNet
Ssdp
Ssdp
DPNet
Safe School Toolkit and Plan Nepal (Piloting Book)
Safe School Toolkit and Plan Nepal (Piloting Book)
DPNet
Sbdrr training to teachers n lfinal draft
Sbdrr training to teachers n lfinal draft
DPNet
Crc supplementary training manual on annual sip updating and references for d...
Crc supplementary training manual on annual sip updating and references for d...
DPNet
Safe school policies and practices in Nepal
Safe school policies and practices in Nepal
DPNet
Safe Schol toolkit Nepali
Safe Schol toolkit Nepali
DPNet
Nepal disaster report 2013
Nepal disaster report 2013
DPNet
Impact of climate change on children research report-plan nepal
Impact of climate change on children research report-plan nepal
DPNet
Child centred disaster risk reduction project evaluation and learning-plan-ne...
Child centred disaster risk reduction project evaluation and learning-plan-ne...
DPNet
Sphere book 2011 nepali 2013
Sphere book 2011 nepali 2013
DPNet
Nepal Disaster Report 2011
Nepal Disaster Report 2011
DPNet
Nepal ldrmp 2011 final
Nepal ldrmp 2011 final
DPNet
Child Centered CSDRM
Child Centered CSDRM
DPNet
Más de DPNet
(20)
Implementation Guideline for Comprehensive School Safety in Nepal. (Nepali)
Implementation Guideline for Comprehensive School Safety in Nepal. (Nepali)
Comprehensive School Safety Implementation Guidelines Nepal (English)
Comprehensive School Safety Implementation Guidelines Nepal (English)
Communication and Dissemination Strategy on Comprehensive School Safety in Ne...
Communication and Dissemination Strategy on Comprehensive School Safety in Ne...
Nepal national actionplan_disastermanagement_1996
Nepal national actionplan_disastermanagement_1996
AMCDRR 2016 Nepal Disaster Report
AMCDRR 2016 Nepal Disaster Report
Joint aintgdm+dp netpresentationmarch2017
Joint aintgdm+dp netpresentationmarch2017
DRR CCA Learning Centre Guideline approved by GON
DRR CCA Learning Centre Guideline approved by GON
Ssdp
Ssdp
Safe School Toolkit and Plan Nepal (Piloting Book)
Safe School Toolkit and Plan Nepal (Piloting Book)
Sbdrr training to teachers n lfinal draft
Sbdrr training to teachers n lfinal draft
Crc supplementary training manual on annual sip updating and references for d...
Crc supplementary training manual on annual sip updating and references for d...
Safe school policies and practices in Nepal
Safe school policies and practices in Nepal
Safe Schol toolkit Nepali
Safe Schol toolkit Nepali
Nepal disaster report 2013
Nepal disaster report 2013
Impact of climate change on children research report-plan nepal
Impact of climate change on children research report-plan nepal
Child centred disaster risk reduction project evaluation and learning-plan-ne...
Child centred disaster risk reduction project evaluation and learning-plan-ne...
Sphere book 2011 nepali 2013
Sphere book 2011 nepali 2013
Nepal Disaster Report 2011
Nepal Disaster Report 2011
Nepal ldrmp 2011 final
Nepal ldrmp 2011 final
Child Centered CSDRM
Child Centered CSDRM
Último
ISYU TUNGKOL SA SEKSWLADIDA (ISSUE ABOUT SEXUALITY
ISYU TUNGKOL SA SEKSWLADIDA (ISSUE ABOUT SEXUALITY
KayeClaireEstoconing
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
Celine George
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
MIPLM
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
MiaBumagat1
FINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
FINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
Conquiztadors- the Quiz Society of Sri Venkateswara College
Activity 2-unit 2-update 2024. English translation
Activity 2-unit 2-update 2024. English translation
Rosabel UA
ICS2208 Lecture6 Notes for SL spaces.pdf
ICS2208 Lecture6 Notes for SL spaces.pdf
Vanessa Camilleri
Field Attribute Index Feature in Odoo 17
Field Attribute Index Feature in Odoo 17
Celine George
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
Anupkumar Sharma
Full Stack Web Development Course for Beginners
Full Stack Web Development Course for Beginners
Sabitha Banu
Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)
Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)
cama23
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
Celine George
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 3 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 3 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Celine George
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
navabharathschool99
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
ErwinPantujan2
4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx
4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx
mary850239
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
mary850239
ENG 5 Q4 WEEk 1 DAY 1 Restate sentences heard in one’s own words. Use appropr...
ENG 5 Q4 WEEk 1 DAY 1 Restate sentences heard in one’s own words. Use appropr...
JojoEDelaCruz
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptx
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptx
VanesaIglesias10
Transaction Management in Database Management System
Transaction Management in Database Management System
Christalin Nelson
Último
(20)
ISYU TUNGKOL SA SEKSWLADIDA (ISSUE ABOUT SEXUALITY
ISYU TUNGKOL SA SEKSWLADIDA (ISSUE ABOUT SEXUALITY
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
Difference Between Search & Browse Methods in Odoo 17
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
Keynote by Prof. Wurzer at Nordex about IP-design
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
ANG SEKTOR NG agrikultura.pptx QUARTER 4
FINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
FINALS_OF_LEFT_ON_C'N_EL_DORADO_2024.pptx
Activity 2-unit 2-update 2024. English translation
Activity 2-unit 2-update 2024. English translation
ICS2208 Lecture6 Notes for SL spaces.pdf
ICS2208 Lecture6 Notes for SL spaces.pdf
Field Attribute Index Feature in Odoo 17
Field Attribute Index Feature in Odoo 17
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
MULTIDISCIPLINRY NATURE OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES.pptx
Full Stack Web Development Course for Beginners
Full Stack Web Development Course for Beginners
Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)
Global Lehigh Strategic Initiatives (without descriptions)
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
How to do quick user assign in kanban in Odoo 17 ERP
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 3 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 3 STEPS Using Odoo 17
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Choosing the Right CBSE School A Comprehensive Guide for Parents
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
Virtual-Orientation-on-the-Administration-of-NATG12-NATG6-and-ELLNA.pdf
4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx
4.16.24 21st Century Movements for Black Lives.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
4.18.24 Movement Legacies, Reflection, and Review.pptx
ENG 5 Q4 WEEk 1 DAY 1 Restate sentences heard in one’s own words. Use appropr...
ENG 5 Q4 WEEk 1 DAY 1 Restate sentences heard in one’s own words. Use appropr...
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptx
ROLES IN A STAGE PRODUCTION in arts.pptx
Transaction Management in Database Management System
Transaction Management in Database Management System
4. environment pollution and disaster
1.
jftfj/0f k|bif0f /
k|sf]k " ÷1
2.
k|sf]k–1fgdfnf–$
jftfj/0f k|bif0f " / k|sf]k /fdrGb| Gof}kfg] jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷2
3.
s[lt
M jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " n]vs M /fdrGb| Gof}kfg] k|sfzs M jftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf–g]kfn (ECO-Nepal) ;jf{lwsf/ M k|sfzsdf ;'/lIft ;+:s/0f M k|yd, c;f/ @)^# ;ªVof M @,))) k|lt cfj/0f l8hfOg M /d]z bfxfn d'b|s M lszf]/ ckm;]6 k|; -k|f=_ ln=, kmf]g M $#%!)$$ ] d"No M ?= %)÷– ISBN : 978-99946-927-4-3 k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf k|sf]ksf] ;fdgf ug]{ ;fd'bflos Ifdtf clej[l4sf nflu ;r]tg cleofgcGtu{t k|sf]k–1fgdfnf k|sfzgdf cf+lzs ¿kdf cfly{s ;xof]u ug]{ lgDg ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx¿k|lt Osf]–g]kfn xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 M PS;gP8 g]kfn cS;kmfd hLaL g]kfn kf]= a= g+= ^@%&, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn kf]= a= g+= @%)), sf7df8f}+, g]kfn kmf]gM $$#^$&& kmf]gM %%@)%*^ kmofS;M (&&–!–$$!(&!* kmofS;M (&&–!–%%@#!(& j]e;fO6M www.actionaid.org/nepal j]e;fO6M www.oxfam.org.uk jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷3
4.
n]vssf] egfO k|sf]knfO{ k|fs[lts
sf/0faf6 x'g] ljklQsf ¿kdf lng] dfgjLo k/Dk/fdf clxn];Dd klg vf;} kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g . k|sf]k s;/L x'G5 / o;sf] pTklQsf] 7f]; cfwf/ s] xf] eGg] ;fdfGo hfgsf/L;d]t gx'g' g} k|sf]ksf] k|dv sf/0f xf] . k|sf]ksf 36gfaf6 Iflt x'bf xf Û ' F b}j eg]/ cfˆgf] efUo tyf sd{nfO{ bf]if lbg] k/Dk/f xfdL lzlIft ;d'bfoaf6 ;d]t aflxl/g ;s]sf] 5}g . k|sf]khGo 36gfsf] j[l4df jftfj/0f k|bif0f / cksif{0fn] lgs} 7"nf] e"ldsf v]nsf] oyfy{ " ] ljZj ;dIf 5n{ªu eO;s]sf] 5 . lgtfGt ef}ule{s sf/0faf6 x'g] e"Orfnf], Hjfnfd'vL, F pNsflk08 7f]lSsg]h:tf s]xL 36gf afx]s clwsf+z k|sf]ksf 36gfsf] j[l4 x'gdf dflg;sf] ' g} xft /x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fsf ;|ft tyf 36sdf x'g] k|bif0fsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] dxfdf/L ] " / jgljgfz, e"pkof]u tyf k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] cTolws pkof]uaf6 x'g] k|bif0f / jftfj/0fLo ] " cksif{0fsf sf/0f ef}uf]lns k|sf]k, hnpTkGg k|sf]k, jfo'hGo k|sf]kdf nuftf/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] oyfy{ xfdLn] ef]lu/x]sf 5f}F . jt{dfg ;dodf b]lvPsf o:tf ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f k"0f{ ¿kdf ug{ ;lsFbg tfklg o;af6 kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjsf] ;fdgf ug{ / ;'/lIft eljiosf] } nflu ;+/If0f k|of;df nfUg' h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . k|sf]k 1fgdfnfsf] o; rf}yf] z[ªvnfdf jftfj/0f k|bif0f, cksif{0f / o;af6 kg]{ k|efjnfO{ " 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . k|sf]ksf ljleGg 36gfsf ljifodf k|jz ug'{ ] klxn] To:tf 36gfsf] pTklQ x'g] o:tf ljifodf hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{ cfjZos ePsf] 7fg]/ jftfj/0f ljgfzsf sf/0f / k|efjsf ljifodf dfq oxfF rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . lg/Gt/ al9/x]sf / ljgfzsf/L aGb} uPsf k|sf]ksf 36gfn] gofF–gofF ¿k wf/0f ug{ yfn]sf] ;Gbe{nfO{ klg xfdLn] la;{g' x'bg / o;sf] d"n sf/0f jftfj/0f cksif{0f g} xf] F} eGg' kg]{ cj:yf b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}n] k|sf]k Joj:yfkgsf lqmofsnfknfO{ tNnf] ;d'bfo;Dd k|efjsf/L agfpg] nIo lnP/ jftfj/0f ljgfz / k|sf]khGo 36gfnfO{ Ps;fy hf]8/ ] ljZn]if0f o; z[ªvnfdf ul/Psf] 5 . k|sf]ksf] Joj:yfkgsf qmddf :jR5, :j:y jftfj/0fsf] ljsf; ub}{ k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"g ug]{ lbuf] ljsf;sf k|of;df k|sf]k 1fgdfnfsf] o; z[ªvnfn] o; If]qdf sfo{/t JolQm, ;+:yf tyf ;d'bfonfO{ yf]/} dfq 1fg tyf hfgsf/L lbg;Sof] eg] klg xfdL of] k|of; ;fy{s ePsf] 7fGg]5f}F . k|sf]k 1fgdfnf k|sflzt ug{ k|/0ff k|bfg ug]{ PS;gP8 g]kfnsf l;lgo/ lydln8/ ] Zofd;'Gb/ 1jfnL / cS;kmfd hLaL g]kfnsf sfo{qmd ;+of]hs lji0f'k;fb v/]n tyf | o;sf] z'4fz'l4 / ;fh;Hhfdf ct'ngLo ;xof]u ug]{ Osf]–g]kfndf sfo{/t d]/f ;xsdL{ ldqx¿k|lt cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . – /fdrGb| Gof}kfg] jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷4
5.
ljifo;"rL k[i7e"ld
% jftfj/0f / o;sf tŒj jftfj/0fsf] kl/ro ^ jftfj/0fsf tŒjx¿ & jftfj/0f k|bif0f " kl/ro tyf kl/efiff !) jftfj/0fsf k|bifs " !! jftfj/0f cksif{0f kl/ro !# jftfj/0f k|bif0f / cksif{0faLr leGgtf " !$ jftfj/0f k|bif0f / cksif{0fsf sf/0f " !% jftfj/0f ljgfz / k|sf]khGo hf]lvd kl/ro @$ hf]lvdsf] z[ªvnf @% jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg k|sf]khGo 36gf @^ jftfj/0f ljgfzsf k|efj @& pk;+xf/ #@ jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷5
6.
