2. Pragmatics
1. shared attitude, beliefs, knowledge
between the speaker and the hearer
a. The mayor denied the criminal’s request
because he is cautious. (he – mayor)
b. The mayor denied the criminal’s request
because he is dangerous. (he –criminal)
Note: Exactly the same sentence except for the adjective
which defines the antecedent of ‘he’ in (a) and (b).
Linguistics for language teachers/Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
3. 2. Presupposition
• assumption on belief/knowledge implied
by a particular word
a. Have you stopped exercising?
> stopped presupposes . . .
b. Ninoy Aquino was assassinated in 1983.
> assassination presupposes. . .
Linguistics for language teachers/Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
4. • speaker (S) assumption of the utterance to be
true or known by the hearer (H)
When did you stop smoking?
–you used to smoke
- you no longer smoke
• Constancy under negation
My car is a wreck
My car is not a wreck
presupposition: you have a car
5. 3. DEIXIS – forms used and interpreted based on
the location of the speaker or hearer
• this, here – near the speaker
• that, there – near the listener
• come – go
a. The cobra is coming into the tent
- towards the speaker
b. The cobra is going into the tent
- away from the speaker
Linguistics for language teachers/Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
6. a) spatial deixis– here, there
b) temporal deixis
– now, then, today,
yesterday, tomorrow
c) person deixis – him, them, etc.
d) things – it, this, these, that, those
7. 4. Inference
- connection between what is said
and what must be meant
a. Jennee is wearing a Calvin Klein.
b. Can I borrow your O’Grady?
Note: (a) Calvin Klein signature design or accessories
(b) O’Grady book on Contemporary Linguistics
Linguistics for language teachers/Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
8. 5. Anaphora – referring back
a. We saw a lady washing a puppy in a small
bath. When she let go, it jumped out of the
small bath.
• lady, puppy – antecedents
• she, it - anaphora
b. I was waiting for the cab, but he just drove
by without stopping.
• antecedent – bus ; anaphora – he
• If X is a bus, then X has a driver
– inference
9. 6. Speech Acts
• type of action performed by speaker
with the utterance
• command
• request
• promise
• question
• information
10. Direct speech act
• asks information
• Did you dine out last night?
• Are they coming?
• Can they sing well?
11. Performatives
• direct speech act with verbs whose action is
a speech act
• I assert that UM will beat USM in the
ranking.
• I promise to take her to the resto?
• I order John to eat the meal.
• declarative, interrogative, imperative
12. Structure Function
You can drive Declarative Statement
a car
Can you drive a Interrogative Question
car?
Drive the car Imperative Command/
(please) Request
Linguistics for language teachers/Dr. Jessie Grace U. Rubrico
13. Identifying performatives
Which of these use the verb promise as PERFORMATIVE?
1. I promise to take Zoe to dinner tonight.
2. Zoe promises to take me to dinner tonight.
3. I will promise to take Zoe to dinner tonight.
Hints
(a) subject of the verb must be “I”; performative
is about an interaction between speaker
and hearers.
(b) Performatives must take place in the present.
14. Felicity Conditions
• allow us to determine under when it is
appropriate to ask questions, give
commands, and so forth.
15. Felicity Conditions: Asking Questions
S questions H about X (a mutual friend)
1. S does not know the truth about X.
2. S wants to know the truth about X.
3. S believes H may know the truth about X.
Assumptions:
1. if someone asks a question, s/he doesn't know the answer to
the question > inherent in condition #1.
2. If someone asks, s/he actually wants to know the truth. (#2)
3. If someone asks you, they think you may know the truth
(or answer). (#3)
16. Felicity Conditions: Promise
S promises H to do Y:
1. S believes H wants Y done.
2. S is able to do Y.
3. S is willing to do Y.
17. Felicity Conditions: Requests
S requests H to do Z (action):
1. Speaker believes that Z has not yet been
done.
2. Speaker believes that Hearer is able to do Z.
3. Speaker believes that Hearer is willing to do
Z-type things for S.
18. Indirect speech act
a. Can you meet me tonight?
• structure: interrogative
• function: request
b. You left the door open.
• structure: declarative
• function : request
19. c. Can you open the door for me?
- the speaker is requesting, not asking about the
ability of the listener to open the door
d1. Do you know where the bus stop is?
d2. Yes, I know where it is
(and walks away)
(1) request for help in finding the bus stop
(2) reads the speech act of (1) as a question,
not as a request.
20. 7. Politeness
• awareness of and consideration for
another person’s face
• FACE : person’s public image
• emotional and social sense of self
everyone has and expects everyone
else to recognize
21. • face-threatening act
- threatens a person’s image
Give me that book! – S conveys he/she has
social power over the H
• face-saving act
-lessens the possible threat
Could you give me that book?
– less threatening
- removes the assumption of social power
22. Negative face
• the need to be independent and free
from imposition
• face-saving act: show concern
about imposition
– I’m sorry to bother you, but …
23. Positive face
• the need to be connected, to belong
• face-saving act
• show solidarity
• rally to a common goal
• let’s do this together. . .
• we have the same problem
24. References
• O'Grady, William D., Archibald, John,
[eds.] (2009). Contemporary Linguistic
Analysis: An Introduction, 6th edition.
Ontario: Pearson Education Canada.
• Yule G. 2006. The study of language.
Cambridge: CUP.