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33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS
Boston, Massachusetts USA, August 30 - September 3, 2011

A Computationally Efficient QRS Detection
Algorithm for Wearable ECG Sensors
Y.Wang, C.J. Deepu and Y.Lian, Fellow, IEEE

Abstract: In this paper we present a novel Dual-Slope QRS
detection algorithm with low computational complexity,
suitable for wearable ECG devices. The Dual-Slope algorithm
calculates the slopes on both sides of a peak in the ECG
signal; And based on these slopes, three criterions are
developed for simultaneously checking 1)Steepness 2)Shape
and 3)Height of the signal, to locate the QRS complex. The
algorithm, evaluated against MIT/BIH Arrhythmia Database,
achieves a very high detection rate of 99.45%, a sensitivity of
99.82% and a positive prediction of 99.63%.
Index Terms - Electrocardiogram, QRS detection, wearable
sensors, low complexity.

I.

INTRODUCTION

W

ith a fast aging society, there is an emerging trend
for personalized healthcare adoption in many
countries. Personalized healthcare advocates a preventionoriented healthcare, in which each person is equipped with
wearable or implantable sensors to monitor the vital signs
continuously. These vital signs are transmitted to a remote
health monitoring centre, where computers and doctors are
keeping an eye on the health condition of each individual.
If any abnormal condition is detected, the person will be
informed with either text messages or voice calls from
remote doctor for a clinic appointment. In the preventionoriented healthcare system, continuous cardiac ECG
monitor plays an important role. Such ECG recording
devices are expected to generate significant amount of data
needed to be transmitted to remote monitoring centre.
Meanwhile, the limited battery life of wearable devices
greatly affects the recording time. To lengthen the
recording time, it is desirable to adopt low power QRS
detection algorithms in wearable ECG sensors.
In published literature for QRS detection, various
derivative-based algorithms have been proposed[1].
However, the detection rates of these algorithms are not
very satisfactory[1]. The traditional derivative-based
algorithms periodically compare the differentiated
waveform with an empirical threshold to locate the QRS

complex. The performance of this algorithm is highly
affected by baseline noises, whose derivatives can be quite
high as well. Considering that the width of QRS complex
is relatively fixed, in the range of 0.06-0.1s[2], and in QRS
complex there are usually two large slopes, the widths of
these two slopes in QRS complex are approximately 0.030.05s. Hence, instead of directly taking derivatives of the
ECG signal, we can focus only on the slope of straight line
connecting two samples that are separated by this width. If
the values of the slope are calculated for any two samples
that are separated by this width, then the largest values
should be found in the QRS complex. To enhance the
detection performance, the slope difference between left
hand side and right hand side can be compared with an
adaptive threshold, making use of the fact that the largest
change of slope usually happens at the peak of QRS
complex. Based on this idea, the proposed Dual-Slope
QRS detection algorithm is developed.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we
discuss the details of the algorithm proposed. In Section
III, the evaluation results of the algorithm against the
MIT/BIH arrhythmia database is given. Concluding
remarks are drawn in Section IV.
II. PROPOSED ALGORITHM
If a signal section is to be detected as QRS complex, it
must have steep slopes with width close to the slope width
in QRS section. Besides, it somewhat should have a ramp
like shape and the height (amplitude) of the peak should be
high enough. Based on this, we developed three criterions
for checking the signal section’s steepness, shape and
height respectively. If a signal section can satisfy all three
criterions, a peak should exist in the current section. Then
local extremes are searched to locate the peak position,
followed by adjustment which aims to avoid multiple
detections within the same QRS complex.
The details of each step are given in the following
subsections. And a flowchart of the proposed Dual-Slope
algorithm is given in Fig. 1.

Manuscript received April 15, 2011. This work was supported by
Singapore Agency for Science Technology and Research, under ASTAR
SERC Research Grant No. 092-148-0066.
Y. Wang and C.J.Deepu are with National University of Singapore (email: {yichao, deepu}@ nus.edu.sg).
Yong Lian is with National University of Singapore (phone: +65
65162993, email: eleliany@nus.edu.sg)

978-1-4244-4122-8/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE

5641
ECG Samples

Calculate SL,max, SL,min, SR,max, SR,min
SL,max-SR,min > SR,max-SL,min
Yes (+ ve peak)

Ignore Current
Sample &
Process Next
Sample

No (-ve peak)

Check, if
No

Check, if

SL,max-SR,min> θdiff

SR,max-SL,min>θdiff

No

Yes

No

Check, if

min(SL,max,SR,min)>θmin
sign(SL,max) = -sign(SR,min)

min(SR,max,SL,min)>θmin
sign(SL,max)= -sign(SR,min)

ܵௗ௜௙௙ǡ௠௔௫ ൌ ƒš ቀ൫ܵோǡ௠௔௫ െ ܵ௅ǡ௠௜௡ ൯ǡ ൫ܵ௅ǡ௠௔௫ െ ܵோǡ௠௜௡ ൯ቁ Ǥ	ሺͷሻ

Yes

Check, if

Ignore Current
Sample &
Process Next
Sample

where a is equal to the nearest integer of 0.027fs, b is equal
to the nearest integer of 0.063 fs, zn is the ECG sample at
nth location, and fs is the sampling frequency of the ECG
signal.
Subtracting the maximum slope of one side by the
minimum slope on the other side, “slope differences” are
obtained. The higher value between these two “slope
differences” is taken as the variable measuring steepness,
Sdiff,max, i.e.

