The effects of climate change on coral reefs and mangroves. This is a podcast for the program Sea Change at the Evergreen State College, with narration by students and accompanying music.

11. Reef Formation

12. Reef Formation

13. Reef Formation

14. Reef Formation

15. Formation of reefs proposed by Darwin
The Great Barrier Reef
A Typical Reef

25. Mangrove Forests
(Global Explorers Blog)

26. Distribution
(“Environment—Tropical Shelf Seas and Shores”)

27. Ecological Services
• Sediment trapping
• Buffer
• Habitat
• Carbon sink
Aerial View (Laman)
(The Mangrove Hub)

28. Community
(“Mangrove Forests of Australasia”) French grunt fish (“Florida Keys”)
(M., Vincent)

29. (Waycott et al. 2011)

30. Tree Structure
• Pneumatophores: aerial
roots
• Lenticels: location of gas
exchange
Salt Excretion
(“Adaptations to salinity”)
Lenticels (NHMI)
Pneumatophores (“Mangrove pneumatophores”)

31. Forest Structure
• 80 species
• Tolerant to 0-90 ppt salinity
Zonation (Waycott et al. 2011)

32. Threats: From the Land
• Mangrove clearing has caused
10% of deforestation-based
CO₂ emissions
(ELAW)
Shrimp Farms (Smithsonian)

33. Threats: From the Sea
• Rise due to loss of land ice and thermal expansion of oceans
Sea Level Over Time (Church et al. 2008)

34. Mitigation for Climate Change
(Reef Ball Foundation)
(Trip Advisor)

41. Bibliography
“Adaptations to salinity.” <http://users.tpg.com.au/users/rwest000/mangrove/salinity.html>
Bering, A. J. “Plant the Mangrove Propagules.” Trip Advisor. <http://tripwow.tripadvisor.com/slideshow-photo/plant-
the-mangrove-propagules-roxas-city-philippines.html?sid=66320734&fid=upload_13268627070-tpfil02aw-25340>
Bruckner, Andrew. A Partially Bleached Brain Coral, D. Labyrinthiformis. Digital image. WCMC Global Coral Disease
Database. Web. 29 May 2013.
Church, J. A., White, N. J., Aarup, T., Wilson, W. S., Woodworth, P. L., Domingues, C. M., Hunter, J. R., and Lambeck, K.
(2008). Understanding global sea levels: past, present and future. Sustainable Science 3, 9-22.
“Coastal Development or Devastation.” Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide (2012).
<http://www.elaw.org/node/1237>
“Declining mangroves shield against global warming.” Phys.org. <http://phys.org/news/2011-04-declining-mangroves-
shield-global.html>
“Environment—Tropical Shelf Seas and Shores—System Description.”
<https://publicwiki.deltares.nl/display/BWN/Environment+-+Tropical+Shelf+Seas+and+Shores+-+System+description>
“Florida Keys.” <http://www.aug.edu/~sbajmb/pictures/Best-of-FloridaKeys-2006-Web/FloridaKeys2006.htm>
“Former Mangrove Forest.” Smithsonian. <http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-photos/former-mangrove-forest>
Grol, M. G. G., Nagelkerken, I., Bosch, N., and Meesters, E. (2011). Preference of early juveniles of a coral reef fish for
distinct lagoonal microhabitats is not related to common measures of structural complexity. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Series
432, 221-233.
“Indonesia: The Mangroves.” Global Explorers Blog (2012). <http://explorers.neaq.org/2012/02/indonesia-
mangroves.html>
Kumara, M. P., Jayatissa, L. P., Krauss, K. W., Phillips, D. H., and Huxham, M. (2010). High mangrove density enhances
surface accretion, surface elevation change, and tree survival in coastal areas susceptible to sea-level rise. Oecologia
164, 545-553.

42. Bibliography (cont.)
Laman, Tim. <http://timlaman.photoshelter.com/image/I00004rARLozl4c8>
M., Vincent. “The Amazing Mangroves.”
<http://w3.shorecrest.org/~Lisa_Peck/MarineBio/syllabus/ch11_ecosystems/ecosystem_wp/2008/vince/prod.h
tml>
“Mangrove Facts and Myths.” The Mangrove Hub. <http://whataremangroves.com/mangrove-facts-and-
myths/>
“Mangrove Forests.” NOAA Ocean Service Education.
<http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/estuaries/media/supp_estuar06b_mangrove.html>
“Mangrove Forests of Australasia.”
<http://www.jurgenfreund.com/stories/mangroves/content/1006407_large.html>
”Mangrove pneumatophores.” <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mangrove_pneumatophores.JPG>
“Morphological and Physiological Adaptations.” Newfound Harbor Marine Institute.
<http://www.nhmi.org/mangroves/phy.htm>
Mumby, P. J., Edwards, A. J., Arias-Gonzalez, J. E., Lindeman, K. C., Blackwell, P. G., Gall, A., Gorczynska, M. I.,
Harborne, A. R., Pescod, C. L., Renken, H., Wabnitz, C. C. C., and Llewellyn, G (2004). Mangroves enhance the
biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature 427, 533-536.
“Plant Mangroves.” Reef Ball Foundation. <http://www.reefball.org/>
Staats, Eric. “Push is on to restore dying mangrove forest near Marco Island.”
<http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2011/jan/20/dying-mangrove-forest-marco-island-goodland-sr92/>
Stecker, Tiffany. “Restoring Mangroves May Prove Cheap Way to Cool Climate.” Scientific American.
<http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=restoring-mangroves-may-prove-cheap-way-to-cool-
climate>
Waycott, M., McKenzie, L. J., Mellors, J. E., Ellison, J. C., Sheaves, M. T., Collier, C., Schwarz, A., Webb, A.,
Johnson, J. E., and Payri, C., E. (2011). Vulnerability of mangroves, seagrasses, and intertidal flats in the tropical
Pacific to climate change. In Vulnerability of Tropical Pacific Fisheries and Aquaculture to Climate Change (297-
368).

