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HISTORY OF
PSYCHIATRY
  IN INDIA
   JAY PATIDAR (M.SC. NURSING)
2

 Till about 17th century all abnormal behavior was
 believed to be act of the ‘devil’ i. e. ‘Against God’, ‘
 Mentally ill’ were considered evil & described as
 witches.
 Gradually over the passing time, mental illness was
 considered as ‘deviant behavior & mentally ill were
 considered socially unacceptable & put in jails along
 with other criminals.
 In the modern era, there was a shift from ‘evil’ to ‘ill.
 Mentally ill were called as ‘mad’ or ‘insane’ and were
 placed in special places called as ‘asylums’.
JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)                           4/11/2013
COUNT…
                              3
gradually these asylums became the place for human
exploitation.
Phillipe Pinel was the first Psychiatrist to free these
mentally ill from asylum.
Clifford Beers work ‘ The mind that found itself’ brought
in light the treatment meted out to these people in
asylums, resulting in a strong reaction to the plights of
mentally ill.
In the 20th century, the work of Freud and ‘B. F.
Skinner & J. B. Watson’ gave a scientific combination of
biological & social theories to explain the etiology of
mental illness.
JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)                       4/11/2013
4

 Ayurveda
 Unani System
 Siddha System




JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)       4/11/2013
Ayurveda
                                 5

 Mental disorders are represented in Ancient India in
  various types of literature.
 The aetio-genesis of these disorders was thought to
  be endogenous because of provoked humours like
  vatonmad, Pittonmad & Kaphonmand.
 Exogenously the causes were attributed to sudden
  fear or association with ill influence of certain
  mythological gods or demon, Charak Samhita
  designated Psychiatry as ‘Bhuta Vidya’.


JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)                       4/11/2013
COUNT…
                              6

 The description of personality is to be in terms of
  sathvik, Rajasik & Tamasik representing intellectual
  & moral, emotional & passionatic & impulsive
  respectively & Tamsik is more or less near mental
  subnormality or angry.
 Treatment of mental disorders mainly included
  psychotherapy, physiotherapy, shock, drug
  treatment, hypnotism & religious discourses by
  Sages.


JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)                         4/11/2013
Unani System
                                   7

 Najabuddin Unhammad (1222 A. D), an indian
  physician, described seven types of mental disorders
  viz. :-Sauda-a- Tabee(Schizophrenia); Muree Sauda
  (depression); Ishk ( delusion of love); Nisyan
  (Organic mental disorder); Haziyan (paranoid state);
  Malikholia-a-maraki (delirium). Psychotherapy was
  known as Ilaj-I-Nafsani in Unani Medicine.




JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)                      4/11/2013
Siddha System
                                8

 Siddhi’ means achievement and Siddhas are men
  who have achieved results in medicine, as well as
  yoga and tapas.
 The great saga ‘Agastya’, one of the 18 Siddhas has
  contributed greatly to the Siddha system of medicine
  of the South. He formulated a treatise on mental
  diseases called as ‘Agastiyar kirigai Nool ‘, in which
  18 psychiatric disorders with appropriate treatment
  methods is described.


JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)                        4/11/2013
9

 The history of psychiatry had witnessed 3 major
  revolutions that have given its present status.
 First Revolution occurred when it was believed that sin
  & Witchcraft are responsible for mental illness and
  mentally ill were chained in jails & asylums. They were
  considered as outcaste from society.
 Second revolution was the advent of psychoanalysis;
  that explained the etiology of psychiatric disorders.
 Third revolution was the development of community
  Psychiatry that resulted in the integration of mental
  health care in the community.
 JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)                        4/11/2013
10

 Indian culture has always given a great importance to
  spiritual life.
 One of the earliest Indian Psychiatrists to explain the
  importance of health was Govindaswamy in 1948.
 He gave 3 objectives of mental health - regaining of the
  health of mentally ill person; prevention of mental
  illness in a vulnerable individual; and protection &
  development at all levels, of human society, of secure,
  affectionate & satisfying human relationships & in the
  reduction of hostile tensions in persons & groups
  (Govindaswamy, 1970).

 JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)                        4/11/2013
11

 During the reigns of King Ashoka, many hospitals were
  established for mentally ill.
 A temple of Lord Venkateswara at Tirumukkudal,
  Chingleput District, Tamil Nadu, contains inscription on
  the walls belonging to Chola period.
 The hospital was named as Sri Veera Cholaeswara hospital
  and contained 15 beds. Maulana zulur-Lah Hakim, an
  indian physician was in charge of the first Indian mental
  asylum, i. e. Mandu hospital opened by Mahmood Khilji
  (1436-1469) at Dhar, M. P. First lunatic Asylum, Bombay
  Asylum, was built in modern India in approximately 1750
  A. D. at the cost of 125/-, no traces of it is present today.
 JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)                             4/11/2013
Count…
                              12

 In 1794, a private lunatic asylum was opened at
  Kilpauk, Madras.
 The central mental hospital, Yerwada, Pune was
  opened in 1889.
 First asylum for insane soldiers was started at
  Monghyr, Bihar and was known as Monghyr
  Asylum(1795).
 Maxell Jones in 1953 introduced the concept of
  Therapeutic community resulting in the improvement
  in the Mental Hospital conditions.

JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)                         4/11/2013
13
 on the recommendation of Bhore committee (in 1946),
  All India Institute Mental Health was set up in 1954,
  which became the National Institute of Mental Health
  And NeuroSciences in 1974 at Bangalore.
 An expert committee of WHO in 1974, made several
  important recommendations, urging its members to
  consider mental disorder as a high priority problem.
 The recommendations included : to undertake pilot
  projects to assess existing mental health care program
  in a defined populations and training program for
  health workers and to devise a manual for the same
  (Isac 1986).                                      4/11/2013
            JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)
Count…
                              14

 first community Mental Health unit (CMHU) was
  started with the Dept. of Psychiatry at NIMHANS in
  1975.
 For short term training of primary care personal, a
  Rural Mental Health Center was inaugurated in
  Dec’1976 at Sakalwara, 15 km from Bangalore.
 The first training program for Primary Health Care
  was started in 1978-79. During 1978-1984 Indian
  Council of Medical Research funded & conducted a
  multicentre collaborative project on ‘severe Mental
  Morbidity’ in Bangalore, Baroda, Calcutta & Patiala.
JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)                       4/11/2013
Count…
                              15

 Various training programs for psychiatrists, Clinical
  Psychologists, Psychiatric Social Workers,
  Psychiatric nurses and Primary Care doctors were
  conducted at Sakalwara unit between 1981-82
  (Ministry of health & family welfare, 1989).




JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)                        4/11/2013
16




JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)        4/11/2013

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History of psychiatry in india