Yes
No

No

Note that Equation (5) also applies to negative peak
cases. This leads to the following detection criterion.
Criterion 1: For a signal section to be considered as a
QRS complex, the Sdiff,max must be larger than a preset
threshold θdiff, i.e.

Yes

Check, if

Hcur>Have×40%
Yes

ܵௗ௜௙௙ǡ௠௔௫ ൐ ߠௗ௜௙௙ 																																									ሺ͸ሻ

Search for local extremes

Peak too close to
previous one?

θdiff is calculated and updated according to the average
value of Sdiff,max from the previous 8 peaks, denoted by Save.
The rules for updating are given as follows:

Eliminate extra peak

‫ ۓ‬Ʌୢ୧୤୤ ൌ ୤౩ 																												‹ˆ	ୟ୴ୣ ൐ ୤౩ ǡ
ۖ
ଵଶ଼଴଴
ଶ଴ସ଼଴
ସଷହଶ
												‹ˆ	
൏ ୟ୴ୣ ൏
ǡ
Ʌୢ୧୤୤ ൌ
୤౩
୤౩
୤౩
‫۔‬
ଷ଼ସ଴
ଵଶ଼଴଴
ۖɅ
																													‹ˆ	ୟ୴ୣ ൏
Ǥ
‫ ە‬ୢ୧୤୤ ൌ
଻଺଼଴

Update thresholds
Output QRS location

Fig. 1.
algorithm

Block diagram of the proposed Dual-Slope

୤౩

A. Criterion 1
Since the width of QRS complex from the peak to
baseline is usually in the range of 0.03-0.05s, when a
sample is processed, only the samples located between
0.03-0.05s away from the current sample are highlighted.
Then the slopes of the straight lines connecting the
highlighted samples to the current sample are calculated
with signs. After that, the maximum and minimum slope
on each side are taken and stored. By taking the difference
of the two steeper slopes on each side, we can get a
variable measuring the steepness of the current processed
section. And the first criterion is that this value measuring
steepness should be larger than an adaptive threshold.
Note that 0.03-0.05s is the width for normal ECG. Heart
patients are the major users for wearable ECG devices, and
in-order to make the algorithm sensitive to abnormal
heartbeats, the width of the slope assumed is extended to
0.027-0.063s.
The equations calculating the maximum and minimum
slopes on each side are given as follows:
‫ି ݖ‬௕ െ ‫ି ݖ‬ሺ௕ି௞ሻ
ቇ ǡ																															ሺͳሻ	
௔ஸ௞ஸ௕
݇
‫ିݖ‬௕ െ ‫ି ݖ‬ሺ௕ି௞ሻ
ܵ௅ǡ௠௜௡ ൌ ‹ ቆ
ቇǡ																																		ሺʹሻ
௔ஸ௞ஸ௕
݇
ି௕ െ ‫ି ݖ‬ሺ௕ା௞ሻ
‫ݖ‬
ܵோǡ௠௔௫ ൌ ƒš ቆ
ቇ ǡ																																	ሺ͵ሻ
௔ஸ௞ஸ௕
݇
ି௕ െ ‫ି ݖ‬ሺ௕ା௞ሻ
‫ݖ‬
ܵோǡ௠௜௡ ൌ ‹ ቆ
ቇ ǡ																																		ሺͶሻ
௔ஸ௞ஸ௕
݇

ଶ଴ସ଼଴

(7)

୤౩

Note that the recordings in MIT/BIH Arrhythmia
Database have 11bit resolution over a 10 mV range. Hence
the full scale of one sample is 2048. All the numerical
values appearing in this section are based on this scale.
And all the thresholds are obtained by tuning the
performance on the MIT/BIH Arrhythmia Database.
B. Criterion 2
R peaks usually have steep slopes on both sides. If the
“max slope difference” in Criterion 1 is the difference
between a flat slope on one side and a very steep slope on
the other side, the value of Sdiff,max can be quite high as
well. But in this case it should not be considered as a peak.
To eliminate this false condition, Criterion 2 is introduced
to ensure that the slopes are steep on both sides.
Criterion 2: A signal section is considered as a QRS
complex if the following conditions are satisfied.
ܵ
ൌ ݉݅݊൫ȁܵ௅ǡ௠௔௫ ȁǡ ȁܵோǡ௠௜௡ ȁ൯ ൐ ߠ௠௜௡
‫ ۓ‬௠௜௡
ۖ ܽ݊݀	‫݊݃ݏ‬൫ܵ௅ǡ௠௔௫ ൯ ൌ െ‫݊݃ݏ‬൫ܵோǡ௠௜௡ ൯
ۖ
ۖ൫݂݅	ܵ௅ǡ௠௔௫ െ ܵோǡ௠௜௡ ൐ ܵோǡ௠௔௫ െ ܵ௅ǡ௠௜௡ ൯ǡ