jftfj/0f ljgfz / k|sf]k k[i7e"ld jftfj/0fLo
;d:of jt{dfg ljZjsf] lrGtf / rf;f]sf] ;jfn ag]sf] 5 . e"ld, hn / jfo'nufot ;a} If]qdf a9]sf] k|bif0f / cksif{0fn] jftfj/0fnfO{ k|bl" ift " / u'0f:t/xLg agfPsf] 5 . tLj| ¿kdf eO/x]sf] jftfj/0f k|bif0fn] o;sf] " k|fs[lts u'0f:t/nfO{ ck|fs[lts cj:yfdf ¿kfGt/0f ul//x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fLo k|bif0f / cksif{0fsf sf/0f g} k|sf]khGo 36gfx¿df j[l4 ePsf] 5 / " hgwgsf] Iflt a9g] k|lqmofdf klg lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 . dflg;n] cfˆgf cfjZostf k"lt{sf nflu k|fs[lts ;|ftdfly lg/Gt/ cltqmd0f ] ul//x]sf] 5 eg] cfly{s ljsf;sf lgldQ b|tt/ cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ul//x]sf] ' 5 . x/]s lbg gofF /;fog, gofF k|ljlwsf cf}Bf]lus oGq, nfvf}F ;jf/L;fwgsf] pTkfbg eO/x]sf] 5 . oL oGq, j:t' tyf ;fwg pTkfbg ug{ / ;~rfng ug{ k]6fn, l8h]n, Uof;, sf]Onfh:tf OGwgsf] k|of]u x'G5 . o:tf j:t' pknAw «] gx'g] :yfg / 3/fo;L cjZostf k"/f ug{ jgaf6 bfp/f / sf7 ;ªsng u/]/ afNg] sfo{ x'G5 . oL ;a} dfgjLo ultljlwn] jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm cJojl:yt e"pkof]u, v]taf/Ldf /f;folgs dn, sL6gfzs cf}iflw cflbsf] k|of]un] e"kbif0f dfq a9fPsf] 5}g, To;n] e"ldut | " kfgL / jfo'd08nnfO{ klg k|bl" ift agfPsf] 5 . TolQ dfq xf]Og, kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] cTolws lgisfzg / Joj:yfkgsf] sdLn] dxfdf/L lj:tf/ x'g] vt/f a9]sf] 5 . ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmdsf] cWoog k|ltj]bgn] ljZjdf *) ' k|ltzt /f]usf] sf/0f k|bl" ift kfgL ePsf] tYo ;fj{hlgs ul/;s]sf] 5 . o:tf ;Dk"0f{ lqmofsnfkdf dflg;s} xft /x]sf] tYonfO{ j}1flgsx¿n] :jLsf/ ul/;s]sf 5g . jftfj/0f cksif{0f / k|bif0fsf] j[l4n] ljleGg k|sf/sf " k|sf]khGo 36gfsf] lj:tf/ / hgwgsf] Iflt klg lg/Gt/ a9b} uPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷6
7.
jftfj/0f / o;sf
tŒj jftfj/0fsf] kl/ro xfdLn] b]lv/x]sf] tyf xfd|f] jl/kl/sf]] ef}uf]lns :j¿knfO{ k|sl[ t elgG5 . xfjf, kfgL, kxf8–kj{t, t/fO{ tyf ;dy/ e"ld, b"g, pkTosf, vf]nf, gbL, kf]v/L, ;d'b,| jghªun, v]taf/L cflb k|sl[ tsf cleGg cªu x'g . oL ;a} b[io Ps} 7fpFdf kfpg ;lsFbg . xfdLn] ;d'b| b]Vg ef/t jf cGo ;d'bt6Lo } | d'nsdf hfg' k5{ . lsgeg] g]kfnsf] ;Ldfdf ;d'b| 5}g . sltko t/fO{af;Ln] ' kxf8 / kxf8af;Ln] t/fO{ gb]vsf] klg x'g ;S5 . h] eP klg xfdLn] cfˆgf] ] jl/kl/sf] e"ld, cfsfz, jghªun, jGohGt' / k|sl[ tdf kfOg] cGo w]/} s'/fx¿ b]vsf 5f}F . k|sl[ tdf jg x'G5, jGohGt' x'G5g, kfgL x'G5, xfjf x'G5, ] df6f] klg ToxLF x'G5 . oL ;a} j:t' tyf hLjsf] ;ªuddf ag]sf] k|sl[ tsf] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLnfO{ jftfj/0f jf kof{j/0f (Environment) elgG5 . …k[YjLsf] ;Dk"0f{ cfj/0f, hxfF;Dd hldg, hn / xfjf km}lnPsf] 5Ú jftfj/0fsf] d]?b08 cyjf d"n ¿k xf] . o;k|sf/ cfsfz / k[YjLdf kfOg] hn, yn, jg, d?e"ld ;a} jftfj/0fleq k5{g . ctM …k[YjL / cfsfz hxfF;Dd xfjf km}lnPsf] 5, To;aLrsf] ;hLj / lghL{j j:t'sf] ;+oQm :j¿k cyf{t xfjf, ' kfgL, df6f], k|f0fL / jg:kltaLr /x]sf] cGt;{DaGw / afFRgsf nflu Ps csf{;u ;DalGwt / cfl>t /x]sf] k|sl[ tsf] ;'Gb/ :j¿knfO{ jftfj/0f F elgG5Ú . o;af6 xfdLn] s] a'‰g' k5{ eg] jftfj/0fleqsf dflg;, 3/kfn'jf hgfj/, hªunL hgfj/, sL/f–km6ofªuf, hLjf0f';lxt ;Dk"0f{ hLj / ;a} | k|sf/sf ¿v, la?jf tyf jg:klt / lghL{j j:t'x¿– xfjf, kfgL, k|sfz, tfk, 9'ªuf, df6f] cflbsf] ;Gt'ngn] k[YjL hLjgof]Uo ag]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f b'O{ zAb– …jftÚ / …cfj/0fÚ ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . oxfF …jftÚ eg]sf] jfo' / …cfj/0fÚ eg]sf] jfo'n] 9fs]sf] If]q cyjf jfo'sf] cfj/0f eGg] a'lemG5 . t;y{ jfo'n] 9fs]sf] jf 3]l/Psf] (surrounding) If]q, hxfF dflg;, hgfj/, jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷7
8.
¿vla?jf, df6f], xfjf,
kfgL cflbsf] pkl:ylt x'G5 Tof] g} jftfj/0f xf] . oL ;a} tŒjx¿sf] pkl:yltn] k|f0fL / jg:kltsf] hGd, j[l4 tyf ljsf;, d[To', ltgLx¿sf] sfo{k0ffnL cflb ljifodf k|ToIf–ck|ToIf ;/f]sf/ /fv]sf] x'G5 . | ljleGg ljåfgn] jftfj/0fsf] kl/efiff lbPsf 5g . k|l;4 jftfj/0fljbåo P= Pg= :6«Xn/ / P= Pr= :6«Xn/n] ;g !(&^ df jftfj/0fsf ;DaGwdf eg]sf ] ] lyP– …x'g t clwsf+z jftfj/0fljb tyf e"uf]nj]Qfx¿sf] ;f]r dfgjLo jftfj/0ftkm{ s]lGb|t /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ dflg;sf] ;DaGw p;sf] cfˆgf] lghL hLjg;Fu dfq ;Lldt /x]sf] x'bg, a? p;n] afFRgsf nflu 3/kfn'jf tyf F } jGohGt' / ;a} jg:kltsf] cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsfg'{ k5{ .Ú o;}u/L s]= cf/= bLlIftn] eg]sf 5g– …jftfj/0f ljZjsf] To:tf] ;du| b[li6sf]0f xf], h;n] s'g} ;do / ;Gbe{df ax':yflgs tŒj tyf ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / cfly{s k|0ffnL;Fu ;Da4 x'G5, h'g h}ljs tyf ch}ljs tŒjx¿sf] Jojxf/ jf cfr/0f cyjf :yfgsf] pkof]lutf (utility) cyjf u'0f (attributes) sf cfwf/df cnu x'G5 tfklg Ps;fy sfo{ ul//x]sf] x'G5 .Ú bLlIftsf cg';f/ jftfj/0fsf] kl/efiff tyf ljifo If]q xfd|f] lxt, cle?lr / k|fyldstfn] lgwf{/0f u5{ . xfd|f] tTsfnLg cle?lr jf cfjZostfsf ;fwgx¿ M :yfg– hxfF xfdL a:5f},F vfgf– h'g xfdL vfG5f},F kfgL– h;nfO{ xfdL lkp5f},F jfo'– h;af6 xfdL ;f; km]5f}F / xfd|f] cfly{s Joj:yfnfO{ ;an / ;Ifd agfpg] sfo{ ub{5f},F Tof] g} jftfj/0fsf] pkof]lutf tyf u'0f:t/ xf] . pgsf cg';f/ jftfj/0fdf …jfo'– hn–:yn–jg:kltÚ sf] k|dv :yfg x'G5 . ' jftfj/0fsf tŒjx¿ jftfj/0f hLljt k|f0fL, jg:klt / df6f], kfgL, jfo'h:tf lghL{j j:t'sf] ;+of]u ePsfn] ltgLx¿nfO{ g} jftfj/0fsf] tŒj dflgG5 . jftfj/0fsf tŒjnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 M != lghL{j tŒj jftfj/0fsf] k|fs[lts cj:yfnfO{ ;Gt'lnt /fVg lghL{j tŒjsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5 . lghL{j tŒjn] k|f0fL tyf jg:kltnfO{ cfjZos kf]if0f k|bfg ul//x]sf] x'G5 . jftfj/0fsf lghL{j tŒj lgDg cg';f/ 5g M s= df6f] df6f] jftfj/0fsf] k|dv tŒjdWo] Ps xf] . df6f]n] k|fs[lts :j¿k lgdf{0fdf ' jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷8
9.
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5
. df6f]d} jg:klt pd|G5g / x'sG5g . hldgsf] { cj:yf ef}uf]lns agf]6cg';f/ km/s–km/s x'G5 . dlnnf] df6f], anf}6] df6f], r§fgL jf 9'ªu] df6f] o;sf ;fdfGo pbfx/0f x'g . dflg;n] vfg] cGg, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n / kz'n] vfg] 3fF;, cf}iflwsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ h8La'6L df6f]d} pld|G5g . xfdLn] b]lv/xg] ;dy/ tyf d}bfg, kxf8, pkTosf, lxdfndf kfOg] df6f]sf :j¿k ljleGg k|sf/sf x'G5g . v= jfo' xfjf cyf{t jfo' jftfj/0fsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj xf] . clS;hgnfO{ t k|f0fjfo' g} elgG5 . To;}n] jo' k|f0fLsf] hLjgbftf xf] . jfo'ljgf s'g} hLj If0fe/ klg afFRg ;Sb}gg . jfo' cb[io Uof;Lo tTj xf] . ljleGg k|sf/sf Uof;x¿ ldn]/ o;sf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . jfo'df clS;hg, gfO6«fhg, sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, ldy]g, km:kmf]/; ] cflbsf] ;+of]u /x]sf] x'G5 . ljz]if1x¿sf cg';f/ jfo'd08ndf lgDg Uof;x¿sf] ;+of]hg /x]sf] x'G5 M gfO6«fhg ] &*=)) k|ltzt clS;hg @)=(% k|ltzt cfu{g )=(# k|ltzt sfa{g8fO cS;fO8 )=)$ k|ltzt cGo )=)* k|ltzt u= kfgL jftfj/0fsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj kfgL xf] . h;/L xfjfljgf hLjg ;Dej x'bg To;}u/L kfgLsf] cefjdf klg hLjsf] cl:tTj ;Dej x'bg . kfgL geP F } F } df6f] jfo' ;lxt ;Dk"0f{ jftfj/0f ;'Vvf / tftf] x'G5 . To;}n] kfgLnfO{ hLjgbfoL tŒjs} ¿kdf lnOG5 . df6f]af6 cGgafnL, 3fF;kft / af]6la?jf k|fKt ug{ / jftfj/0fnfO{ ;'Gb/–/d0fLo agfpg kfgL geO x'bg . kfgL F } udL{ofddf tft]/ afkm aG5 / xfjf;Fu ldN5 . kfgLsf] afkm ldn]sf] xfjf afbndf kl/0ft eO{ cfsfzdf k'ukl5 kfgL, lxpF / cl;gfsf] ¿k lnP/ km]l/ ] k[YjLdf kmls{G5 . o;/L ;~rfng x'g] hnrqmn] jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngdf cxd e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ . 3= k|sfz / tfk jftfj/0fsf cGo tŒjx¿nfO{ ;Gt'lnt agfO{ /fVg tfk / k|sfzsf] 7"nf] jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷9
10.
