This document provides a summary of basic life support (BLS) and advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) protocols for treating cardiac arrest. It outlines the key steps in BLS including checking for response, activating emergency services, providing rescue breathing and chest compressions. It emphasizes the importance of high-quality chest compressions during CPR. The document also summarizes ACLS protocols for defibrillation, cardioversion, management of various cardiac rhythms like ventricular fibrillation and asystole, and administering appropriate drug therapies.

1. BLS AND ACLS DR UNNIKRISHNANP / CCU

2. CHAIN OF SURVIVAL

3. Oh God! For every minute without CPR, survival from witnessed VF SCA decreases 7% to 10%.CPR double or triple survival from witnessed SCA

4. Saving our beloved ones… CPR provides a small but critical amount of blood flow to the heart and brain.

6. BASIC LIFE SUPPORT

7. Check for response To check for response, tap the victim on the shoulder and ask, “Are you all right?”.

8. Activate the EMS If a lone rescuer finds an unresponsive adult (ie, no movement or response to stimulation), the rescuer should activate the EMS system, get an AED (if available), and return to the victim to provide CPR and defibrillation if needed.

9. Open the Airway and Check Breathing head tilt– chin lift maneuver suspects a cervical spine injury  open the airway using a jaw thrust without head extension  fails  use a head tilt–chin lift maneuver if the jaw thrust does not open the airway

10. Check Breathing look, listen, and feel for breathing. Occasional gasps are not effective breaths.

11. Give rescue breaths If you do not detect adequate breathing within 10 seconds Give 2 rescue breaths, each over 1 second, with enough volume to produce visible chest rise.

13. CPR In victims of VF SCA, chest compressions increase the likelihood that a shock (ie, attempted defibrillation) will be successful. Chest compressions are especially important if the first shock is delivered 4 minutes after collapse Give CPR ( about 5 cycles or about 2 minutes) A compression-ventilation ratio of 30:2 is recommended In infants and children,2 rescuers should use a ratio of 15:2

14. CPR One cycle of CPR consists of 30 compressions and 2 breaths. When compressions are delivered at a rate of about 100 per minute, 5 cycles of CPR should take roughly 2 minutes (range: about 11⁄2 to 3 minutes)

15. Later….. When an advanced airway is in place [ETT/LMA/COMBITUBE] the compressing rescuer should give continuous chest compressions at a rate of 100 per minute without pauses for ventilation. The rescuer delivering ventilation provides 8 to10 breaths per minute.

16. PUSH HARD AND FAST FAST100 compressions per minute, HARD with a compression depth of 11⁄2 to 2 inches (approximately 4 to 5 cm). Allow the chest to recoil completely after each compression, and allow approximately equal compression and relaxation times Minimize interruptions[Ideally, compression should be interrupted only for ventilation (until an advanced airway is placed), rhythm check, or shock delivery].

17. Technique rescuer kneeling beside the victim’s thorax. The rescuer should place the heel of the hand on the in the lower half of the victim’s sternum in the center (middle) of the chest between the nipples and then place the heel of the second hand on top of the first so that the hands are overlapped and parallel

18. Breath Vs Compression During the first minutes of VF SCA  diminished cardiac output more significant than a lack of oxygen in the blood. Both ventilations and compressions are important for victims of prolonged VF SCA During CPR blood flow to the lungs is substantially reduced low Tv & RR will suffice (6-7ml/kg or 500 to 600 mL) Avoid delivering breaths that are too large or too forceful (gastric distension)

19. Breath Vs Compression Rate >12 breaths per minute during CPR leads to increased intrathoracic pressure, impeding venous return to the heart during chest compressions  diminished cardiac output decreased coronary and cerebral perfusion.

20. oxygen O2 >40%, a minimum flow rate of 10 to 12 L/min when available. Ideally the bag should be attached to an oxygen reservoir to enable delivery of 100%oxygen. LMA and the esophageal-tracheal combitube are currently within the scope of BLS practice

21. Keep your reserves….. The 2 rescuers should change compressor and ventilator roles approximately every 2 minutes to prevent compressor fatigue and deterioration in quality and rate of chest compressions

22. Also note… Lay rescuers should continue CPR until an AED arrives/the victim begins to move/EMS personnel take over CPR patients not be moved while CPR is in progress unless the patient is in a dangerous environment or is a trauma patient in need of surgical intervention.

23. Defibrillation Early defibrillation is critical to survival from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) for several reasons: (1) the most frequent initial rhythm in witnessed SCA is ventricular fibrillation (2)the treatment for VF is electrical defibrillation, (3) the probability of successful defibrillation diminishes rapidly over time (4) VF tends to deteriorate to asystolewithin a few minutes

24. What it does to heart…? defibrillation “stuns” the heart, briefly stopping VF and other cardiac electrical activity

25. 1 shock followed by immediate CPR Biphasic  high first dose efficacy 1st fails=VF of low amplitude incremental benefit less for repeated shocks Termination of VF non perfusing rhythms Rx is CPR ; not another shock! Next step is not a rhythm check; but CPR x 5 The goal is to minimize the time between chest compressions and shock delivery and between shock delivery and resumption of chest compressions(<15 sec)

26. Energy selection Biphasic truncated exponential waveform150-200J Biphasic rectilinear120J Monophasic  360J Child (initial)2J/Kg Child (subsequent)4J/Kg

27. Also note.. If a provider is operating a manual biphasic defibrillator and is unaware of the effective dose range for that device to terminate VF, the rescuer may use a selected dose of 200 J for the first shock and an equal or higher dose for the second and subsequent shocks If VF is initially terminated by a shock but then recurs later in the arrest, deliver subsequent shocks at the previously successful energy level.