ܵ௅ǡ௠௔௫ ൌ ƒš ቆ

‫ܵ۔‬
ൌ ݉݅݊൫ȁܵோǡ௠௔௫ หǡ ȁܵ௅ǡ௠௜௡ ห൯ ൐ ߠ௠௜௡
ۖ ௠௜௡
ۖ ܽ݊݀	‫݊݃ݏ‬൫ܵோǡ௠௔௫ ൯ ൌ െ‫݊݃ݏ‬൫ܵ௅ǡ௠௜௡ ൯
ۖ
‫ە‬൫݂݅	ܵ௅ǡ௠௔௫ െ ܵோǡ௠௜௡ ൏ ܵோǡ௠௔௫ െ ܵ௅ǡ௠௜௡ ൯ǡ

(8)

where θmin is a fixed preset threshold with the value of
1536/fs , and fs is the sampling frequency of the ECG
signal. The two cases in Equation (8) are for positive peaks
and negative peaks respectively.

5642
C. Criterion 3
Sometimes T wave or P wave or noise sections can
produce large slopes as well. However, the heights of these
slopes are usually much smaller than those of QRS
complex. Hence, by comparing the height of current slope
Hcur with the average slope height of the previous 8
detected peaks Have, wrong detections can be avoided by
only accepting Hcur larger than certain factor of Have.
Criterion 3: A signal section is considered as a QRS
complex if the slope height satisfies the following
condition:
‫ܪ‬௖௨௥ ൐ ‫ܪ‬௔௩௘ ൈ 0.4																																									ሺ9ሻ

D. Search for Local Extremes and Adjustments
If all the above three conditions are met, the local
maximum or minimum (depending on positive or negative
peak) is searched in the current signal section to determine
the location of the peak.
To avoid multiple detections within one QRS complex
as illustrated in Fig. 2, self-correction is performed
whenever two detections are too close to each other. The
one with larger value of Sdiff,max is retained as an R peak,
while the other one is discarded.

ܶܲ
																														ሺ11ሻ
ܶܲ ൅ ‫ܲܨ‬
‫ ܲܨ‬൅ ‫ܰܨ‬
‫ ܴܧܦ‬ൌ 	
																													ሺ12ሻ
ܶ‫ܴܵܳ	݈ܽݐ݋‬

൅ܲ	ሺ%ሻ ൌ 	

where TP stands for true positive, meaning the number
of QRS correctly detected. Table II shows the summary of
QRS detection for all recordings. Figs. 3-6 show the
performance of the algorithm. The first graph in each
figure shows the original signal and the marked R peak by
the proposed algorithm. The second graph shows the
values of Sdiff,max and θdiff, in Criterion 1. The third graph
shows the values of Smin and θmin in Criterion 2. Fig. 3
shows the detection performance against signals with large
T waves. Fig. 4 shows that baseline drift does not affect the
performance much. The detection performance on ECG
signals with sharp changing peak amplitudes is
demonstrated in Fig. 5.

Fig. 2. Multiple detections within one QRS complex
E. Computational Complexity
The proposed algorithm has been implemented in
hardware for testing. Serial structures were used in order to
reduce the amount of hardware resources. Based on the
implementation, we found that the total hardware required
is very low and therefore is suitable for low power
operation in ECG sensors. An estimated hardware
summary is given in Table I.
TABLE I
HARDWARE SUMMARY OF PROPOSED ALGORITHM

Adder
14

Multiplier
5

Comparator
15

III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The proposed algorithm is evaluated using the MIT/BIH
Arrhythmia Database according to American Nation
Standard EC38. MIT/BIH database is a benchmark
database with 48 half-hour two-channel ambulatory ECG
recordings. These recordings have 11-bit resolution over
10mV and are sampled at 360Hz.
To evaluate the detection performance, false positive
(FP) and false negative (FN) are used. False positive
represents a false beat detection and false negative means
that the algorithm fails to detect a true beat. Furthermore,
by using FP and FN, the sensitivity (Se), positive
prediction (+P) and detection error (DER) are also
calculated using the following equations:
ܵ݁	ሺ%ሻ ൌ

ܶܲ
																														ሺ10ሻ
ܶܲ ൅ ‫ܰܨ‬

5643

TABLE II
PERFORMANCE OF THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM USING
THE MIT/BIH DATABASE

Tape
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
121
122
123
124
200
201
202
203
205
207
208
209
210
212
213
214
215
217
219
220
221
222
223