e"ldsf /x]sf] x'G5
. cWofF/f] x6fpg k|sfz rflxG5 . vfgf agfpg, z/L/nfO{ ;Gt'lnt tfkdf /fVg tftf]kg jf tfk rflxG5 . To;}u/L af]6 lj?jfnfO{ cfkmgf] vfgf agfpg] k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f k|lqmofsf nflu k|sfz / tfk b'jsf] } cfjZostf k5{ . jfo'd08ndf x'g] /f;folgs k|ltlqmof, hLjd08ndf x'g] h}ljs lqmofsnfksf nflu oL b'j} tTj geO x'bg . k|sfz tyf tfk pmhf{sf F } k|dv ;f]t x'g, h;sf] 7"nf] lx:;f ;"oaf6 k|fKt x'G5 . dflg;n] k/Dk/fut ' { ¿kdf h}ljs lk08 afn]/ gu0o dfqfdf tfk / k|sfz k|fKt ul//x]sf] eP klg xfn j}1flgs k|ljlwsf] pkof]uåf/f lah'nL jf cf0fljs e§Lsf] :yfkgf u/]/ klg pmhf{ k|fKt ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . t} klg ;"oaf6 k|fKt x'g] tfkLo pmhf{ tyf { k|sfzsf] t'ngfdf dflg;n] pTkfbg u/]sf] pmhf{ Hofb} guGo /x]sf] 5 . @= ;hLj tŒjx¿ lghL{j tŒjx¿sf] pkl:yltn] dfq k[YjLsf] jftfj/0f ;Gt'lnt x'g ;Sb}g . k|fs[lts jftfj/0f tyf kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] ;Gt'ngsf nflu jftfj/0fsf ;hLj tŒjx¿sf] e"ldsf klg dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;hLj jftfj/0fLo tŒjnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ b'O{ ju{df ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M s= jg:klt jftfj/0fdf nfvf}F k|hfltsf af]6–la?jf, kmnkm"n, 3fF; kft, h8La'6Lsf] cl:tTj /x]sf] 5 . hLjgofkgdf jg:klts ;|ftsf] pkof]u ;a}eGbf a9L ] x'G5 . cfFvfn] b]Vg g;lsg] ;–;fgfb]lv cUnf / 7"nf ¿vsf ¿kdf ;d]t jg:klt kfOG5g . n]p, Rofp / ‰ofpb]lv lnP/ xfd|f cGgafnL, ¿v–la?jf cflb o; ju{df k5{g . jg:klt :ynLo / hnLo b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g . h'g jg:kltsf] cl:tTjdf dfq ;Lldt x'G5 ltgnfO{ hnLo jg:klt elgG5 / kfgLaflx/ x'sg jg:kltnfO{ { :ynLo jg:klt elgG5 . k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] /Iff tyf ;Gt'ngsf nflu oL b'j} k|sf/sf jg:kltsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . v= k|f0fL jftfj/0fsf] csf]{ ;hLj tŒj k|f0fL xf] . o;leq hnLo / :ynLo b'j} k|sf/sf k|f0fL k5{g . kfgLdf a:g] df5f, Xj]n, 8lNkmgnufotsf hnLo hgfj/ / hdLgdf a:g] xfQL, u}8f, af3h:tf 7"nf hgfj/b]lv lnP/ cfFvfn] b]Vg F g;lsg] ;'Id hLjf0f' klg o; ju{df k5{g . r/fr'?ªuL, sL6ktªu, hLj0f'x¿ jftfj/0fsf ;hLj tŒj x'g . jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷10
11.
jftfj/0f k|bif0f
" kl/ro jftfj/0fsf s'g} klg tŒjaLr /x]sf] k|fs[lts ;Gt'ngdf ljleGg sf/0fn] kl/jt{g cfpF5 . hg;ªVof j[l4 / cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf sf/0f k|fs[lts ;|ftdfly bafa, vBfGg pTkfbg a9fpg pkof]u x'g] /f;folgs dn, sL6gfzs ] ljiffbL, kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] cTolws pT;h{gn] e"ld, hn / jfo'd08n Ps};fy k|bl" ift eO/x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f k|bif0fsf] k|efj o;sf] s'g} Ps tŒjdf dfq kb}g . jfo' k|bif0f x'bf " { " F jfo'df ldl;Psf] k|bifs jiff{sf dfWodaf6 df6f]df ldl;G5 / To;sf] k|jfx " ;txL / e"ldut kfgLdf x'G5 . v]taf/Ldf k|of]u x'g] sL6gfzs jf /f;folgs kbfy{ df6f] / e"ldut kfgLsf] ;|ft x'b} km}lnG5 . k|bl" ift kfgL jfikLs/0f x'bf ] F F To;df /x]sf] k|bifs cfsfzdf k'U5 / jiff{sf dfWodaf6 k'gM k[YjLdf cfpF5 . " df6f], hn / jfo' pkef]Uo j:t'sf d"n cfwf/ ePsfn] To:tf] j:t'sf] pkef]u ubf{ k|f0fL tyf jg:kltsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ k5{ h;n] dxfdf/Lsf] ¿kd wf/0f ug{ ;S5 . o;k|sf/ jftfj/0f k|bif0f ljZjsf] To:tf] h6Ln " ;d:of xf] h;sf] ;dfwfg k"0f{ ¿kdf ug{ ;lsFbg / o;sf] z[ªvnfa4 } k|efjsf] ;fdgf ;a}eGbf a9L dflg;n] g} ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . kl/efiff jftfj/0fsf] s'g} Ps tŒjdf kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjnfO{ jftfj/0f k|bif0f elgG5 . " gbLdf 9n ldl;P/ gbLsf] kfgL k|bl" ift x'g,' 3/ jf pBf]uaf6 pT;lh{t kmf]xf]/ ;8s jf rf]sdf y'lk|bf b'uGw pTkGg x'g,' t/sf/L afnLdf sL6gfzs cf}iflw 5bf{ F { To;sf] c;/ df6f] tyf e"ldut kfgLdf kg'{ jf t/sf/L vfFbf hg:jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ l:ylt k}bf x'g,' pBf]uaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ / /;fog ldl;Psf] 9n v'nf 7fpF jf vf]nfgfnfdf ldl;g', pBf]u tyf oftfoftsf ;fwgaf6 lg:sg] k|bl" ift Uof;n] jfo'kbif0f a9g' jftfj/0f k|bif0fsf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g . |" " jftfj/0fsf] s'g} Ps tŒjdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ csf]{ tŒj ldl;Pdf d"n tŒjsf] ef}lts, /f;folgs, h}ljs tyf df}lns u'0fdf cfpg] c:jefljs kl/jt{g g} k|bif0f xf] . To:tf] k|bl" ift tŒj pkef]usf nflu cg'ko'Qm jf " xflgsf/s x'G5 . jftfj/0fsf 36snfO{ b"lift ug]{ tŒjnfO{ k|bifs elgG5 . " jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷11
12.
jftfj/0f k|bif0faf6 pTkGg
;d:ofnfO{ ljleGg kIfaf6 cnu cnu tl/sfåf/f " x]g{] k|rng a9b} cfPsf] 5 . e"uf]nljbx¿ o;nfO{{ ;fdfGo ¿kdf x]5g, { jftfj/0fLo e"uf]nljb jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofs} ¿kdf x]b5g, ;dfhzf:qLx¿ { ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf ¿kdf lnG5g, cy{zf:qLx¿ cfly{s ;d:ofsf ¿kdf lnG5g, kl/l:yltsLljbx¿ kl/l:yltsLo ;d:ofsf ¿kdf x]5g eg] :jf:Yo { ljz]if1x¿ hg:jf:Yosf b[lisf]0faf6 k|bif0fsf] lrgf/L lbG5g . " k|sl[ tn] wfGg ;Sg]eGbf a9L k|bifssf] pT;h{g / lj;h{gn] jftfj/0fLo " k|0ffnLdf k|lts"n kl/jt{g NofpF5 . o:tf] k|lts"n kl/jt{gn] hg:jf:Yodf ;d:of pTkGg u5{ . kl/0ffd:j¿k ef}uf]lns, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts tyf /fhg}lts If]qdf k|lts"n k|efj k5{, h;nfO{ jftfj/0f k|bif0fsf ¿kdf " lng ;lsG5 . cd]l/sfsf] …Dof;fRo';6 OlG:6Ro'6 ckm 6]Sgf]nf]hLÚ n] jftfj/0f k|bif0fnfO{ ] " kl/eflift ub}{ eg]sf] 5 æj:t'sf] pTkfbg tyf pkef]usf k|To]s r/0fdf sfd gnfUg] jf kmf]xf]/ kbfy{sf] lj;h{g eO/xG5 . o:tf kmf]xf]/ kbfy{ To; ;dodf k|bifs of jftfj/0fLo ;d:of aG5g, ha To;n] jfo'd08nLo, dxf;fu/Lo " / kfly{j jftf/j/0fdfly xflgsf/s k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 .Æ ef/tLo jftfj/0fljb s]= ;L= cu|jfnn] eg]sf 5g …xfjf, kfgL tyf hldgsf] k|fs[lts jf df}lns cj:yfdf c:jfefljs ¿kn] cfpg] To:tf] ef}lts, /f;folgs cyjf h}ljs kl/jt{gnfO{ jftfj/0f k|bif0f elgG5, h;n] k|f0fLsf] " :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff tyf sNof0fdf xflg k'¥ofP/ vt/f pTkGg u5{ . o;k|sf/ ækl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL jf k|fs[lts jftfj/0fn] ;xg ug{ g;Sg]u/L dflg;sf OlR5t tyf clglR5t lqmofsnfkåf/f kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf kg]{ k|lts"n k|efj tyf To;sf] u'0f:t/ v:sg uO{ jftfj/0fsf k|To]s 36sdf z[ªvnfa4 k|efj k/]/ dfgj ;d'bfosf nflu cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf xflg k'Ug] ;Defjgfsf] j[l4 g} jftfj/0fsf] k|bif0f xf] .Æ " o; JofVofcg';f/ jftfj/0fLo k|bif0fsf tLgj6f cfwf/ b]lvG5g M " dflg;åf/f kmf]xf]/ jf cjlzi6 kbfy{sf] pTkflbt / lj;h{g, kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] lj;h{gaf6 pTkGg x'g] xflg tyf Iflt, / To; Ifltaf6 dflg;df kg]{ k|lts"n k|efj . jftfj/0fsf k|b"ifs k|fs[lts jftfj/0f tyf kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf c;Gt'ng k}bf ug]{ tyf k|bif0f pTkGg ug]{ kbfy{, pmhf{ jf /;fogsf s'g} klg ¿knfO{ jftfj/0fsf " k|bifs elgG5 . jftfj/0f k|bif0fdf k|bifs tŒjsf] e"ldsf ltgLx¿sf] :j¿k, " " " jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷12
13.
sfo{k0ffnL jf k|ltlqmofTds
Ifdtfsf cfwf/df leGg leGg x'G5 . To;}u/L | jftfj/0f k|bif0fsf If]q klg km/s x'G5g . To;}sf cfwf/df jftfj/0f k|bifssf] " " juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . != k|fs[lts k|bifs " k|fs[lts ¿kdf x'g] clwsf+z k|bif0f jftfj/0fsf tŒjn] ;xg ug{ ;Sg] " :t/df /x]sf] x'G5 . cyjf k|sl[ tdf :jo+ pTkGg x'g] k|bifs tŒjnfO{ lgd{nLs/0f " ug]{ Ifdtf k|sl[ tleq} /x]sf] x'G5 . ¿vaf6 em/]/ s'lxPsf kftsf] b'uGw { jgleqs} cGtlqm{ofaf6 lgd{nLs/0f x'g' o;sf] Ps pbfx/0f xf] . @= dfgjl;lh{t k|bifs " dflg;åf/f jftfj/0f k|bifsx¿sf] pTkfbg / lj;h{g b'j} x'g] u/]sf] 5 . " jftfj/0f ljgfz tyf k|bif0fsf ljleGg kIfsf] cWoogsf cfwf/df jftfj/0f " k|bifssf ¿kdf dflg; g} cufl8 /x]sf] 5 . dflg;åf/f pTkflbt / pT;lh{t " xflgsf/s kbfy{n] k|fs[lts ;Gt'ngdf Jojwfg k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . o;af6 jftfj/0fsf] k|dv k|bifs dflg; g} /x]sf] tYo :ki6 x'G5 . ' " jftfj/0f k|bif0fsf ljleGg k|sl[ t cyjf :j¿k 5g . xfjf, kfgL, df6f], Wjlg " cflb k|bif0fsf k|sl[ t x'g . o; >]0fLsf k|bifs lgDgcg';f/ 5g M " " s= s0fLo k|bifs M hnjfikdf ldl;P/ jfo'd08ndf km}lng] w"nf], pBf]uaf6 " pTkGg x'g] l;;f / wft'sf] w"nf] s0fLo k|bifs x'g . s0fLo k|bif0fn] vf;u/L " " jfo'd08ndf w"nf]sf] pkl:yltnfO{ hgfpF5 tfklg o;sf] k|efj hnd08n / :ynd08ndf ;d]t k5{ . jfo'd08ndf k'usf w"nf]sf s0f ljleGg jiff{, ] x'/Latf; jf cGo dfWodaf6 k'gM k[YjLdf cfpFbf To;sf] k|efj ;Dk"0f{ hLjd08ndf k5{ . v= Uof;Lo k|bif0f M dflg;åf/f 3/fo;L sfo{ ubf{, snsf/vfgf tyf pBf]u " rnfpFbf pTkGg x'g] Uof; klg jftfj/0fsf] k|dv k|bifs xf] . Snf]/f]ˆn'/f] ' " sfa{g, gfO6«fhg / sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, ;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8h:tf cS;fO8x¿ ] / ldy]g cflb Uof;n] jfo'd08nnfO{ k|bl" ift u5{g . u= t/n k|bifs M vlgh t]n pTkfbg s]Gb|, sRrf kbfy{ k|zf]wg ug]{ pBf]u, " vlgh t]n cf];f/k;f/ ug]{ kfgLhxfhaf6 pT;h{g x'g] jf r'lxg] t]n / t]ndf ldl>t cj:yfdf /x]sf vlgh kbfy{, cdf]lgof, o'l/of, Snf]/fO8, ˆnf]/fO8, sfaf]g6;, sL6gfzs tyf /f]ulg/f]ws /;fog cflb t/n k|bifs x'g . o:tf { ] " tŒjn] kfgLdf 3f]lnP/ jf hldgdf 5l/P/ jftfj/0fsf h}ljs tyf ch}ljs tŒjdf k|lts"n k|efj kfb{5g . jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷13
14.