43. Bibliography (cont.)
• http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ancient_coral_reefs.jpg
• http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Coral_reefs
• https://www.e-education.psu.edu/earth103/node/519
• http://theglobalrealm.com/2011/09/21/ocean-acidification-beyond-the-carbon-
debate/
• centerforoceanssolutions.org
• http://www.greendiary.com/meet-incredible-sculptures-at-grenada-s-underwater-
museum.html
• http://art-sci.blogspot.com/2012/05/sea-sculptures-of-underwater-museum.html
• Music: Kevin MacLeod (Atlantean Twilight, Light Thought var 3, Brittle Rille)

44. Bibliography (cont.)
• https://www.google.com/search?q=reef%20building%20organisms&rlz=1C1GPCK_enUS389US389&um=1&ie=UTF-
8&hl=en&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=xCCmUaXKDuX4igKdm4HYAQ&biw=1920&bih=991&sei=xiCmUbyrBurNiwLv0oGwC
A#facrc=_&imgrc=0l0U0fy8tcCO8M%3A%3BuQno0j3qp77KjM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.eoearth.org%252Ffiles%252F212201
_212300%252F212277%252Fco2-in-
ocean.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.eoearth.org%252Farticle%252FEffects_of_ocean_acidification_on_calcifying_organisms%
3B605%3B451
•
• https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gs_rn=12&gs_ri=psy-
ab&cp=8&gs_id=u&xhr=t&q=coral+bleaching&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.46340616,d.cGE&biw=1166&bih=856&um=1&ie=UTF-
8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=UQ6MUczJH6LhiAKm5oAw#facrc=_&imgrc=bpci4VmRbCd4wM%3A%3BM5_-
465VE4FxqM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fmicrobewiki.kenyon.edu%252Fimages%252Fthumb%252F5%252F5f%252FCoral_Bleaching_
Before_After.jpg%252F300px-
Coral_Bleaching_Before_After.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fmicrobewiki.kenyon.edu%252Findex.php%252FCoral_bleaching_and_cl
imate_change%3B300%3B203
•
• https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gs_rn=12&gs_ri=psy-
ab&cp=8&gs_id=u&xhr=t&q=coral+bleaching&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.46340616,d.cGE&biw=1166&bih=856&um=1&ie=UTF-
8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=UQ6MUczJH6LhiAKm5oAw#facrc=_&imgrc=hX4TgIp8aIl1CM%3A%3BfUcCjy98uaXoEM%3
Bhttp%253A%252F%252Ffetusblog.files.wordpress.com%252F2012%252F08%252F111.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Ffetusblog.wor
dpress.com%252F2012%252F08%252F27%252Fcoral-bleaching%252F%3B374%3B241
•
• https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&gs_rn=12&gs_ri=psy-
ab&cp=8&gs_id=u&xhr=t&q=coral+bleaching&bav=on.2,or.r_qf.&bvm=bv.46340616,d.cGE&biw=1166&bih=856&um=1&ie=UTF-
8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=UQ6MUczJH6LhiAKm5oAw#facrc=_&imgrc=Y9A7Q1IxXkNV4M%3A%3BydTKCDlrEqIpFM%
3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fnewsdesk.si.edu%252Fsites%252Fdefault%252Ffiles%252Fphotos%252Fbleached%252520A.%252520tenui
folia_.jpg%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fnewsdesk.si.edu%252Fphotos%252Fcoral-bleaching-1%3B2000%3B1304

45. Bibliography (cont.)
• Bruckner, Andrew. A Partially Bleached Brain Coral, D. Labyrinthiformis. Digital image. WCMC
Global Coral Disease Database. Web. 29 May 2013.
• Expedition 18. Atafu Atoll. Digital image. NASA Earth Observatory. N.p., 6 Jan. 2009. Web. 29
May 2013.
• Pascal, John. Large scale reef bleaching at Reunion island. Digital image. N.p., 2 Dec. 2010.
Web. 29 May 2013.