Total
2273
1865
2187
2084
2229
2572
2027
2137
1774
2532
2124
2539
1795
1879
1953
2412
1535
2278
1987
1863
2476
1518
1619
2601
1963
2136
2980
2656
1860
2955
3004
2650
2748
3251
2265
3363
2209
2154
2048
2427
2483
2605

FP
0
1
0
0
58
72
3
0
21
0
2
0
0
5
0
2
1
6
0
0
0
1
1
30
0
1
79
0
15
5
4
18
4
0
3
0
17
0
0
2
5
1

FN
1
0
0
1
0
1
3
2
23
0
1
0
1
1
0
24
0
0
0
2
0
0
2
0
51
4
3
0
15
39
0
4
0
3
5
0
1
0
0
4
0
1

Se (%)
99.96%
100.00%
100.00%
99.95%
100.00%
99.96%
99.85%
99.91%
98.72%
100.00%
99.95%
100.00%
99.94%
99.95%
100.00%
99.01%
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
99.89%
100.00%
100.00%
99.88%
100.00%
97.47%
99.81%
99.90%
100.00%
99.20%
98.69%
100.00%
99.85%
100.00%
99.91%
99.78%
100.00%
99.95%
100.00%
100.00%
99.84%
100.00%
99.96%

+P (%)
100.00%
99.95%
100.00%
100.00%
97.46%
97.28%
99.85%
100.00%
98.83%
100.00%
99.91%
100.00%
100.00%
99.73%
100.00%
99.92%
99.93%
99.74%
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
99.93%
99.94%
98.86%
100.00%
99.95%
97.42%
100.00%
99.20%
99.83%
99.87%
99.33%
99.85%
100.00%
99.87%
100.00%
99.24%
100.00%
100.00%
99.92%
99.80%
99.96%

DER
0.0004
0.0005
0
0.0005
0.0260
0.0284
0.0030
0.0009
0.0248
0
0.0014
0
0.0006
0.0032
0
0.0108
0.0007
0.0026
0
0.0011
0
0.0007
0.0019
0.0115
0.0260
0.0023
0.0275
0
0.0161
0.0149
0.0013
0.0083
0.0015
0.0009
0.0035
0
0.0081
0
0
0.0025
0.0020
0.0008
228
230
231
232
233
234
Total

2053
2256
1571
1780
3079
2753
109508

44
2
0
2
0
0
405

3
0
0
0
2
2
199

99.85%
100.00%
100.00%
100.00%
99.94%
99.93%
99.82%

97.90%
99.91%
100.00%
99.89%
100.00%
100.00%
99.63%

TABLE III
PERFORMANCE COMPARISON WITH OTHER PUBLISHED ALGORITHM

0.0229
0.0009
0
0.0011
0.0007
0.0007
0.005516

Method
Wavelet De-noising
Filter Banks
BPF/Search-back
Multiscale Morphology
Proposed method

Table III compares the existing algorithms with the
proposed one. As shown, the proposed method achieves
third lowest detection error rate. The BPF with search-back
method  Multiscale morphology method offer slightly
better performance. However the computational
complexities of these algorithms are relatively high.
Hence, compared with other published algorithms the
proposed algorithm gives reasonable detection accuracy
with low computational complexity and therefore is
suitable for low power wearable sensor applications.

Total
FP
459
406
248
213
405

Total
FN
529
374
340
204
199

DER (%)
0.960%
0.712%
0.537%
0.390%
0.552%

Ref
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
-

Fig. 5. QRS detection over tape 202 of the MIT/BIH
database with sharp changing peak amplitudes.
IV. CONCLUSION

Fig. 3. QRS detection over tape 114 of the MIT/BIH
database with large T waves.

An accurate and computationally efficient Dual-Slope
QRS detection algorithm has been presented. The DualSlope QRS detection algorithm calculates slopes on both
sides of the peaks in ECG. Three criteria on steepness,
shape and height respectively are developed to locate the
QRS complex. The computational complexity of the
proposed algorithm is very low and hence a low power
implementation for wearable ECG sensors is achievable.
The algorithm was evaluated against MIT/BIH database
and achieved a detection rate of 99.45%, a sensitivity of
99.82% and a positive prediction of 99.63%.
REFERENCES
[1]

[2]
[3]

[4]
[5]

[6]

Fig. 4. QRS detection over tape 105 of the MIT/BIH
database with baseline drifts.

5644

W. P. Holsinger, et al., A QRS Preprocessor Based on Digital
Differentiation, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Engineering, vol.
BME-18, pp. 212-217, 1971.
F. G. Yanowitz. (2006, 5 Dec). Characteristics of the Normal ECG.
http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ecg_outline/Lesson3/index.html
S. Chen, , et al, “A real-time QRS detection method based on
moving averaging incorporating with wavelet denosing,” Comput.
Methods Programs Biomed., vol. 82, pp. 187–195, Mar. 2006.
V. X. Afonso, et al., ECG beat detection using filter banks, IEEE
Trans. on Biomedical Engineering, , vol. 46, pp. 192-202, 1999.
P. S. Hamilton et al.,, Quantitative Investigation of QRS Detection
Rules Using the MIT/BIH Arrhythmia Database, IEEE Trans. on
Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-33, pp. 1157-1165, 1986.
F. Zhang, et al., QRS Detection Based on Multi-Scale
Mathematical Morphology for Wearable ECG Device in Body Area
Networks, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, Vol.3,
No.4, pp.220-228, Aug. 2009.