jftfj/0f cksif{0f kl/ro s'g} klg
b]z, If]q jf k|bzsf] ef}lts jftfj/0fsf] s'g} klg PSnf] jf ;fd"lxs ] 36sdf pTkGg jftfj/0fLo x|f;sf] cj:yfnfO{ jftfj/0f cksif{0f tyf ljgfz elgG5 . kxf8sf] s'g} efudf uPsf] klx/f]n] ToxfFsf] h}ljs / ch}ljs b'j} j:t'sf] ljgfz u5{ . xl/of] jg If]qdf cfunfuL ePdf ToxfF /x]sf hLjx¿ hn]/ gi6 x'G5g . xl/of] jg g} ;dfKt ePkl5 Tof] If]q phf8 x'G5 . e'Orfnf] cfPdf F k[YjLsf ljleGg efux¿ rL/f k/]/, klx/f] uP/, kxf8–kj{tx¿ n8]/ tyf dfgjLo ;+/rgfx¿ elTsP/ k|fs[lts tyf dfgjåf/f lgld{t jftfj/0f g} gi6 x'G5 . k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 x'g] k|sf]khGo 36gfaf6 ePsf] jftfj/0fLo IfltnfO{ k|sl[ tn] lglZrt cjlwdf cfk}mF k'gM:yfkg u5{ eGg] ljz]if1x¿sf] dt /x]sf] kfOG5 . dflg;sf lqmofsnfkaf6 x'g] k|bif0f k|sl[ tn] ;xg ug]{ " IfdtfeGbf aflx/ ePdf jftfj/0fLo cj:yfdf cgk]lIft kl/jt{g b]vf k5{ / h}ljs tyf ch}ljs tŒjaLrsf] ;Gt'ngdf vnn k}bf x'G5 . hLjd08nsf] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] ;Gt'ng ef}lts tyf h}ljs tŒjaLrsf] cGtlqm{ofåf/f sfod /x]sf] x'G5 . oL s'g} klg 36s jf cªudf s'g} vf; ;dodf kl/jt{g x'G5 eg] To;sf] k|efj cGo 36sdf klg :jtM kg{ hfG5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k jftfj/0fdf s'g} kl/jt{g eOxfn]df To;af6 kg]{ xflgsf] Ifltk"lt{ cGo k|fs[lts 36gfaf6 x'g] u5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fdf x'g] k|fs[lts k|ltlqmofn] hLjnfO{ plrt af;:yfgsf] lgdf{0f ub{5 . k[YjLdf hLjgsf] pTklQsfnb]lv g} x/]s hLjn] ef}lts jftfj/0fsf] ljleGg tŒjdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ ;xg ub}{ cfPsf 5g . ;g !*^) sf] bzsdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtn] dflg;nfO{ cfw'lgs k|ljlwdf k"0f{tf lbg] sfo{ u¥of] / jftfj/0fsf] of] 36s k|sl[ tsf] ;j{zlQmdfg k|f0fLsf ¿kdf :yflkt eof] . kl/0ffd:j¿k dflg;df ef}lts jftfj/0fdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfdf b]vf k¥of] . jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷14
15.
cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf sf/0f
dflg; jftfj/0fsf] ef}lts 36saf6 aflx/ cfP/ cfly{s tyf k|fljlws dfgj alg;s]sf] 5 . dflg;åf/f ;~rflnt lqmofsnfksf sf/0f jftfj/0fdf x'g] Ifltk"lt{sf] :jkf]lift Ifdtfdf ;d]t x|f; ePsf] 5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k jftfj/0fdf lg/Gt/ x'g] kl/jt{gdf tLj|tf cfP/ hLjd08ndf k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] 5 . ef}lts jftfj/0fdf o;/L cfpg] k|lts"n kl/jt{gnfO{ jftfj/0f cksif{0f (environment degradation) elgG5 . jftfj/0fljb ;laGb| l;+xsf cg';f/ æjftfj/0fsf ef}lts 36sdf jftfj/0fsf] :jkf]lift ¿kn] k"lt{ x'g g;Sg] dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f jf h}ljs k|lqmofåf/f cfpg] x|f; cyjf cltqmldt cj:yf g} jftfj/0f cksif{0f xf] .Æ o;k|sf/ k|fs[lts 36gfqmd / dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f jftfj/0fsf ljleGg tŒjx¿df kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjsf sf/0f jftfj/0fLo u'0f:t/df tTsfn jf nfdf] ;dokl5 b]lvg] x|f;nfO{ jftfj/0f cksif{0f eGg ;lsG5 . jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf ljz]iftfsf] hfgsf/Ln] o;nfO{ cem :ki6 kf5{ M jftfj/0fsf] u'0f:t/nfO{ dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] k|sl[ tn] ;xg ug{ jf k'gM:yfkg ug{ g;Sg]u/L x|f;f]Gd'v agfpF5 . jftfj/0fsf s'g} Ps ef}lts tŒjdf kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjsf] c;/ cGo tŒjdf k5{ . k|bif0faf6 jftfj/0fsf] k|fs[lts u'0fdf k|lts"n kl/jt{g cfPsf] x'G5 . " jftfj/0fsf] u'0f:t/df cfPsf] x|f;n] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf c;Gt'ng k}bf u5{ . kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf cfk"mnfO{ ;dflxt ug{ g;Sg] hLj ;ªs6fkGg aG5g / sltkosf] cl:tTj g} ;dfKt x'g ;S5 . k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 ;d]t jftfj/0f cksif{0f x'g] eP klg o;df dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] g]tTj lnPsf] x'G5 . [ jftfj/0f k|bif0f / cksif{0faLr leGgtf " ;fdfGotof jftfj/0f k|bif0f / cksif{0f b'j} cj:yfn] jftfj/0fsf] ljgfznfO{ " g} hgfpF5 . oL b'O{ ljifodf s] leGgtf 5 eg]/ ;lhn} 7Dofpg sl7g x'G5 . cksif{0f / k|bif0f b'j} ljifosf] k|sl[ t / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] tfTsflns tyf " bL3{sfnLg kl/0ffdsf] cWoogaf6 oL b'O{ cj:yfaLrsf] leGgtfnfO{ s]nfpg ;slG5 . jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷15
16.
leGgtf M
jftfj/0f k|bif0f dfgjLo lqmofsnfkaf6 x'G5 t/ cksif{0f k|fs[lts " sf/0faf6 klg x'G5 . jftfj/0fLo k|bif0fn] jftfj/0fsf] :yfgLo :t/df x|f; NofpF5 t/ " F cksif{0fsf] kl/0ffd ljZjJofkL ¿kdf km}lnG5 . jftfj/0f k|bif0fn] jftfj/0fsf ef}lts tŒjx¿sf] u'0f:t/df :yfgLo " :t/df tTsfn} k|efj kf5{ t/ jftfj/0f cksif{0fn] bL3{sfnLg kl/0ffd b]vf kf5{ . cyf{t cksif{0fsf] k|efj :yfgLo :t/af6 cufl8 a9]/ kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLsf] k|fb]lzs tyf ljZjJofkL aG5 . jftfj/0f k|bif0fsf] ;jf{lws k|efj :yfgLo jftfj/0f / dfgj ;d'bfodf " g} k5{ eg] jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf] c;/ dflg;sf cltl/Qm jftfj/0fsf ;d:t ef}lts 36sdf km}lnG5 . jftfj/0f k|bif0f dfgjLo q'6Lsf] pkh xf] . o;n] cksif{0fsf] :t/nfO{ " a9fpF5 . t/ jftfj/0f cksif{0f To:tf] Jofks zAb xf], hf] dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf cltl/Qm k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 pTkGg eP/ ;fj{ef}lds jftfj/0fdf c;Gt'ng k}bf u5{ . jftfj/0f k|bif0f :yfgLo txaf6 lj:tf/ x'g ;do nfU5 / o;n] " lglZrt If]qleq dfq a9L c;/ kfb{5 eg] jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf] ult dGb x'G5 / o;sf] s'g} ;Ldf x'bg . To;}n] jftfj/0f cksif{0f F } k|bif0fsf] clGtd kl/0ffd jf ;Ldf xf] . " jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / cksif{0fsf sf/0f jftfj/0f k|bif0f tyf cksif{0f k|fs[lts / dfgjLo b'j} sf/0faf6 x'G5 . xfd|f] " ;Gbe{df b]lvPsf k|dv sf/0fnfO{ 5f]6s/Ldf lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M ' != k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 pTkGg k|sf]k k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 pTkGg lgDg k|sf]kn] jftfj/0f k|bif0f / cksif{0fdf " of]ubfg lbG5 M s= ef}uf]lns tyf ef}ule{s k|sf]k k[YjLsf] ef}ule{s tyf ef}uf]lns agf]6 cg';f/ w]/} k|sf/sf k|sf]khGo 36gf x'g] u5{g . Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6, e'Orfnf] tyf ;'gfdL ef}ule{s k|sf]k x'g eg] F e"Ifo / klx/f] ef}uf]lns k|sf]ksf pbfx/0f x'g . jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷16
17.
Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6g x'bf
lg:sg] nfef, tfkLo pmhf{, w"nf] / w"jfFn] jftfj/0fdf F k|bif0f tyf cksif{0f u/fpF5 . To;}u/L e'Orfnf]n] k[YjLsf] afXo ;txdf Iflt " F k'¥ofpg] x'bf dflg;nufot ;Dk"0f{ hLjd08n k|efljt x'G5 . e'Orfnf] / F F Hjfnfd'vLsf sf/0f cfunfuL x'g,] klx/f] hfg], af9L cfpg] tyf cGo k|sf]k klg ylkP/ hgwgsf] Iflt dfq x'bg, oL b'j} 36gfsf sf/0f jfo'd08ndf F } w"nf], w"jfF, ljiffQm Uof; lj;h{g x'G5 / jfo'd08n k|bl" ift x'G5 . v= hnpTkGg k|sf]k kfgLsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g] k|sf]khGo 36gfnfO{ hnpTkGg k|sf]k elgG5 . cltj[li6, af9L, klx/f], lxdtfn ljikmf]6g, v08j[li6, cgfj[li6 tyf v8]/L, emf8fkvfnf / dxfdf/Lh:tf 36gfnfO{ o; >]0fLdf /fVg ;lsG5 . cltj[li6sf sf/0f x'g] af9L / klx/f]n] :yfgLo jftfj/0fdf Jofks kl/jt{g NofpF5 . kxf8LIf]qdf klx/f]n] jg, v]tLof]Uo e"ld dfgj cfjf;If]q k'// ToxfFsf] jftfj/0fLo ] u'0f:t/df x|f; NofpF5 eg] af9Ln] gbLlsgf/ / ljz]ifu/L t/fO{nfO{ tx;gx; kf5{ . af9Lklx/f]kl5 dxfdf/Lsf] cj:yf klg pTkGg x'G5 . af9Lklx/f]af6 lj:yflkt ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] a;f]af; / hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu cGo k|fs[lts ;|ftdfly cfl>t /xg' kg]{ cj:yf eP/ jftfj/0f ljgfz tLj| x'G5 . ] u= jfojLo k|sf]k jfo'd08ndf ljleGg of}lusaLr rNg] cGtlq{mofaf6 hLjd08n k|efljt eO/x]sf] x'G5 . jfo' hLjgsf] k|dv cfwf/ ePsf]n] o;df ;fdfGo pynk'yn ' eP/ pTkGg x'g] c;xh kl/l:yltn] k|sf]khGo hf]lvd a9fpF5 . n", zLtnx/, x'/Latf;, cfFwL, t'kmfg, r6ofª, cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, v08j[li6sf] cj:yf jfo'd08nLo ;+/rgfdf cfpg] kl/jt{gsf pbfx/0f x'g . ljZjJofkL tfkqmd j[l4sf sf/0f hnjfo' kl/jt{g eP/ o:tf 36gfdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . 3= cGo k|fs[lts sf/0f jftfj/0fdf k|bif0f a9fP/ cksif{0fnfO{ cem tLj| agfpg ljleGg k|fs[lts " sf/0f ;lqmo /x]sf x'G5g . pNsflk08 k[YjLdf v;]/ ljgfz x'g,' u|x¿aLrsf] u'?Tjfsif{0fsf] k|efjaf6 ;d'bdf Hjf/ef6f pTkGg x'g,' k[YjLsf] pi0fLs/0fsf | sf/0f hnjfikLs/0f a9gh:tf k|fs[lts sf/0f o;sf ;fdfGo pbfx/0f x'g . ' @= dfgjLo sf/0f jftfj/0f k|bif0f / cksif{0f a9fpg dflg;sf] k|dv xft /x]sf] 5 h;nfO{ " ' lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷17
18.