28. Defibrillation There is no evidence that attempting to “defibrillate” asystoleis beneficial. It is difficult to justify any interruption in chest compressions to attempt shock delivery for asystole.

29. Don’t give up! In the first few minutes after successful defibrillation, asystoleor bradycardia may be present and the heart may pump ineffectively. Therefore, CPR may be needed for several minutes following defibrillation until adequate perfusion is present.

30. WHICH FIRST? There is insufficient evidence to support or refute CPR before defibrillation for in-hospital cardiac arrest Out of hospital witnessed SCA AED first Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is not witnessed  give about 5 cycles of CPR before checking the ECG rhythm and attempting defibrillation

31. Whats AED? Lay rescuers can be trained to use a computerized device called an AED to analyze the victim’s rhythm and deliver a shock if the victim has VF or rapid VT. The AED uses audio and visual prompts to guide the rescuer. extremely accurate cprouTube - High-quality CPR and AED.flv

32. Заголовок слайда

33. CARDIAC ARREST-BLS-ACLS Four rhythms produce pulseless cardiac arrest: ventricular fibrillation (VF), rapid ventricular tachycardia (VT), pulselesselectrical activity (PEA), and asystole. Survival from these arrest rhythms requires both basic life support (BLS) and advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS).

34. ACLS intravenous(IV) access drug therapy, and inserting an advanced airway recall the H’s and T’s to identify the cause .

35. ACCESS to circulation peripheral venous routebolusinjection andfollowwith a 20-mL bolus of IV fluid. Intraosseous (IO) cannulation provides access to a noncollapsiblevenous plexus spontaneous circulation does not returncentral line Endotracheal route2 - 2 ½ times iv dose dilute the recommended dose in 5 to 10 mL of water or normal saline

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37. VF/VTDRUGS If VF/VT persists after delivery of 1 or 2 shocks plus CPR, give a vasopressor (epinephrine every 3 to 5 minutes during cardiac arrest; one dose of vasopressinmay replace either the first or second dose of epinephrine When VF/pulseless VT persists after 2 to 3 shocks plus CPR and administration of a vasopressor, consider administering an antiarrhythmic such as amiodarone[ if unavailablelignocaine] magnesium for torsades de pointes associated with a long QT interval

38. Drugs when? Drug doses should be prepared before the rhythm check so they can be administered as soon as possible after the rhythm check, Do not interrupt CPR to give medications The drug should be administered during CPR and as soon as possible after the rhythm is checked If a drug is administered immediately after the rhythm check (before or after the shock) it will be circulated by the CPR given before and after the shock.

39. Tips… perfusing rhythm is transiently restored but not successfully maintained early treatment with antiarrhythmics shorter the time between chest compression and shock delivery, the more likely the shock will be successful

40. PEA and ASYSTOLE PEA:pseudo-electromechanical dissociation(pseudo-EMD), idioventricular rhythms, ventricular escape rhythms, postdefibrillationidioventricular rhythms, and bradyasystolic rhythms. Too weak contractions to produce a BP detectable with NIBP often caused by reversible conditions The survival rate from cardiac arrest with asystoleis dismal. similarity in causes and management

41. BRADYCARDIA

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43. BRADYCARDIA ATROPINE :dose for bradycardia is 0.5 mg IV every 3 to 5 minutes to a maximum total dose of 3 mg. Doses of atropine of 0.5 mg may paradoxically result in further slowing of the heart rate. EPINEPHRINE :Begin the infusion at 2 to 10 g/min and titrate to patient response DOPAMINE :2 to 10 g/kg per minute)

44. TACHYCARDIAS .

45. NARROW QRS TACHYCARDIA (QRS <0.12) — Sinus tachycardia — Atrialfibrillation<irregular> — Atrialflutter<irregular> — AV nodal reentry — Accessory pathway–mediated tachycardia — Atrial tachycardia (ectopic and reentrant) — Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT) — Junctional tachycardia

46. WIDE QRS TACHYCARDIA (QRS >0.12 second) — Ventricular tachycardia (VT) — SVT with aberrancy — Pre-excited tachycardias

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48. Approach…. Rate-related cardiovascular compromise[altered mental status, ongoing chest pain, hypotension], provide immediate synchronized cardioversion stable 12-lead ECG and evaluate the rhythm determine treatment options/may await expert consultation [because treatment has the potential for harm].

49. Synchronized Cardioversion synchronized with the QRS complex  avoids shock delivery during the relative refractory period of the cardiac cycle Low-energyshocks should always be delivered as synchronized shocks because delivery of low energy unsynchronized shocks is likely to induce VF. If cardioversionneeded,but cant synchronize give high energy unsynchronized shock

50. CARDIOVERSION- indications (1)unstable SVT due to reentry, (2) unstable atrial fibrillation, (3) unstable atrial flutter. (4) unstable monomorphic VT administer sedation if the patient is conscious Don’t delay it…..

51. Cardioversion- 100 J to 200 J with a monophasicwaveform 100 J to 120 J is with a biphasic waveform. Atrial flutter50-100J with monophasic Monomorphic VT100 --->360J NB:- Cardioversion to junctional /multifocal atrialtachycardiaincrease rate

52. PALS

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59. THANK YOU HAPPY ONAM