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A Computationally Efficient QRS Detection Algorithm for Wearable ECG Sensors

  • 1. 33rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE EMBS Boston, Massachusetts USA, August 30 - September 3, 2011 A Computationally Efficient QRS Detection Algorithm for Wearable ECG Sensors Y.Wang, C.J. Deepu and Y.Lian, Fellow, IEEE Abstract: In this paper we present a novel Dual-Slope QRS detection algorithm with low computational complexity, suitable for wearable ECG devices. The Dual-Slope algorithm calculates the slopes on both sides of a peak in the ECG signal; And based on these slopes, three criterions are developed for simultaneously checking 1)Steepness 2)Shape and 3)Height of the signal, to locate the QRS complex. The algorithm, evaluated against MIT/BIH Arrhythmia Database, achieves a very high detection rate of 99.45%, a sensitivity of 99.82% and a positive prediction of 99.63%. Index Terms - Electrocardiogram, QRS detection, wearable sensors, low complexity. I. INTRODUCTION W ith a fast aging society, there is an emerging trend for personalized healthcare adoption in many countries. Personalized healthcare advocates a preventionoriented healthcare, in which each person is equipped with wearable or implantable sensors to monitor the vital signs continuously. These vital signs are transmitted to a remote health monitoring centre, where computers and doctors are keeping an eye on the health condition of each individual. If any abnormal condition is detected, the person will be informed with either text messages or voice calls from remote doctor for a clinic appointment. In the preventionoriented healthcare system, continuous cardiac ECG monitor plays an important role. Such ECG recording devices are expected to generate significant amount of data needed to be transmitted to remote monitoring centre. Meanwhile, the limited battery life of wearable devices greatly affects the recording time. To lengthen the recording time, it is desirable to adopt low power QRS detection algorithms in wearable ECG sensors. In published literature for QRS detection, various derivative-based algorithms have been proposed[1]. However, the detection rates of these algorithms are not very satisfactory[1]. The traditional derivative-based algorithms periodically compare the differentiated waveform with an empirical threshold to locate the QRS complex. The performance of this algorithm is highly affected by baseline noises, whose derivatives can be quite high as well. Considering that the width of QRS complex is relatively fixed, in the range of 0.06-0.1s[2], and in QRS complex there are usually two large slopes, the widths of these two slopes in QRS complex are approximately 0.030.05s. Hence, instead of directly taking derivatives of the ECG signal, we can focus only on the slope of straight line connecting two samples that are separated by this width. If the values of the slope are calculated for any two samples that are separated by this width, then the largest values should be found in the QRS complex. To enhance the detection performance, the slope difference between left hand side and right hand side can be compared with an adaptive threshold, making use of the fact that the largest change of slope usually happens at the peak of QRS complex. Based on this idea, the proposed Dual-Slope QRS detection algorithm is developed. This paper is organized as follows. In Section II, we discuss the details of the algorithm proposed. In Section III, the evaluation results of the algorithm against the MIT/BIH arrhythmia database is given. Concluding remarks are drawn in Section IV. II. PROPOSED ALGORITHM If a signal section is to be detected as QRS complex, it must have steep slopes with width close to the slope width in QRS section. Besides, it somewhat should have a ramp like shape and the height (amplitude) of the peak should be high enough. Based on this, we developed three criterions for checking the signal section’s steepness, shape and height respectively. If a signal section can satisfy all three criterions, a peak should exist in the current section. Then local extremes are searched to locate the peak position, followed