s= dfgjl;lh{t k|sf]k a]nfotdf
!& cf}F ztfAbLdf ePsf] cf}Bf]lus qmflGtkl5 tLj| ePsf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/sf sf/0f k|fs[lts ;|ftdfly clgolGqt ¿kdf cltqmd0f ] eO/Xof] . jfo'kbifs Uof;sf] pT;h{gdf s'g} ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ePg . dflg;n] | " cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ k|dv nIo agfPsf sf/0f k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf kg{;Sg] ' k|lts"n k|efjk|lt p;sf] Wofg k'Ug g} ;s]g . kl/0ffd:j¿k jftfj/0f ljgfzn] tLj|tf kfO/Xof] / k|sf]khGo 36gfdf j[l4 x'b} uof] . jftfj/0fsf F ljleGg 36sdf xflgsf/s k|efj k/]sf] tYo phfu/ x'g nfUof] . jgljgfzsf sf/0f af9L, klx/f], cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, ;'Vvf v8]/L, v08j[li6, ef]sd/L / s'kf]if0fh:tf k|sf]khGo 36gfdf j[l4 ePsf 5g / hgwgsf] Ifltn] lj:tfl/t x'g] cj;/ kfPsf] 5 . v= /f;folgs tyf cf0fljs ljikmf]6 /f;folgs sf/vfgfaf6 pTkfbg x'g] ljiffn' Uof;sf] r'xfj6, cf0fljs e§Laf6 lg:sg] ljsL/0f tyf To:tf e§Lsf] ljikmf]6g jf o'4df /;fogsf] k|of]uaf6 pTkGg x'g] k|sf]khGo 36gfaf6 pT;lh{t k|bifsn] jftfj/0f k|bif0f / " " cksif{0f a9fO/x]sf] x'G5 . u= k|bif0f " jftfj/0f k|foM dfgjLo sf/0faf6 g} k|bl" ift x'G5 . dfgjLo sf/0faf6 x'g] jftfj/0f k|bif0f / cksif{0fnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M " jfo'kbif0f M cfly{s / k|fljlws ljsf;sf sf/0f pTkGg ljleGg k|bifs Uof; |" " tyf /;fogaf6 jfo'd08n lg/Gt/ k|bl" ift eO/x]sf] 5 . sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8, xf]nf] sfa{g, ldy]g, hnjfik, Snf]/f]ˆn'/f] sfa{g cflb Uof; jfo'kbifssf s]xL pbfx/0f x'g . o;k|sf/sf] k|bif0fn] cf]hf]g txsf] | " " Iflt, xl/tu[x k|efj / To;af6 rqmLo ¿kdf kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjsf sf/0f jftfj/0f cksif{0f x'G5 . hnk|bif0f M hnk|bif0f ljZjsf] ;jf{lws ljgfzsf/L jftfj/0fLo ;d:of " " ag]sf] 5 . :jR5 lkpg] kfgL / ;kmfOsf] cefjsf sf/0f *) k|ltzt /f]u kfgL;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] tYofªs ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3Lo jftfj/0f sfo{qmdn] ' ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] 5 . kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkgsf] cefj / cf}Bf]lus tyf 3/fo;L 9n k|zf]wgljgf gbLdf ld;fpg] k|jl[ Q, v]taf/Ldf /f;folgs dn tyf sL6gfzssf] k|of]uh:tf jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷18
19.
sf/0fn] ;txL tyf
e"ldut kfgL k|bl" ift x'b} uPsf] 5 . hnk|bif0fsf] k|efj F " jftfj/0fsf h}ljs tyf ch}ljs ;a} tŒjdf kg]{ ePsfn] jftfj/0f cksif{0f tLj| ag]sf] 5 . e"–k|bif0f M jgljgfz, vf]l/of v]tL, clgof]lht e"pkof]u, ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] " lgdf{0faf6 x'g] e"Ifo, sL6gf;s /;fogsf] k|of]uh:tf sf/0fn] e"ldsf] u'0f:t/ x|f; x'G5 . o;af6 jg:kltsf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfP/ jftfj/0fsf x/]s tŒjdf k|ToIf k|efj k/]/ jftfj/0fLo cksif{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . ljZjdf a9b} uPsf] d?e"dLs/0fsf] ;d:ofsf] w]/} sf/0fdWo] e"cksif{0f klg Ps xf] . hg;ªVof j[l4 M tLj| hg;ªVof j[l4 jftfj/0f k|bif0f tyf cksif{0fsf] " k|dv sf/0f xf] . a9bf] hg;ªVofsf] nflu rflxg] cfjf;, vfgf, n'ufkmf6f], ' lzIff, :jf:Yoh:tf cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] pkof]u a9]sfn] ] jftfj/0f ljgfzdf 7"nf] ;xof]u ldn]sf] 5 . pknAw tYofªscg';f/ k[YjLdf *))) O;fk"jdf 3'dGt] cj:yfdf /x]sf] { dflg;sf] ;ªVof %) nfvsf] cf;kf; ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;f] hg;ªVof O;fk"j{ #))) df sl/a #) s/f]8 k'usf] / ;g !^%) lt/ %% ] s/f]8 k'usf] lyof] . o;/L sl/a !)) u'0ff hg;ªVof j[l4 x'g !) xhf/ jif{ ] nfu]sf] b]lvG5 . t/ dWoo'ub]lv hg;ªVof j[l4df tLj|tf cfPsf] kfOG5 . !^%) kl5sf] $%) jif{d} k[YjLsf] hg;ªVof #%) u'0ff j[l4 eP/ & ca{ gfl3;s]sf] 5 -;+oQm /fi6«;ª3, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ ljefu, hg;ªVof ' zfvf, !(%# / cGo ;|ft_ . ] hg;ªVof;Fu ;DalGwt jftfj/0fLo ;d:of lgDgcg';f/ /x]sf 5g M ;x/Ls/0fsf] lj:tf/ / hg3gTj j[l4 x'G5 . ljsl;t / cljsl;t d'nssf] hg3gTjdf c;dfgtf . ' cfly{s ljsf;df cj/f]w tyf ul/aLdf j[l4 . ;fdflhs cg'zf;g, cdgr}gdf vnn, ;fdflhs åGå, o'4sf] pTklQ . cfjf;, vfBfGg, :jf:Yo, lzIff, z'4 vfg]kfgL / ;/;kmfOsf] cefjn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf hf]lvdsf] pTklQ . k|fs[lts ;|ftdfly cltqmd0f, e"pkof]udf clgoldttf / kl/l:yltsLo ] k|0ffnLdfly bafa . jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷19
20.
cfly{s c;dfgtf M
Pstkm{ ljsl;t d'nssf dflg;n] cfly{s ljsf;sf] ' r/d ;Ldf kf/ ul/;s]sf 5g eg] t];f] ljZjsf sl/a &) k|ltzt gful/s | b}lgs hLjgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfwf/e"t j:t'dflysf] kx'raf6 lj:yflkt F eO/x]sf 5g . ljsf;f]Gd'v d'nsdf klg wgL / ul/aaLrsf] vf8n emg} 7"nf] ' eO/x]sf] 5 . sl/a @^) nfv hg;ªVof ePsf] g]kfnsf] @$ jif{sf] ;/sf/L ah]6 a/fa/sf] ;DklQ Pp6} JolQm;Fu x'g' cfly{s c;dfgtfsf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] . o;k|sf/sf] cfly{s c;dfgtfn] jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / ;|ftsf] a'l4dQfk"0f{ ] pkof]usf] cjwf/0ff tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf] ljZjJofkL dfGotfnfO{ w/f;foL agfPsf] 5 . 3= jgljgfz jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf] csf]{ dfgjLo sf/0f jgljgfz xf] . jgljgfzsf sf/0f k|fs[lts kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / h}ljs–jf;:yfg dfq ;ªs6fkGg ePsf] 5}g, e"Ifo, klx/f] / af9Lh:tf k|sf]ksf 36gfx¿df klg lg/Gt/ j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . ljZjdf x/]s lbg xhf/f}F x]S6/ jgljgfz x'g] u/]sf] 5 . r/d cf}Bf]lus ljsf; / jgljgfzn] jfo'd08ndf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{g / ;~ro a9]sf sf/0f k[YjLsf] tfkqmd klg a9b} uPsf] 5 . o;af6 jftfj/0fsf cGo tŒjdfly k|efj kg]{ / k|sf]khGo 36gfdf ;d]t j[l4 x'G5 . ª= s[life"ldsf] lj:tf/ cfjf; / v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] lj:tf/ ubf{ jgdfly g} bafa k5{ . v]tLof]Uo e"ldsf] k|flKtsf nflu ljZjdf x/]s lbg nfvf}F x]S6/ e"ldsf] jg kmF8fgL x'g] u5{ . k|z:t vfBfGg pTkfbg x'g] pi0fk|bzLo If]qsf] dfq jgkmF8fgL geP/, ] ;dl;tf]i0f / l;tf]i0f k|bzsf] jg;d]t kmF8fgL eO/x]sf] 5 . Ps tYofªs ] cg';f/ ljZjdf k|ltjif{ @) xhf/ ju{dfOn If]qkmnsf] jg kmF8fgL x'g] u/]sf] 5 . ;f]leot ?;sf] :6]kL, pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] k|o/L, blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] kDkfh, ] blIf0f clk|msfsf] j]N8 / Go"hLNof08sf] 8fpG; If]qsf ljzfn 3fF;d}bfg s[life"lddf kl/0ft eO;s]sf 5g . o;}u/L blIf0fL tyf blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofnL d'nssf jg klg tLj|ultdf kmF8fgL eO/x]sf] 5 . ' g]kfndf /fli6«o jgsf clwsf+z If]q ;d'bfonfO{ g} x:tfGt/0f ug{ yflnPkl5 jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷20
21.
jgljgfzdf lgs} sdL
cfPsf] cg'ej ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk /fli6«o jgdfly kl//x]sf] rfk eg] 36]sf] 5}g . nfdf] ;do;Dd rn]sf] åGåkl5 klg /fhgLlts ;ªqmd0fsfnsf] kmfObf lnP/ t:s/x¿ jgkmF8fgL u/L sf7sf] cj}w Jofkf/ ug{ tNnLg 5g . r= 3'dGt] v]tL blIf0f tyf blIf0fk"jL{ Pl;ofnL d'nsdf 3'dGt] v]tL ug]{ k|rng 5 . kxf8L ' If]qsf afl;Gbf jgkmF8fgL u/]/ vf]l/of v]tLdf lge{/ 5g . sltko ls;fg cem} klg 3'dGt] hLjg lgjf{x u5{g . s]xL jif{ Ps :yfgdf v]tL ubf{ df6f]sf] pa{/fzlQmdf x|f; cfP kl5 csf]{ If]qdf ;b{5g / jg kmfF8/ e"ldnfO{ ] v]tLof]Uo agfpF5g . l5d]sL d'ns ef/tdf 3'dGt] s[lifk|0ffnL Jofks ¿kdf ' rNg] u/]sf] 5 . ef/tsf ljleGg !@ /fHodf @$ nfv (^ xhf/ 3'dGt] s[ifsn] jflif{s ( xhf/ * ;o (^ ju{lsnf]ld6/ jgIf]q kmF8fgL u/L v]tL ug]{ u/]sf] ef/tLo jg ;e]{ k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v 5 . of] k/Dk/f >Lnªsf, aªunfb]z / kfls:tfgdf klg 5 . g]kfnsf pRr lxdfnL If]qdf klg 3'dGt] v]tLsf] k|yf 5 . o;/L pknAw e"ldsf] pa{/sTj a9fpg 5f]8/ jg kmF8fgL u/L v]tL ug]{ ] k/Dk/fn] jftfj/0f cksif{0f a9bf] qmddf 5 . 5= cltr/g ;dl;tf]i0f If]qsf] a'6ofg tyf 3fF;] d}bfg kz'kfngsf nflu pQd dflgG5 . Joj;flos kz'kfngsf] sfo{n] kz'sf] ;ªVofTds j[l4 eP/ rl/r/gsf] If]qkmn a9b} uPsf] 5 . 3fF;] d}bfgn] dfq rl/r/gsf] dfu k"/f gePkl5 ;– ;fgf a'6ofgL jg x'b} 3gf jglt/ klg kz'kfns cfslif{t x'b} uPsf 5g . F F o;/L jgljgfz t eO/x]sf] 5 g} e"Ifo / d?e"dLs/0fsf] k|lqmof klg tLj| ag]sf] 5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf b"wfn' kz'sf] ;ªVof w]/} eP klg ltgsf] pTkfbsTj sd x'gfn] kz'sf] ;ªVof a9fpg]tkm{ hf]8 lbOPsf] kfOG5 . o;/L kz'sf] ;ªVofdf lg/Gt/ j[l4 x'bf rl/r/gsf nflu w]/} jg If]qsf] k|of]u x'g] F u/]sf] 5 . l;tf]i0f hnjfo' If]qdf pg / df;'sf] nflu e]8fkfng Joj;fon] ;d]t jgljgfzdf of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 . h= cfunfuL k|fs[lts tyf dfgjLo sf/0faf6 jgdf cfunfuLsf 36gf k|z:t x'G5g . 7"nf] jgIf]qdf cfunfuL x'bf jfg:klts ;|ft dfq geP/ ;Dk"0f{ h}ljs F ] ljljwtf gi6 x'G5 . cfunfuL x'bf sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8 / cGo Uof; pT;h{g F jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷21
22.
