1. Andrew Franklin 0822232 Research Plan

2. Improving Inequality in Prehospital Opioid Analgesia in Paediatrics Administered by Paramedics

3. Background 21.9% receive analgesia in the prehospital setting 79.4% treated with analgesics in the ED

4. Review of Existing Research Majority of studies cite pain caused by IV or IM injection as a major barrier to opioid analgesia in paediatrics.

5. Research Question Would the use of intranasal opioids administered by paramedics improve the inequality of paediatric analgesia in the prehospital setting?

6. Design - Quantitative Method – Survey This approach is chosen as the results can then be described and explained in a statistical form and expressed in a percentage. Surveys can be can be compared, contrasted and correlated. In this approach the results will be logical, based on fact and also based on precise observations that may be repeated by others.

7. Data Analysis Univariate analysis will be used as this study is a level II Non-experimental descriptive design. Univariate analysis uses a single variable and is the simplest form of quantitative analysis. Ideal for this study as data collected from survey uses a Likert Scale Attributes for each variable use the same answers on the Likert Scale

8. Expected Outcome This research will seek to improvethe inequality in prehospital paediatric analgesia if the outcome indicates that a non painful opioid administration route such as the intranasal route is needed thereby justifying change.

9. References Nasal delivery device [Photograph]. (n.d.) Retrieved February 6, 2011 from http://www.wolfetory.com/MAD/MADNasal.aspx Parry, R. (2010). Injured Child [Photograph]. Retrieved February 6, 2011 from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1279586/Boy-3-left-dead-dragged-car-hit-run-driver.html Survey [Image]. (2011). Retrieved February 6, 2011 from http://www.westendlegal.ca/ The Star of Life [Image]. (2006). Retrieved February 6, 2011 from http://www.freewebs.com/sudburyfirstresponders/thestaroflife.htm [Untitled image of nurse holding needle]. (n.d.) Retrieved February 6, 2011 from http://outofafrica2010.wordpress.com/2010/07/24/a-little-bit-of-needle/