by adjustment which aims to avoid multiple detections within the same QRS complex. The details of each step are given in the following subsections. And a flowchart of the proposed Dual-Slope algorithm is given in Fig. 1. Manuscript received April 15, 2011. This work was supported by Singapore Agency for Science Technology and Research, under ASTAR SERC Research Grant No. 092-148-0066. Y. Wang and C.J.Deepu are with National University of Singapore (email: {yichao, deepu}@ nus.edu.sg). Yong Lian is with National University of Singapore (phone: +65 65162993, email: eleliany@nus.edu.sg) 978-1-4244-4122-8/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE 5641
  • 2. ECG Samples Calculate SL,max, SL,min, SR,max, SR,min SL,max-SR,min > SR,max-SL,min Yes (+ ve peak) Ignore Current Sample & Process Next Sample No (-ve peak) Check, if No Check, if SL,max-SR,min> θdiff SR,max-SL,min>θdiff No Yes No Check, if min(SL,max,SR,min)>θmin sign(SL,max) = -sign(SR,min) min(SR,max,SL,min)>θmin sign(SL,max)= -sign(SR,min) ܵௗ௜௙௙ǡ௠௔௫ ൌ ƒš ቀ൫ܵோǡ௠௔௫ െ ܵ௅ǡ௠௜௡ ൯ǡ ൫ܵ௅ǡ௠௔௫ െ ܵோǡ௠௜௡ ൯ቁ Ǥ ሺͷሻ Yes Check, if Ignore Current Sample & Process Next Sample where a is equal to the nearest integer of 0.027fs, b is equal to the nearest integer of 0.063 fs, zn is the ECG sample at nth location, and fs is the sampling frequency of the ECG signal. Subtracting the maximum slope of one side by the minimum slope on the other side, “slope differences” are obtained. The higher value between these two “slope differences” is taken as the variable measuring steepness, Sdiff,max, i.e. Yes No No Note that Equation (5) also applies to negative peak cases. This leads to the following detection criterion. Criterion 1: For a signal section to be considered as a QRS complex, the Sdiff,max must be larger than a preset threshold θdiff, i.e. Yes Check, if Hcur>Have×40% Yes ܵௗ௜௙௙ǡ௠௔௫ ൐ ߠௗ௜௙௙ ሺ͸ሻ Search for local extremes Peak too close to previous one? θdiff is calculated and updated according to the average value of Sdiff,max from the previous 8 peaks, denoted by Save. The rules for updating are given as follows: Eliminate extra peak ‫ ۓ‬Ʌୢ୧୤୤ ൌ ୤౩ ‹ˆ ୟ୴ୣ ൐ ୤౩ ǡ ۖ ଵଶ଼଴଴ ଶ଴ସ଼଴ ସଷହଶ ‹ˆ ൏ ୟ୴ୣ ൏ ǡ Ʌୢ୧୤୤ ൌ ୤౩ ୤౩ ୤౩ ‫۔‬ ଷ଼ସ଴ ଵଶ଼଴଴ ۖɅ ‹ˆ ୟ୴ୣ ൏ Ǥ ‫ ە‬ୢ୧୤୤ ൌ ଻଺଼଴ Update thresholds Output QRS location Fig. 1. algorithm Block diagram of the proposed Dual-Slope ୤౩ A. Criterion 1 Since the width of QRS complex from the peak to baseline is usually in the range of 0.03-0.05s, when a sample is processed, only the samples located between 0.03-0.05s away from the current sample are highlighted. Then the slopes of the straight lines connecting the highlighted samples to the current sample are calculated with signs. After that, the maximum and minimum slope on each side are taken and stored. By taking the difference of the two steeper slopes on each side, we can get a variable measuring the steepness of the current processed section. And the first criterion is that this value measuring steepness should be larger than an adaptive threshold. Note that 0.03-0.05s is the width for normal ECG. Heart patients are the major users for wearable ECG devices, and in-order to make the algorithm sensitive to abnormal heartbeats, the width of the slope assumed is extended to 0.027-0.063s. The equations calculating the maximum and minimum slopes on each side are given as follows: ‫ି ݖ‬௕ െ ‫ି ݖ‬ሺ௕ି௞ሻ ቇ ǡ ሺͳሻ ௔ஸ௞ஸ௕ ݇ ‫ିݖ‬௕ െ ‫ି ݖ‬ሺ௕ି௞ሻ ܵ௅ǡ௠௜௡ ൌ ‹ ቆ ቇǡ ሺʹሻ ௔ஸ௞ஸ௕ ݇ ି௕ െ ‫ି ݖ‬ሺ௕ା௞ሻ ‫ݖ‬ ܵோǡ௠௔௫ ൌ ƒš ቆ ቇ ǡ ሺ͵ሻ ௔ஸ௞ஸ௕ ݇ ି௕ െ ‫ି ݖ‬ሺ௕ା௞ሻ ‫ݖ‬ ܵோǡ௠௜௡ ൌ ‹ ቆ ቇ ǡ ሺͶሻ ௔ஸ௞ஸ௕ ݇ ଶ଴ସ଼଴ (7) ୤౩ Note that the recordings in MIT/BIH Arrhythmia Database have 11bit resolution over a 10 mV range. Hence the full scale of one sample is 2048. All the numerical values appearing in this section are based on this scale. And all the thresholds are obtained by tuning the performance on the MIT/BIH Arrhythmia Database. B. Criterion 2 R peaks usually have steep slopes on both sides. If the “max slope difference” in Criterion 1 is the difference between a flat slope on one side and a very steep slope on the other side, the value of Sdiff,max can be quite high as well. But in this case it should not be considered as a peak. To eliminate this false condition, Criterion 2 is introduced to ensure that the slopes are steep on both sides. Criterion 2: A signal section is considered as a QRS complex if the following conditions are satisfied. ܵ ൌ ݉݅݊൫ȁܵ௅ǡ௠௔௫ ȁǡ ȁܵோǡ௠௜௡ ȁ൯ ൐ ߠ௠௜௡ ‫ ۓ‬௠௜௡ ۖ ܽ݊݀ ‫݊݃ݏ‬൫ܵ௅ǡ௠௔௫ ൯ ൌ െ‫݊݃ݏ‬൫ܵோǡ௠௜௡ ൯ ۖ ۖ൫݂݅ ܵ௅ǡ௠௔௫ െ ܵோǡ௠௜௡ ൐ ܵோǡ௠௔௫ െ ܵ௅ǡ௠௜௡ ൯ǡ ܵ௅ǡ௠௔௫ ൌ ƒš ቆ ‫ܵ۔