eP/ jfo'kbif0f a95
. cfunfuLdf jfo'd08nLo lah'nL jf r6ofªsf] e"ldsf | " /x]sf] x'G5 eg] vf]l/of v]tL / jg 89]df df6f] dlnnf] eP/ 3fF; pld|G5 eGg] e|dn] klg of] cj:yf sfod 5 . em= 3/fo;L k|of]hg jgljgfzsf] csf]{ k|dv sf/0f 3/fo;L cfjZostf k"/f ug{ jgaf6 3fF;, ' bfp/f / sf7kft lgsflnG5 . 3/kfn'jf kz'sf nflu rflxg] 3fF; / b}lgs k|of]hgsf nflu cfjZos pmhf{sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ bfp/f lgsfNgsf lgldQ jgdfly g} ;d'bfo cfl>t /x]sf] x'G5 . ljsf;f]Gd'v d'nssf ul/a ' ;d'bfon] hLjgofkgsf nflu j}slNks ;|ft k|fKt ug{ g;Sbf jgaf6 cj}w ] ¿kdf sf7 / bfp/f lgsfn]/ :yfgLo ahf/df laqmL u/L hLjg lgjf{x ug'{ kl//x]sf] 5 . 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf nflu sf7, bfp/f / 3fF;sf nflu e"dWo/]vLo ;bfaxf/ jg dfq k|ltjif{ @ s/f]8 x]S6/sf b/n] kmF8fgL eO/x]sf] 5 . `= cf}Bf]lus tyf Jofkfl/s k|of]hg cf}Bf]lusLs/0f / ;x/Ls/0fn] jg / cGo k|fs[lts ;|ftdfly cltqmd0f ] a9]sf] 5 . ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu rflxg] sf7sf] cfk"lt{ jgaf6} x'G5 . pBf]u rnfpg rflxg] sRrfkbfy{sf nflu jgkmF8fgL x'g] u/]sf] 5 . /f0ff zf;gsf] ;dodf t/fO{If]qaf6 ;v'jf hftsf sf7sf] lgsf;L ef/tdf x'g] u/]sf] lyof] . o;af6 t/fO{sf] ljzfn jg ;dfKt eP/ xfn ;a}eGbf a9L cfjfbof]Uo ag]sf] 5 . ljZjsf sltko ljsf;zLn d'nsn] cfˆgf gful/ssf] ' hLljsf]kfh{gs} nflu ljsl;t d'nsnfO{ cfˆgf jgsf ax'dNo sf7 ;'Dkg' ' " kl//x]sf] 5 . o;n] jgdflysf] cltqmd0fnfO{ cem tLj| agfPsf] 5 . 6= af“w lgdf{0f vfg]kfgLsf] cfk"lt{, l;FrfO{ / hnljB't pTkfbgsf nflu gbLdf ljzfn afFw lgdf{0f x'g] u/]sf 5g . afFw lgdf{0f x'bf hnLo kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf F ljv08g cfpF5 . afFwn] dflyNnf] If]qdf hnfzosf] lgdf{0f eP/ 8'afg x'G5 eg] tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf hnk|jfx sd x'G5 . kl/0ffd:j¿k tNnf] If]qdf km/s k|sf/sf] jftfj/0fLo kl/l:yltsLsf] pTklQ x'G5, h;n] jftfj/0fsf] k|fs[lts ¿kdf cksif{0f x'G5 . 7= ;x/Ls/0f ljsf;sf] s]Gb|laGb'sf ¿kdf cl3 al9/x]sf] ;x/Ls/0fn] cfly{s lqmofsnfknfO{ jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷22
23.
klg ;x/–s]lGb|t ub}{
cfPsf] 5 . :yfgLo, If]qLo, b]zLo, cGtb]zLo tyf { cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ultljlwsf] ;~hfn ;x/d} /xg] / ;'v ;'ljwf klg ToxL pknAw x'g] x'bf ;x/tkm{ g} a;fO;/fOF a9b} cfPsf] 5 . zflGt ;'/Iffsf] F k|Toe"lt ;x/d} x'g,] cf}Bf]lus ljsf; / ljsf;sf cGo sfo{ ;x/d} w]/} x'gfn] /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ klg ToxLF pknAw x'G5 . a9b} uPsf] ;x/Ls/0fsf] o; tYofªsn] k[YjLsf] ef}uf]lns w/ftnsf] k|f¿k s'g xb;Dd kl/jt{g x'G5 eg]/ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . ;x/Ls/0fsf] k|dv sf/s cf}Bf]lus ljsf; xf] eg] ;x/L If]qdf pknAw ;'ljwfn] klg ' dflg;nfO{ o;tkm{ cfslif{t u/]sf] 5 . cfjfbLsf] j[l4;Fu} ;x/L If]qdf ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0fdf klg TolQ g} j[l4 x'G5 . vf;u/L ;x/Ls/0f / To;af6 kg]{ k|efjnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M ;jf/L;fwg tyf pBf]u rnfpg k|of]u x'g] vlgh OGwg aNbf lg:sg] ljiffQm Uof; tyf /;fogn] jftfj/0f k|bif0f a9fpF5 . " h}ljs, ch}ljs / /f;folgs kmf]xf]/af6 pTkGg b'uGwn] ;x/L jfo' k|bl" ift { x'g,] kmf]xf]/ ;8]/ 9ndf ldl;g] / 9n kf]v/L, vf]nf jf gbLdf ldl;gfn] ;x/L If]qsf] hnLo kl/l:yltsL ckslif{t x'G5 . sf7df8f}F pkTosfsf] ;Eotfsf k|lts dflgg] afudtL / lji0f'dlt gbL o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f xf] . vf;u/L ;g !(*) sf] bzsaf6 k|bl" ift x'g yfn]sf oL b'O{ gbL clxn] 9ndf ¿kfGt/0f ePsf 5g . dfgjLo Hjfnfd'vLsf ¿kdf cf}Bf]lus lrDgLaf6 lg:sg] ljiffQm Uof; / w"jfFn] jfo'kbif0fsf] :t/ hg:jf:Yosf b[li6n] hf]lvdk"0f{ ag]sf] 5 . | " jfo'kbif0fs} sf/0f k[YjLsf] tfkqmd j[l4 eP/ hnjfo'df kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] | " tYo ;fj{hlgs ePsf 5g . OGwgsf] hng / cGo sf/0faf6 pTkGg tfk klg jfo'd08ndf g} lj;h{g x'G5 . o;af6 jfo'd08nLo tfkdfg c;Gt'lnt x'G5 . ;x/df kfgLsf] cfk"lt{sf nflu glhssf gbL, tnfp, em/gf tyf e"ldut kfgLsf] ;d]t pkof]u u/]/ lkpg] kfgL ljt/0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . t/ clwst/ ;x/L If]qdf 3/, ;8s, uNnL kSsL agfOPsf]] x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ jiff{sf] kfgL hldgn] ;f]:g ;Sb}g / hnaxfjdf j[l4 x'G5 . To;}u/L e"ldut hnsf] clgolGqt pkof]un] e"ldut hn:t/ tn em/]/ hldg ;'Vvf x'G5 . ;x/Ls/0f jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] Ps cxd sf/s ag]sf] 5 . ;x/Ls/0fsf jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷23
24.
sf/0f e"ldsf] pkof]udf
x'g] kl/jt{g, kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] lgisf;g, cf}Bf]lus ljsf;, oftfoftsf] lj:tf/ / ef}lts ;+/rgfsf] clgolGqt lgdf{0faf6 tof/ ePsf] s[lqd kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLn] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf x/]s 36sdf >[ªvnfa4 ¿kdf k|lts"n k|efj kfl//x]sf] x'G5 . 8= jftfj/0f cd}qL k|ljlw cTofw'lgs dflgPsf cf}Bf]lus k|ljlwn] cfly{s ljsf;df ct'ngLo of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . kfiff0f o'ub]lv cfh;Ddsf] dfgj ljsf;df k|ljlwn] cx+ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 . t/ c7f/f}F ztfAbLkl5 ePsf] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fnfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . k|ljlwsf] k|of]usf] d"n nIo cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf; eP klg To;n] pTkGg ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0fLo ;d:oftkm{ dflg;sf] Wofg hfg ;s]g . vf;u/L bf];f] / k|yd ljZjo'4df k|of]u ePsf cf0fljs xltof/ / To;kl5 | ljZjJofkL ¿kdf af?b, c>'Uof; tyf cem ljsl;t cf0fljs tyf h}ljs xltof/n] jftfj/0f cksif{0fdf ljz]if of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . ljZjsf zlQmzfnL d'nsn] dfq geP/ ljsf;f]Gd'v d'nsdf ;d]t o:tf xltof/sf] k|of]u / ' ' k/LIf0fn] jftfj/0fdf g/fd|f] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ k|fljlws ljsf;sf s]xL pbfx/0f k|:t't ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g5 M ] v]taf/Ldf vghf]t, l;FrfO tyf s6fOsf nflu ljsl;t k|ljlw, /f;folgs dn / sL6gf;ssf] pTkfbg / k|of]u . sDKo'6/, df]afOn kmf]g, >Job[io lrqsf] lgdf{0f, k"0f{ :jrflnt d]l;g, tLj| ultsf :yn–hn / xjfO oftfoftsf ;fwg, ljleGg If]qdf pGgt tyf cTofw'lgs Pj+ Ifdtfjfg oGq tyf pks/0f . k|f0f3fts c0f' tyf xfO8«fhg ad, o'4s ld;fOn, cf0fljs tyf ] h}ljs xltof/ . /]lk|mh]/6/, jftfg'sng oGq, x]o/8«fo/, :k|] ug]{ oGq, ;fa'g, ;f}Gbo{sf ] ' k|;fwg . v8]/L k/]sf] ;dodf ljsl;t ePsf] s[lqd jiff{ u/fpg] k|ljlw . gbLdf 7"nf–7"nf afFwsf] lgdf{0f . xflgsf/s /;fogsf] pTkfbg / k|of]u . jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷24
25.
jftfj/0f ljgfz /
k|sf]khGo hf]lvd kl/ro :jR5 jftfj/0f k|To]s k|f0fL tyf jg:kltsf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf nflu cfjZos x'G5 . k|sl[ tsf] :jR5 / ;'Gb/ 5ljdf dflg; dfq xf]Og ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fL /d]sf] x'G5 . cfly{s ljsf;sf] r/d r'nLdf k'usf] dfgj;d]t :jR5 jftfj/0f ] / ;'Gb/ k|sl[ tsf] /;f:jfbgsf nflu nfnlot x'g yfn]sf] 5 . ljZjdf kof{j/0fLo ko{6gsf] hGd jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] kL8fdf afFRg afWo hLjgk4lt klg Ps sf/0f dflgPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f k|bif0f, ljgfz tyf cksif{0fsf] k|efj :ynd08n, hnd08n / " jfo'd08ndf >[ªvnfa4 ¿kdf k5{ . o;af6 jftfj/0fsf ef}lt / cef}lts x/]s j:t' tyf kbfy{sf] u'0fdf x|f; cfpF5 . o;af6 k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf ljleGg 36sx¿sf] cl:tTj g} ;ªs6fkGg ePsf] 5 . To;}n] ljsf;sf gfddf ;~rflnt dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] dflg;s} hLjgk4ltdf kl/jt{g Nofpg ;Sg] ;Defjgf a9]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fLo kl/jt{gaf6 pTkGg x'g] k|sf]khGo hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{ dflg;n] lju|bf] jftfj/0fLo F cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] k|of; ug'{ cfjZos eO;s]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f k|bif0f " ljgfz tyf cksif{0f tLj|¿kdf eO/x]df ;d:t hLjd08nsf] cl:tTjdfly k|ZglrGx nfUg] ePsfn] o;tkm{ rgfvf] x'g' h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf sf/0f k|sf]ksf ljleGg 36gfdf j[l4 x'G5 . xfdLn] x/]s lbg ef]lu/x]sf k|sf]khGo 36gfn] g} o;sf] k'li6 u5{ . jftfj/0f ljgfzsf ljljw sf/0fn] g} hnjfo' kl/jt{g, af9L, klx/f], dxfdf/L, clgsfnh:tf k|sf]kn] dfgj ;dfhnfO{ z[ªvnfa4 ¿kdf kL8f lbg] sfd u/]sf] 5 . o:tf k|efjsf] pTklQsf] sf/s k|sl[ t eP klg dfgjLo sf/0fn] *) k|ltzteGbf a9L e"ldsf v]nsf] 5 . o;af6 :ki6 x'G5– jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] hf]lvd ] dflg;n] g} pTkGg ub}5 / To;sf] ;fdgf klg k|ToIf ¿kdf dflg;n] g} ug'{ { kl//x]sf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df kL8s / kLl8t b'asf] e"ldsf dflg;n] v]ln/x]sf] 5 . } jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷25
26.
