10. medium of thinking
shaping thoughts/ideas
facilitating
thought processes
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
11. communication
bias
alienation
diversity
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
12. record
embodiment
conveyance
ethnicity nurture
- language death = culture death
- languages: living, dying/endangered,
dead/extinct
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
13. contributes
to
nation building
marks
prestige
power
conquest
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
14. arbitrariness
productivity
creativity/flexibility
displacement
cultural transmission
rule-governed
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
15. Symbols are arbitrary :
- different languages have different
terms to represent the same things
Example: money/currency
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
16. The potential number of utterances, as well as
the number of words and meanings in human
languages is practically infinite.
The girl ate the sandwich.
The little girl ate the sandwich.
The pretty little girl ate the sandwich.
The pretty little girl ate the egg sandwich
her mother prepared for lunch yesterday. . .
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
17. new utterances to be created
new thoughts, experiences, situations
new meanings to old words
semantic broadening
semantic narrowing
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
18. email /email address
screensaver
unfriend
e-book TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
19. word meaning narrows to something specific.
- litter: 'a bed” (before1300)
> 'bedding‘ > 'animals on a bedding
of straw’ > things scattered about,
odds and ends. . .
Source: Sol Steinmetz. (2008). Semantic Antics: How and Why Words Change
Meanings. Random House.
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
20. Guido (Guy) Fawkes led the plot to
blow up the English Houses of
Parliament in 1605.
> refers to any "person of grotesque
appearance" – after the burning of
Fawkes‘ effigy
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
21. 20th century, refers to a ‗man‘
(American popular culture)
replaces "fellow," "bloke," "chap," etc.
in English-speaking world
refers to a group of men and women :
―Let‘s go for it, guys!‖
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
22. advent of computers—
mouse
window
keyboard
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
24. Chinese baby in England raised
by a British family
> speaks English
not Chinese.
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
25. sentences
phrases
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
26. •knowledge of L1
competence •description of L1
• use of L1
performance knowledge
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
27. transactional medium: lingua franca
transaction = result.
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
28. learning language to explore works of
literature –
Greek for the works of Homer or
Socrates
Hebrew & Greek to study the Bible
Arabic to read the Quoran
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
29. some religions prefer their scriptures
written and read in their original,
unadulterated form
Arabic for Muslims learn religion
Latin for Christian liturgy
Sanskrit for Hindu liturgy
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
30. language : expression of culture
-things that belong to a culture
can only be expressed fully and
properly in the language that is
the basis of that culture.
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
31. struggle between peoples ethnically the
same but divided by language and
religion
- the Basques and Spaniards in Spain;
Sinhalese and Tamils in Sri Lanka;
the anti-Tagalism of some ethnolinguistic
groups in the Philippines
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
32. colonizers generally make the
population of their colonies speak their
language
- access to opportunities, etc.
Filipinos learned languages of their
colonizers: Spanish and English.
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
33. language is a state of mind
internalized self-images,
abstract and suggestive
Bilinguals:
language of the heart [experienced];
language of the head [remembered]
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
34. alienate or discriminate against
individuals/groups.
promote certain agenda: advertisers, politicians
and all those trying to influence opinion
language bias - imbalance in language use;
preference of a language over another.
TESL Program University of Malaya
Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
35. O'Grady, William D., Archibald, John, (eds.). (2009).
Contemporary Linguistic Analysis: An Introduction, 6th
edition. Ontario: Pearson Education Canada.
Yule G. (2006). The study of language. Cambridge: CUP
http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/broadenterm.htm