‬ ൌ ݉݅݊൫ȁܵோǡ௠௔௫ หǡ ȁܵ௅ǡ௠௜௡ ห൯ ൐ ߠ௠௜௡ ۖ ௠௜௡ ۖ ܽ݊݀ ‫݊݃ݏ‬൫ܵோǡ௠௔௫ ൯ ൌ െ‫݊݃ݏ‬൫ܵ௅ǡ௠௜௡ ൯ ۖ ‫ە‬൫݂݅ ܵ௅ǡ௠௔௫ െ ܵோǡ௠௜௡ ൏ ܵோǡ௠௔௫ െ ܵ௅ǡ௠௜௡ ൯ǡ (8) where θmin is a fixed preset threshold with the value of 1536/fs , and fs is the sampling frequency of the ECG signal. The two cases in Equation (8) are for positive peaks and negative peaks respectively. 5642
  • 3. C. Criterion 3 Sometimes T wave or P wave or noise sections can produce large slopes as well. However, the heights of these slopes are usually much smaller than those of QRS complex. Hence, by comparing the height of current slope Hcur with the average slope height of the previous 8 detected peaks Have, wrong detections can be avoided by only accepting Hcur larger than certain factor of Have. Criterion 3: A signal section is considered as a QRS complex if the slope height satisfies the following condition: ‫ܪ‬௖௨௥ ൐ ‫ܪ‬௔௩௘ ൈ 0.4 ሺ9ሻ D. Search for Local Extremes and Adjustments If all the above three conditions are met, the local maximum or minimum (depending on positive or negative peak) is searched in the current signal section to determine the location of the peak. To avoid multiple detections within one QRS complex as illustrated in Fig. 2, self-correction is performed whenever two detections are too close to each other. The one with larger value of Sdiff,max is retained as an R peak, while the other one is discarded. ܶܲ ሺ11ሻ ܶܲ ൅ ‫ܲܨ‬ ‫ ܲܨ‬൅ ‫ܰܨ‬ ‫ ܴܧܦ‬ൌ ሺ12ሻ ܶ‫ܴܵܳ ݈ܽݐ݋‬ ൅ܲ ሺ%ሻ ൌ where TP stands for true positive, meaning the number of QRS correctly detected. Table II shows the summary of QRS detection for all recordings. Figs. 3-6 show the performance of the algorithm. The first graph in each figure shows the original signal and the marked R peak by the proposed algorithm. The second graph shows the values of Sdiff,max and θdiff, in Criterion 1. The third graph shows the values of Smin and θmin in Criterion 2. Fig. 3 shows the detection performance against signals with large T waves. Fig. 4 shows that baseline drift does not affect the performance much. The detection performance on ECG signals with sharp changing peak amplitudes is demonstrated in Fig. 5. Fig. 2. Multiple detections within one QRS complex E. Computational Complexity The proposed algorithm has been implemented in hardware for testing. Serial structures were used in order to reduce the amount of hardware resources. Based on the implementation, we found that the total hardware required is very low and therefore is suitable for low power operation in ECG sensors. An estimated hardware summary is given in Table I. TABLE I HARDWARE SUMMARY OF PROPOSED ALGORITHM Adder 14 Multiplier 5 Comparator 15 III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The proposed algorithm is evaluated using the MIT/BIH Arrhythmia Database according to American Nation Standard EC38. MIT/BIH database is a benchmark database with 48 half-hour two-channel ambulatory ECG recordings. These recordings have 11-bit resolution over 10mV and are sampled at 360Hz. To evaluate the detection performance, false positive (FP) and false negative (FN) are used. False positive represents a false beat detection and false negative means that the algorithm fails to detect a true beat. Furthermore, by using FP and FN, the sensitivity (Se), positive prediction (+P) and detection error (DER) are also calculated using the following equations: ܵ݁ ሺ%ሻ ൌ ܶܲ ሺ10ሻ ܶܲ ൅ ‫ܰܨ‬ 5643 TABLE II PERFORMANCE OF THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM USING THE MIT/BIH DATABASE Tape 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 121 122 123 124 200 201 202 203 205 207 208 209 210 212 213 214 215 217 219 220 221 222 223 Total 2273 1865 2187 2084 2229 2572 2027 2137 1774 2532 2124 2539 1795 1879 1953 2412 1535 2278 1987 1863 2476 1518 1619 2601 1963 2136 2980 2656 1860 2955 3004 2650 2748 3251 2265 3363 2209 2154 2048 2427 2483 2605 FP 0 1 0 0 58 72 3 0 21 0 2 0 0 5 0 2 1 