dflg; jftfj/0fsf] cleGg
cªu eP/ klg p;n] jftfj/0fsf ;Dk"0f{ tŒjnfO{ k|efljt kf/]sf] 5 . o;n] ljleGg k|sf/sf hf]lvd a9fPsf] 5 / ltgn] k|sf]ksf] ¿k wf/0f ug]{ l:ylt k}bf ePsf] 5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg x'g] k|sf]khGo hf]lvdsf] af/]df ;fdfGo rrf{ ug'{ ;fGble{s x'g5 . ] hf]lvdsf] z[ªvnf :jR5 jftfj/0f eGg' g} k|sl[ tsf] ;Gt'lnt :j¿k xf] . xfdLn] b]lv/x]sf] k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{nfO{ jftfj/0fsf] k|dv cªu dflgG5 . s[lqd cj:yfsf] ' jftfj/0fsf ¿kdf dfgjlgld{t ;+/rgf tyf ef}lts ;fwg k5{g . o:tf ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ubf{ k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] cfsf/, k|sf/ / u'0fdf kl/jt{g ] cfpg] x'bf jftfj/0fsf cGo 36sdf klg k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] x'G5 . F jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 kg]{ To:tf] k|efj / To;af6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdsf] cGt;{DaGwnfO{ g} oxfF hf]lvdsf] z[ªvnfsf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 . s= jfo'd08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd jftfj/0f k|bif0fsf] k|efjsf sf/0f jfo'sf] u'0f:t/df lg/Gt/ x|f; cfO/x]sf] " 5 . sfa{g 8fOcS;fO8, sfa{g df]gf]cS;fO8, gfO6«fhg cS;fO8, ;Nkm]6, ] Snf]/f]ˆn'/f] sfa{g, xfO8«fhg cS;fO8, w"nf], w"jfF, ljiffQm /;fog cflb Uof; ] tyf tŒjx¿sf] j[l4n] jfo'd08nsf] u'0f:t/df Jofks x|f; cfPsf] 5 . jfo'kbif0fåf/f cf]hf]g txsf] ljgfz, tfkqmd j[l4 / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf | " sf/0f cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, ;'Vvf jf v8]/L, jfo'd08nLo cfFwL, t'kmfg, Hjf/ef6f cflbsf] pTklQ, lxdgbL kUng], lxdtfn ljikmf]6 x'g,] af9Lsf] ¿kdf kl/jt{g cfpg] 36gfdf j[l4 x'G5 . jfo'sf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpFbf k|fs[lts jiff{;d]t k|bl" ift eP/ kfgLsf] ;|ft b"lift x'G5 . ] jfo'kbif0fn] k|fs[lts z[ªvnfnfO{ ljgfzsf/L agfpg] x'bf :jR5 pmhf{sf] | " F pkof]u ug'{ pQd x'g] b]lvG5 . ljZjJofkL ;d:of ag]sf] xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{gdf s6f}tL ub}{ @ ;o jif{ klxn]sf] jfo'sf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ ;s] k|sf]khGo hf]lvd sd ug{ ;lsG5 . jfo'kbif0f / k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf | " nflu ug'{ kg]{ sfo{af/] k|sf]k 1fgdfnf– % af6 hfgsf/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]5 . v= hnd08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd jftfj/0fLo k|bif0fn] hnk|bif0fnfO{ cnUu} /fVb}g . k|bif0f / jftfj/0f cksif{0fsf] " " " ;jf{lws k|efj hnLo If]qdf g} k5{ . jL;f}F ztfAbLsf] k|f/De;Dd k|zf]wg g} jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷26
27.
gul/sg lkpg k|of]u
ul/Psf] kfgL clxn] k|bif0f j[l4sf sf/0f k|zf]wg u/]/ " / pdfn]/ dfq lkpg' kl//x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f k|bifs dflgPsf] Knfl:6ssf " af]tndf e/]/ ahf/df ljtl/t kfgL lkpg' kg]{ cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . jgljgfz, kfgLsf] d"xfgdfly cltqmd0f, kmf]xf]/d}nf lj;h{g, gbLdf 9n ld;fpg]h:tf sf/0fn] hnk|bif0f Jofks ag]sf] 5 . sL6gfzs tyf /;fogsf] " ld>0fn] ;txL / e"ldut kfgL k|bl" ift x'b} uPsf] 5 . ;fy} jfo'kbif0fsf sf/0f F | " x'g] cDnLo / b"lift jiff{n] hnk|bif0fnfO{ z[ªvnfa4 agfPsf] 5 . " cf}Bf]lus kmf]xf]/ / To;df ldl;P/ jf 3'n/ hfg] tŒjx¿, dflg; tyf k|f0fLsf] ] dnd'q tyf dflg;åf/f b}lgs k|of]u x'g] cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf ePsf xflgsf/s tŒjx¿ kfgLdf 3'n/ hfg] x'bf kfgLsf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpF5 . o;sf ] F cltl/Qm k|fs[lts ¿kdf cfpg] jiff{, af9Lklx/f] cflb sf/0faf6 pT;lh{t kmf]xf]/ ldl;P/ klg kfgLsf] jf:tljs u'0fdf kl/jt{g x'G5 . o;/L jfo', df6f], gbL, tnfp tyf cGo ;txL kfgLdf dfgjLo lqmofsnfkaf6 pT;lh{t kmf]xf]/sf] ld>0f x'bf kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ x|f; x'G5 . F u= e"d08ndf pTkGg x'g] hf]lvd jftfj/0f ljgfzn] kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . jfo' / hnk|bif0fsf] z[ªvnfa4 k|efj e"lddf klg k5{ . l;FrfOsf nflu k|of]u x'g] " b"lift kfgL, sL6gfzs / /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]un] kfgL / jfo';u} e"ldsf] F pa{/sTjdf x|f; cfPsf] 5 . jgljgfz / kfgLsf] ;|ft ;'ssf sf/0f d?e"dLs/0f ] ] a9]/ v]tLof]Uo hldg v'Drg] / pa{/sTjdf x|f; cfpg] k|lqmof rln/x]sf] 5 . hg;ªVof j[l4, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, ;x/Ls/0f tyf dfgjLo k|of]usf ljleGg If]qn] e"ldsf] k|fs[lts cj:yfdf kl/jt{g dfq u/fPsf] 5}g, df6f]sf] u'0f:t/ jf pTkfbsTjdf ;d]t gsf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg k|sf]khGo 36gf jftfj/0f ljgfzn] x/]s If]qdf hf]lvd a9fPsf] 5 . jfo', hn, e"ld k|bif0fsf] " z[ªvnfn] k[YjLsf x/]s ;|ftdf k|lts"n k|efj kf/]sf] x'bf g} k|f0fL, jg:klt ] F / dflg; :jo+ k|sf]ksf ljleGg 36gfaf6 kLl8t aGb}5 . jftfj/0f ljgfz g} k|sf]ksf] hf]lvd a9fpg] k|dv sf/s ag]sf] 5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzsf sf/0f ' pTkGg x'g] k|dv k|sf]khGo 36gfnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M ' af9L M k[YjLsf] pi0fLs/0f / jgljgfzsf sf/0f lxdgbL klUng], lxdtfn jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷27
28.
ljikmf]6 x'g,] cltj[li6,
v08j[li6 tyf e"Ifo a9]/ af9Lsf] k|sf]kdf j[l4 x'G5 . klx/f] M clgof]lht e"pkof]u / jgljgfzn] e"Ifo a9fpF5 / cltj[li6n] klx/f]sf] hf]lvd a9fpF5 . dxfdf/L M kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkg gx'bf, kfgLsf ;|ft k|bl" ift x'bf / af9L, F ] F klx/f], clgsfn, e'Orfnf]h:tf k|sf]ksf 36gf j[l4 x'bf dxfdf/L a95 . F F v8]/L tyf vfB c;'/Iff M v8]/L, hnk|bif0f, jgljgfzh:tf sf/0fn] " d?e"dLs/0f a9g,] e"ldsf] pa{/sTjdf x|f; cfpg] x'bf vfBfGg pTkfbg 36]/ F clgsfn nfU5 . o;af6 ef]sd/L / s'kf]if0fsf] hf]lvd a95 . x'/Latf; M jfo'kbif0f / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf lqmofk|ltlqmofn] k[YjLsf] | " pi0fLs/0f;Fu} jfo'sf] ;+/rgf tyf axfj ultdf kl/jt{g cfP/ x'/Latf;, cfFwLsf 36gfdf j[l4 x'G5 h;n]] ljgfzsf/L ¿k wf/0f u5{ . zLtnx/ / n" M jfo'sf] ;+/rgf / ultdf cfpg] kl/jt{gn] zLtnx/ / tftf] nx/ -n"_ sf] k|sf]k lg/Gt/ a9b} uPsf] 5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzsf k|efj k|sf]ksf o:tf y'k}| 36gfnfO{ ef}uf]lns :j¿k, hnjfo'sf] ljt/0f, e"ld, hn tyf cGo k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] pkof]uh:tf sf/0fn] k|efljt kf/]sf] x'G5 . o:tf ] 36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] / ljsf;sf] ult k5fl8 ws]lng] oyfy{n] k|sf]khGo hf]lvd a9fpg jftfj/0f k|bif0f jf cksif{0f jf ljgfzn] w]/} 7"nf] " e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . != jg:klthutdf k|efj k|To]s hLjsf] hLjgrqm jftfj/0fsf ch}ljs tŒjsf] u'0f:t/df cfwfl/t /x]sf] x'G5 . x'g t jg:klt jftfj/0fsf] To:tf] h}ljs tŒj xf] h;n] jftfj/0fsf ch}ljs tŒjx¿– jfo', hn / e"ldsf] k|bif0fnfO{ ;f];/ :jR5 " ] jftfj/0f lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u u5{ . tyflk, jfo', e"ld / hn k|bif0f tyf ltgsf] " u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpFbf jg:kltsf] k|fs[lts j[l4b/ / k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfdf k|lts"n c;/ k5{ . jfo'kbif0fdf cTolws j[l4 ePdf ljiffQm Uof; tyf | " /;fog, kfgLsf] u'0f:t/ tyf To;df x'g] xflgsf/s tŒjx¿sf] zf]if0f, df6f]sf] pa{/fzlQmdf cfpg] x|f;, jfo'd08ndf j[l4 x'g] pmhf{ c;Gt'ngsf sf/0f k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f k|lqmofdf pTkGg x'g] cj/f]w cflb sf/0fn] jg:kltsf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpF5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzs} sf/0f jg:kltsf xhf/f}F jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷28
29.
k|hflt kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fdf
cfk"mnfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{ g;s]/ nf]k eO;s]sf 5g eg] w]/} k|hflt b'ne / ;ªs6fkGg ag]sf 5g . { kxf8L If]qdf klx/f] uPdf s[life"ld ;lxt jg / h}ljs ljljwtf gi6 x'G5 . t/fO{df af9Ln] To:t} c;/ kf5{ / jghGo kl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf lju|x pTkGg x'G5 . o;af6 cGo k|sf]ksf 36gfdf j[l4 x'g] / hgwgsf] Iflt x'g] oyfy{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsFbg .} @= k|f0fLhutdf kg]{ k|efj jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg hf]lvdn] ;Dk"0f{ k|f0fLhutnfO{ k|lts"n k|efj kf5{ . xfjf, kfgL, df6f] / jg:kltsf ;Dk"0f{ kIfdf kg]{ k|efjn] k|f0fLsf] u'0f:t/Lo hLjgk4ltnfO{ cf]/fnf] nufpF5 . jfo'sf] u'0f:t/ x|f; ePdf :jf;k|Zjf;dfkm{t ljiffQm tŒjx¿ z/L/leq k|jz u5{g . To;}u/L k|bl" ift ] tyf u'0f:t/xLg kfgLsf] pkef]usf] kl/0ffd klg xflgsf/s x'G5 . df6f]sf] k|b"if0fn] e"ldsf] k|fs[lts cj:yf / u'0fdf x|f; cfpF5 / af;:yfgsf] ljv08g / vfBfGg pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpF5 . csf]tkm{ jgljgfzn] jGohGt' ;ªs6fkGg aGg] / To;sf] k|efj 3/kfn'jf { hgfj/ ;lxt dflg;df k5{ . o:t} k|efj hnLo jg:klt / k|f0fLdf klg k5{ . hnk|bif0fsf sf/0f clwsf+z hnLo jg:kltsf] cl:tTj ;ªs6df kg]{ / " To;sf] k|ToIf jf k/f]If k|efj cGo h}ljs ;|ftdf k5{ . o;/L jftfj/0fsf] ] Ps tŒjsf] u'0f:t/df k|efj kbf{ csf]{ tŒjdf klg k|efj kg]{ x'G5 . #= dflg;df kg]{ k|efj jftfj/0fnfO{ cfˆgf] hLjglgjf{x, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts ljsf;df k"0f{ ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ ;Ifd dflg; jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdaf6 cfkm}F c;'/lIft 5 . jftfj/0f ljgfzsf sf/0f a9g] k|sf]khGo 36gfaf6 hgwgsf] Ifltsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug'{ c;Dej g} x'G5 . x/]s ;do gofF–gofF ;d:of pTkGg eP/ ljZjnfO{ cftªlst agfO/x]sf] jftfj/0fLo ;d:of jt{dfg ljZjsf] ;jf{lws rf;f]sf] d'2f klg xf] . jftfj/0f ljgfz tyf cksif{0faf6 dflg;df kg]{ k|efjnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ lng ;lsG5 M s= ul/aLdf j[l4 hg;ªVof j[l4 / jftfj/0f cksif{0fn] jftfj/0fLo z/0ffyL{sf] ;ªVof nuftf/ a9g5 . o;af6 ljZjsf] hg;ªVofsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ul/aLdf afFRg afWo ] jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷29
30.