  • 1. HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY IN INDIA JAY PATIDAR (M.SC. NURSING)
  • 2. 2 Till about 17th century all abnormal behavior was believed to be act of the ‘devil’ i. e. ‘Against God’, ‘ Mentally ill’ were considered evil & described as witches. Gradually over the passing time, mental illness was considered as ‘deviant behavior & mentally ill were considered socially unacceptable & put in jails along with other criminals. In the modern era, there was a shift from ‘evil’ to ‘ill. Mentally ill were called as ‘mad’ or ‘insane’ and were placed in special places called as ‘asylums’. JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING) 4/11/2013
  • 3. COUNT… 3 gradually these asylums became the place for human exploitation. Phillipe Pinel was the first Psychiatrist to free these mentally ill from asylum. Clifford Beers work ‘ The mind that found itself’ brought in light the treatment meted out to these people in asylums, resulting in a strong reaction to the plights of mentally ill. In the 20th century, the work of Freud and ‘B. F. Skinner & J. B. Watson’ gave a scientific combination of biological & social theories to explain the etiology of mental illness. JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING) 4/11/2013
  • 4. 4  Ayurveda  Unani System  Siddha System JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING) 4/11/2013
  • 5. Ayurveda 5  Mental disorders are represented in Ancient India in various types of literature.  The aetio-genesis of these disorders was thought to be endogenous because of provoked humours like vatonmad, Pittonmad & Kaphonmand.  Exogenously the causes were attributed to sudden fear or association with ill influence of certain mythological gods or demon, Charak Samhita designated Psychiatry as ‘Bhuta Vidya’. JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING) 4/11/2013
  • 6. COUNT… 6  The description of personality is to be in terms of sathvik, Rajasik & Tamasik representing intellectual & moral, emotional & passionatic & impulsive respectively & Tamsik is more or less near mental subnormality or angry.  Treatment of mental disorders mainly included psychotherapy, physiotherapy, shock, drug treatment, hypnotism & religious discourses by Sages. JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING) 4/11/2013
  • 7. Unani System 7  Najabuddin Unhammad (1222 A. D), an indian physician, described seven types of mental disorders viz. :-Sauda-a- Tabee(Schizophrenia); Muree Sauda (depression); Ishk ( delusion of love); Nisyan (Organic mental disorder); Haziyan (paranoid state); Malikholia-a-maraki (delirium). Psychotherapy was known as Ilaj-I-Nafsani in Unani Medicine. JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING) 4/11/2013
  • 8. Siddha System 8  Siddhi’ means achievement and Siddhas are men who have achieved results in medicine, as well as yoga and tapas.  The great saga ‘Agastya’, one of the 18 Siddhas has contributed greatly to the Siddha system of medicine of the South. He formulated a treatise on mental diseases called as ‘Agastiyar kirigai Nool ‘, in which 18 psychiatric disorders with appropriate treatment methods is described. JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING) 4/11/2013
  • 9. 9  The history of psychiatry had witnessed 3 major revolutions that have given its present status.  First Revolution occurred when it was believed that sin & Witchcraft are responsible for mental illness and mentally ill were chained in jails & asylums. They were considered as outcaste from society.  Second revolution was the advent of psychoanalysis; that explained the etiology of psychiatric disorders.  Third revolution was the development of community Psychiatry that resulted in the integration of mental health care in the community. JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING) 4/11/2013
  • 10. 10  Indian culture has always given a great importance to spiritual life.  One of the earliest Indian Psychiatrists to explain the importance of health was Govindaswamy in 1948.  He gave 3 objectives of mental health - regaining of the health of mentally ill person; prevention of mental illness in a vulnerable individual; and protection & development at all levels, of human society, of secure, affectionate & satisfying human relationships & in the reduction of hostile tensions in persons & groups (Govindaswamy, 1970). JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING) 4/11/2013
  • 11. 11  During the reigns of King Ashoka, many hospitals were established for mentally ill.  A temple of Lord Venkateswara at Tirumukkudal, Chingleput District, Tamil Nadu, contains inscription on the walls belonging to Chola period.  The hospital was named as Sri Veera Cholaeswara hospital and contained 15 beds. Maulana zulur-Lah Hakim, an indian physician was in charge of the first Indian mental asylum, i. e. Mandu hospital opened by Mahmood Khilji (1436-1469) at Dhar, M. P. First lunatic Asylum, Bombay Asylum, was built in modern India in approximately 1750 A. D. at the cost of 125/-, no traces of it is present today. JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING) 4/11/2013
  • 12. Count… 12  In 1794, a private lunatic asylum was opened at Kilpauk, Madras.  The central mental hospital, Yerwada, Pune was opened in 1889.  First asylum for insane soldiers was started at Monghyr, Bihar and was known as Monghyr Asylum(1795).  Maxell Jones in 1953 introduced the concept of Therapeutic community resulting in the improvement in the Mental Hospital conditions. JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING) 4/11/2013
  • 13. 13  on the recommendation of Bhore committee (in 1946), All India Institute Mental Health was set up in 1954, which became the National Institute of Mental Health And NeuroSciences in 1974 at Bangalore.  An expert committee of WHO in 1974, made several important recommendations, urging its members to consider mental disorder as a high priority problem.  The recommendations included : to undertake pilot projects to assess existing mental health care program in a defined populations and training program for health workers and to devise a manual for the same (Isac 1986). 4/11/2013 JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING)
  • 14. Count… 14  first community Mental Health unit (CMHU) was started with the Dept. of Psychiatry at NIMHANS in 1975.  For short term training of primary care personal, a Rural Mental Health Center was inaugurated in Dec’1976 at Sakalwara, 15 km from Bangalore.  The first training program for Primary Health Care was started in 1978-79. During 1978-1984 Indian Council of Medical Research funded & conducted a multicentre collaborative project on ‘severe Mental Morbidity’ in Bangalore, Baroda, Calcutta & Patiala. JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING) 4/11/2013
  • 15. Count… 15  Various training programs for psychiatrists, Clinical Psychologists, Psychiatric Social Workers, Psychiatric nurses and Primary Care doctors were conducted at Sakalwara unit between 1981-82 (Ministry of health & family welfare, 1989). JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING) 4/11/2013
  • 16. 16 JAY PATIDAR (M.Sc. NURSING) 4/11/2013