6 0 0 0 1 1 30 0 1 79 0 15 5 4 18 4 0 3 0 17 0 0 2 5 1 FN 1 0 0 1 0 1 3 2 23 0 1 0 1 1 0 24 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 51 4 3 0 15 39 0 4 0 3 5 0 1 0 0 4 0 1 Se (%) 99.96% 100.00% 100.00% 99.95% 100.00% 99.96% 99.85% 99.91% 98.72% 100.00% 99.95% 100.00% 99.94% 99.95% 100.00% 99.01% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 99.89% 100.00% 100.00% 99.88% 100.00% 97.47% 99.81% 99.90% 100.00% 99.20% 98.69% 100.00% 99.85% 100.00% 99.91% 99.78% 100.00% 99.95% 100.00% 100.00% 99.84% 100.00% 99.96% +P (%) 100.00% 99.95% 100.00% 100.00% 97.46% 97.28% 99.85% 100.00% 98.83% 100.00% 99.91% 100.00% 100.00% 99.73% 100.00% 99.92% 99.93% 99.74% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 99.93% 99.94% 98.86% 100.00% 99.95% 97.42% 100.00% 99.20% 99.83% 99.87% 99.33% 99.85% 100.00% 99.87% 100.00% 99.24% 100.00% 100.00% 99.92% 99.80% 99.96% DER 0.0004 0.0005 0 0.0005 0.0260 0.0284 0.0030 0.0009 0.0248 0 0.0014 0 0.0006 0.0032 0 0.0108 0.0007 0.0026 0 0.0011 0 0.0007 0.0019 0.0115 0.0260 0.0023 0.0275 0 0.0161 0.0149 0.0013 0.0083 0.0015 0.0009 0.0035 0 0.0081 0 0 0.0025 0.0020 0.0008
  • 4. 228 230 231 232 233 234 Total 2053 2256 1571 1780 3079 2753 109508 44 2 0 2 0 0 405 3 0 0 0 2 2 199 99.85% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 99.94% 99.93% 99.82% 97.90% 99.91% 100.00% 99.89% 100.00% 100.00% 99.63% TABLE III PERFORMANCE COMPARISON WITH OTHER PUBLISHED ALGORITHM 0.0229 0.0009 0 0.0011 0.0007 0.0007 0.005516 Method Wavelet De-noising Filter Banks BPF/Search-back Multiscale Morphology Proposed method Table III compares the existing algorithms with the proposed one. As shown, the proposed method achieves third lowest detection error rate. The BPF with search-back method Multiscale morphology method offer slightly better performance. However the computational complexities of these algorithms are relatively high. Hence, compared with other published algorithms the proposed algorithm gives reasonable detection accuracy with low computational complexity and therefore is suitable for low power wearable sensor applications. Total FP 459 406 248 213 405 Total FN 529 374 340 204 199 DER (%) 0.960% 0.712% 0.537% 0.390% 0.552% Ref [3] [4] [5] [6] - Fig. 5. QRS detection over tape 202 of the MIT/BIH database with sharp changing peak amplitudes. IV. CONCLUSION Fig. 3. QRS detection over tape 114 of the MIT/BIH database with large T waves. An accurate and computationally efficient Dual-Slope QRS detection algorithm has been presented. The DualSlope QRS detection algorithm calculates slopes on both sides of the peaks in ECG. Three criteria on steepness, shape and height respectively are developed to locate the QRS complex. The computational complexity of the proposed algorithm is very low and hence a low power implementation for wearable ECG sensors is achievable. The algorithm was evaluated against MIT/BIH database and achieved a detection rate of 99.45%, a sensitivity of 99.82% and a positive prediction of 99.63%. REFERENCES [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] Fig. 4. QRS detection over tape 105 of the MIT/BIH database with baseline drifts. 5644 W. P. Holsinger, et al., A QRS Preprocessor Based on Digital Differentiation, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-18, pp. 212-217, 1971. F. G. Yanowitz. (2006, 5 Dec). Characteristics of the Normal ECG. http://library.med.utah.edu/kw/ecg/ecg_outline/Lesson3/index.html S. Chen, , et al, “A real-time QRS detection method based on moving averaging incorporating with wavelet denosing,” Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., vol. 82, pp. 187–195, Mar. 2006. V. X. Afonso, et al., ECG beat detection using filter banks, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Engineering, , vol. 46, pp. 192-202, 1999. P. S. Hamilton et al.,, Quantitative Investigation of QRS Detection Rules Using the MIT/BIH Arrhythmia Database, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Engineering, vol. BME-33, pp. 1157-1165, 1986. F. Zhang, et al., QRS Detection Based on Multi-Scale Mathematical Morphology for Wearable ECG Device in Body Area Networks, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, Vol.3, No.4, pp.220-228, Aug. 2009.