x'g5 . jt{dfg
;dodf ul/Psf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf k|of; ckof{Kt x'g] dfq ] xf]Og, a9bf] hg;ªVofsf] rfknfO{ wfGg g;s]/ ;dfhdf ljs[lt l;h{gf x'g ;Sg]5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f pTkGg x'g;Sg] v8]/L, d?e"dLs/0faf6 vfBfGgsf] pTkfbg 36]/ ul/aL / ef]sd/Lsf] kL8f ef]Ug afWo ;'8fgsf] cj:yf ljZjsf cGo d'nsdf gxf]nf eGg ;lsFbg . jftfj/0fLo ljgfzsf] ' } jt{dfg :t/ sfod} /xg] xf] eg] ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ul/aLsf] ;ªVof a9g] 5 . of] cj:yf s]jn jftfj/0fLo sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] geP/ ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf] ;dfg ljt/0f x'g g;s]/ klg l;h{gf x'g5 . clxn] g} /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ] :t/df ul/a / wgLaLrsf] vf8n lgs} 7"nf] eO;s]sf] 5 . ul/aLsf sf/0f ;dfhdf lgDg c;/ b]vf kg]5g M { ul/a / wgLaLr åGå pTkGg eP/ ;dfhdf ljrng k}bf x'g ;S5 . a;f]af; / /f]huf/sf] cefj, cfocfh{gsf ;|ft gx'bf dfUg] dflg; ] F (acquisitive) sf] eL8 a9g5 . ] b}lgs ;d:ofaf6 d'Qm x'g g;Sgfn] dflg;sf] 7"nf] ;d"x cfqmfds ag]/ df/kL6, cftªs, bªuf cflbdf ;lDdlnt x'g ;Sg]5 . dflg; cfˆgf b}lgs cfjZostfsf ;|f]tsf] vf]hLdf b]z–ljb]z ef}tfl/g'kbf{ cfk|jf;L ;d:of a9g5 . F ] ;'sDaf;L / cfly{s z/0ffyL{sf] ;d:of b]vf kg]5 . ' { ul/aLsf] j[l4nfO{ lgDg sf/0fn] k>o ldNg] oyfy{ klg xfd|f] ;fd' /x]sf] 5 M cfly{s c;dfgtf M jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k e"ldsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf / k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtfdf x|f; cfpg] s'/f o; cl3 g} ] pNn]v eO;s]sf] 5 . jfo'kbif0fsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ljleGg xflgsf/s tŒjn] | " dfgjz/L/df c;/ kfg]{ s'/f Ps 7fpFdf 5 eg] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf cGo kIfx¿df kfg]{ k|lts"n k|efjn] hn, :yn, jg:klt / k|f0fLdf kg]{ gsf/fTds k|efjåf/f pTkGg uDeL/ ;ªs6sf] ;fdgf klg dflg;n] g} ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . k|fs[lts j:t' tyf ;|ftdfly dflg;sf] cTolws rfk / x|f;f]Gd'v jftfj/0fsf ] sf/0f ltgsf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtf Go"g x'bf dflg;sf b}lgs cfjZostfsf F j:t'sf] k"lt{ x'g ;Sb}g . jftfj/0f k|bif0f tyf cksif{0faf6 pTkGg k|sf]khGo " 36gfsf sf/0f dflg;n] lgDg ;d:ofsf] ;fdgf ug'{ k5{ M vfB;ªs6sf] j[l4 M kfgL df6f] / jfo'sf] u'0f:t/df x|f;sf sf/0f vfBfGg pTkfbg 365 . a9bf] vfBfGgsf] dfu k"/f ug{ pTkfbg a9fpg] b'O{ ljsNk dflg; ;dIf /x]sf] 5 . tL x'g /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u tyf v]tLof]Uo jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷30
31.
e"ldsf] lj:tf/ .
oL b'j} sfo{n] jftfj/0f ljgfzdf cx+ e"ldsf v]nsf] x'G5 . ] vfBfGg ;ªs6sf sf/0f clgsfn / s'kf]if0fn] hghLjg ;ªs6fkGg aG5 . cf}Bf]lus If]qdf ljrng M pBf]usf] ;~rfngsf nflu sRrfkbfy{, /;fog / OGwgsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . o:tf ;fwg k|sl[ tdf /x]sf] e08f/af6 g} k"lt{ x'G5 . sRrfkbfy{sf ¿kdf sf7, bfp/f, h8La'6L jf jfg:klts ;|ftsf] ] pkof]u x'G5 . jGohGt'sf /f},F xf8, 5fnf, df;' klg pBf]usf sRrfkbfy{ x'g . pBf]usf d]l;g rnfpg OGwgsf ¿kdf bfp/f, sf]Onf, vlgh t]n, Uof; cflbsf] pkof]u eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf OGwgsf ;|ft k'g?Tkfbg gx'g] ] ePsfn] ltgsf] e08f/ ;lsFb5 eg] tL OGwg hNbf pT;h{g x'g] xflgsf/s } Uof;x¿n] jftfj/0f ljgfzdf 7"nf] e"ldsf v]nsf 5g . ] sfi7 / ;f];u ;DalGwt pBf]usf nflu cfjZos kg]{ sf7, cf}iflw pTkfbgsf F nflu rflxg] h8La'6L, sfuh pTkfbgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ nf]Stf / cGo sRrfkbfy{, sk8f, /a/ / To:t} ljleGg j:t' pTkfbg ug{ cfjZos kg]{ sRrfkbfy{sf] clwsf+z dfusf] k"lt{ jgaf6 g} x'G5 . To;}u/L sf]Onf, vlgh t]n, cfnªsfl/s wft', pkef]Uo j:t' pTkfbg ug{ rflxg] kmnfd, h:tf, cfNd'lgod, tfFjfnufotsf cf}Bf]lus sRrfkbfy{sf] ;|ft klg k|sl[ t g} xf] . ] k[YjLsf] ue{af6 lg:sg] vlgh j:t'sf] e08f/ lg/Gt/ l/lQFb} hfFbf sfnfGt/df o;sf] pTkfbg /f]lsg]5 eg] jGo;Dkbf / k|fs[lts ;|ftdfly x'g] lg/Gt/ ] cltqmd0fn] ltgsf] pknAwtfdf klg x|f; cfpg] oyfy{nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsFbg . o;af6 sfnfGt/df cf}Bf]lus ljsf;sf] jt{dfg ult /f]lsg]5 . } o;af6 dflg;df cfly{s ;ªs6 pTkGg x'g5 . ] cfGtl/s tyf afxo Jofkf/df c;Gt'ng M cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] c;Lldt lj:tf/sf sf/0f t];f] ljZj cfly{s pklgj]zsf] rk]6fdf kg]{ ;Defjgf a9]sf] | 5 . cf}Bf]lus d'nsx¿n] k|fs[lts sRrfkbfy{ ljsf;zLn d'nsaf6 ;:tf] ' ' d"Nodf cfoft ug]{ k|of; ug{ yfn]sf 5g . pgLx¿n] sRrfkbfy{sf] k|zf]wgaf6 pTkflbt bf];f] u'0f:t/sf] j:t' k'gM ljsf;zLn d'nsdf lgof{t u5{g . | ' ax'/fli6«o sDkgLx¿n] cfˆgf pTkfbgsf] k|dv qm]tfsf ¿kdf cNkljsl;t ' d'nssf gful/snfO{ g} /f]hsf x'G5g . ' ] Pstkm{ ljsf;zLn d'nsaf6 cf}Bf]lus d'nsnx¿n] sRrfkbfy{ lgsfNg] ' ' qmddf ljsf;zLn d'nssf] k|fs[lts ;|ft ;dfKt x'b} hfg]5 eg] To;sf] ' ] F k|efj l;w} jftfj/0f ljgfzdf kg]5 . sfnfGt/df k|fs[lts ;|ft ;dfKt eP/ { ] cNkljsl;t d'ns g sRrfkbfy{ lgof{tnfO{ lgoldt ug{ ;S5g g t ' jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷31
32.
k|zf]lwt j:t' cfoft
ug]{ Ifdtfdf /xG5g . u'0f:t/Lo jftfj/0fsf] cefjdf k|sl[ tdf kg]{ >[ªvnfa4 k|efjsf sf/0f x/]s If]qsf] pTkfbsTjdf x|f; cfpg] x'bf dflg;n] cfly{s ;ªs6sf] ;fdgf F ug'kg]{ cj:yf Pslt/ cfpg]5 eg] csf]tkm{ ;fdflhs k|bif0fn] ;fdflhs { { " ;+/rgfdf vnn k}bf ug]5 . cfh dflg;n] u/]sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|fljlws { tyf j}1flgs k|ultsf] Bf]tssf ¿kdf k|fs[lts ;|ft / ;fwgsf] k|r/ ] ' pknAwtf g} /x]sf] 5 . ha k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] k'g?Tkfbg Ifdtf Go"g x'G5, ] dflg;n] uj{;fy k|fKt u/]sf cf}Bf]lus ;kmntfdfly g} k|ZglrGx v8f x'g5 . cGtdf cfly{s sf/0faf6 pTkGg x'g yfn]sf] jt{dfg ;dosf] emu8fn] ] ljZjJofkL o'4nfO{ glgDTofpnf eGg ;lsFbg . } v= ;fdflhs k|efj k|fs[lts ;|ftsf] cefj, vfBfGg pTkfbgdf sdL, cf}Bf]lus / Jofkfl/s ] If]qdf c;Gt'ng k}bf x'g ;S5 . wgL emg} wgL / ul/a cem ul/a aGg] ;Defjgfn] ;|ftdfly ul/asf] kx'r sd eP/ ;fdflhs åGåsf] l:ylt pTkGg ] F x'g ;S5 . jt{dfg ;dodf ;d]t cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|lt:kwf{ rln g} /x]sf] 5 . sfnfGt/df jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6 pTkGg kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf clxn] eO/x]sf] /fhgLlts n8fOFn] ug{ ;Sg] 5}g . To; cj:yfdf /fHoleqsf åGåsf t'ngfdf cGt/f{li6«o zlQmaLr n8fOF x'g5 . vf8L If]qsf] t]ne08f/dfly clwsf/ sfod ug{ / ] cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf x'b} aUg] gbLsf] kfgLsf] afF8kmfF8sf] ljifonfO{ lnP/ k|f/De F ePsf ljjfb o;sf HjnGt pbfx/0f x'g . u= hg:jf:Yodf ;d:of jftfj/0f ljgfzsf sf/0f vfBfGg pTkfbgdf x|f; cfpg] / pTkflbt vfBfGg klg k|bif0fd'Qm gx'g] ;Defjgfn] hg:jf:Yosf] ;d:of xfdLn] jt{dfg ;dodf " ef]lu/x]sf] eGbf eoªs/ hf]lvdk"0f{ x'g5 . jftfj/0fsf] u'0f:t/ v:sFb} hfFbf ] / k|bif0fsf ;|ft a9b} hfFbf /f]usf gofF hLjf0f'sf] pTklQ x'g ;S5 . cf}nf] " ] lgoGq0fsf nflu pTkflbt 8L8L6LnfO{ nfdv'§n] krfOlbof] / hg:jf:Yodf ] bL3{sfnLg k|efj k¥of] . To:t} kl/0ffd cGo ljiffbLaf6 klg pTkGg x'g ;S5 . ljZjJofkL ¿kdf lrGtfsf] ljifo ag]sf] Ifo/f]usf] cf}iflwsf] cfjL:sf/ eO{ g;Sb} SofG;/sf] klxrfg x'g' / SofG;/sf] cf}iflw kQf gnfUb} P8;h:tf] dxfdf/L km}ng' jftfj/0f ljgfzs} sf/0f x'g ;S5g . jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷32
33.
z'4 xfjf /
kfgLsf] cefjdf nfUg] emf8fkvfnf, 6fOkmfO8, sdnlkQ, cDnlkQ, kmf]S;f], d'6,' lbdfu cflb zf/Ll/s / dfgl;s /f]usf] j[l4 x'g] s'/fdf ljz]if1x¿ ;xdt eO;s]sf 5g . 3= cfjf; ;d:of k[YjLdf tLj| ultdf al9/x]sf] hg;ªVofsf nflu cfjf;sf] ;d:of klg jftfj/0f ljgfzaf6} pTkGg x'g5 . dflg;åf/f lgld{t 7"nf ;x/ / cfw'lgs ] tyf ;fwg;DkGg cfjf; If]qn] jftfj/0fLo u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ g;Sbf hLjg ;ª6do aGg]5 . ;x/L If]qsf] sf]nfxn / k|bl" ift jftfj/0faf6 dflg; k|fs[lts jftfj/0ftkm{ cfslif{t x'b} hfFbf jftfj/0fLo ljgfzdf cem lj:tf/ F x'g5 / cfjf; If]q kl/jt{gsf] qmd a9g5 . x/]s If]qdf x'g] ;x/Ls/0fn] ] ] kmf]xf]/d}nf, vfg]kfgLsf] ;d:of / cfwf/e"t cfjZostfsf ;fwgsf] ckof{Kttf g} cfjf;;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] sf/s aGg]5 . pk;+xf/ jftfj/0f k|bif0f, ljgfz jf cksif{0f h] eP klg o;sf] k|lts"n k|efj " cGtdf cfP/ dflg;df g} kg]{ s'/f o; cWoogaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . dflg; ;r]t / rt'/ k|f0fL ePsf gftfn] p;n] kl/jlt{t jftfj/0fdf cfk"mnfO{ ;dflxt ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; t unf{, t/ p;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{ h}ljs tyf ef}lts ;|ft g} pknAw eOlbPgg jf ablnFbf] ] jftfj/0faf6 pTkGg x'g] gofF hLj jf jg:klt dfgjhLjg cg'sn eOlbPgg " eg] To; cj:yfdf s] ug]{ < k|Zg lgs} hl6n 5 . jftfj/0f ljgfz jf cksif{0fdf dfgjLo lqmofsnfk g} k|dv sf/s xf] eGg] ' ljifodf klg xfdLn] cWoog u¥of}F . t/, ;d:of;Fu} ;dfwfg klg cfpF5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg la;{g x'bg . jftfj/0f ljgfzsf] sf/s dflg; g} jftfj/0f F } ;+/If0fsf] sf/s aGg ;S5 / o;sf nflu aL;f}F ztfAbLsf] dWolt/af6 k|of; k|f/De ePsf] 5 . x'g t rfn' k|of;n] 7f]; pknlAw jf ;sf/fTds glthf b]vfpg ;s]sf] 5}g, tyflk xfdLn] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] dfu{ klxrfg ug'{ h?/L 5 . jftfj/0f k|bif0f / k|sf]k " ÷33
34.
jftfj/0f k|bif0f /
k|sf]k " ÷34
Descargar ahora