1. Chapter 18 – Air Pollution and Global Changes How can local pollution cause global changes?

7. c. traces of metals such as lead, iron, and copper released from industrial processes d. pesticide, herbicide, and fertilizer dust e. plant pollen

12. i. very corrosive, poisonous to plants and animals ii. A ground-level ozone scale has been devised that advises people of the dangers of ozone pollution on a particular day; code green = good , code orange = dangerous for sensitive groups , code purple = dangerous for all

13. b. Includes the chemical nitrogen dioxide (NO2) – a brown gas that gives smog its distinctive color

14. 4. Hydrocarbons – compounds made mostly of hydrogen and carbon Ex. Methane – produced by microorganisms in the digestive systems of livestock, certain bacteria, and decaying organic matter

15. 5. Chloroflurocarbons (CFC’s) - man-made chemicals once used in refrigerators, air conditioners, aerosol cans , and in the production of styrofoam.

20. 5. How is photochemical smog produced? Why do you think it’s such a problem during the summer months? When sunlight reacts with pollutants from cars. Because the temperature increases ground level ozone and there are more hours of sunlight in the summer.

23. a. Products such as plastics, insulation, and cleaners give off harmful fumes b. Air circulation in buildings is often poor c. People generally spend 16-18 hours per day indoors

27. 3. If you hear on the news that ozone levels are high, would you always be better off going inside? Why or why not? Stay indoors if there is air conditioning .

30. b. Ozone , and nitrogen and sulfur oxides irritate the lungs and respiratory tract; cause difficulty breathing, or may trigger asthma, allergy attacks , or more serious diseases such as bronchitis and emphysema

31. c. Particulates in the air have been linked to cancers , especially lung cancers

34. 2. Loss of plants in an ecosystem can disrupt the food web and deprive animals of nourishment 3. Animals may suffer from the same pollution-related health problems as humans

35. 4. Industrial air pollution can contaminate rangeland, accumulating on grasses and entering groundwater that grazing animals consume

36. Review Questions 1. Why do many people now have a carbon monoxide detector in their homes? Because CO can be deadly

37. 2. Why is it dangerous to participate in strenuous outdoor activities on days when the ozone levels are high? Because ozone can impair respiratory function

38. 3. Why should we be concerned about how air pollutants affect plants? Because our food and oxygen comes from plants.

41. a. Normal rain is slightly acidic ( 5.6 on the pH scale) – water reacts with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to form carbonic acid b. Much stronger acids form when water reacts with sulfur or nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere to form sulfuric or nitric acid

42. 2. Sulfur and Nitrogen oxides are released through the burning of fossil fuels 3. As acid precipitation falls, it is deposited on land or in aquatic environments

43. a. Damages crops and trees directly , and also makes the soil less fertile b. Accumulates in lakes and lowers the overall pH, making them too acidic for many fish to survive c. Also causes economic damage by eroding stone and damaging paint

44. Review Questions 1. Why is normal rain slightly acidic? Because some acids are naturally occurring

45. 2. Where do the pollutants that cause acid precipitation come from? BURNING FOSSIL FUELS!!!!

46. 3. Name one way that acid precipitation affects humans and one way that it affects other living things Causes paint to peel and it can kill fish and trees .

53. b. CFC’s are stable and inert (don’t react with other compounds) in the lower atmosphere, and therefore eventually rise into the stratosphere

54. c. In the stratosphere, CFC’s are exposed to UV radiation and break down , releasing chlorine and fluorine atoms that destroy ozone

55. d. CFC’s stay in the atmosphere for hundreds or thousands of years , so although the use of CFC’s has been banned in most products, they continue to cause problems

56. Review Questions 1. Is the ozone in the stratosphere a different chemical compound than ground-level ozone? They are the same chemical but react differently in the different atmospheric layers.

57. 2. Why is the thinning of the ozone layer such a dangerous situation? Because harmful UV radiation gets in .

58. 3. How do CFC’s break down ozone? Chlorine and flourine break down ozone .

59. 4. If CFC’s are now banned in most of the world, why do they continue to cause problems? Because they stay in the atmosphere for 1000’s of years.

63. 2. Greenhouse gases that trap heat include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, ozone, CFC’s, and water vapor

65. a. Data on levels of greenhouse gases can be obtained through ice cores – long cylinders of ice that are drilled and removed from a sheet of polar ice

67. b. Ice cores contain air bubbles that have been trapped in the ice for 100’s or 1000’s of years

70. c. From ice core data, we have evidence that levels of CO2 and other greenhouse gases are rising steadily ; a similar increase in CO2 occurred at the end of the last ice age

73. b. Ice caps will melt, oceans expand, and sea levels rise c. Lowlands and coastal cities flood , displacing large populations of people

75. d. Saltwater enters groundwater , affecting drinking water supplies e. Weather patterns change , affecting agriculture and ecosystems

76. Review Questions 1. How is the greenhouse effect different from global warming? The global warming is caused by the the greenhouse effect.

77. 2. Why is the Earth getting warmer? Because the greenhouse gases have increased and is trapping the heat from the sun .

78. 3. How do we obtain data about gases in the Earth’s atmosphere 100’s of years ago? Ice core samples

79. 4. Name 3 effects of global warming. - loss of habitats -rising sea levels -increase in intensity of storms

80. V. Controlling Air Pollution A. Natural Controls 1. Precipitation removes particulates from the air by binding the particle and carrying it to the ground 2. Carbon dioxide is removed by plants as they photosynthesize

82. B. Human Controls 1. Air Pollution Legislation a. 1963, 1965, 1977 – Clean Air Act and amendments b. 1987, 1990 – Montreal Protocol : International treaty to ban the use of CFC’s

84. 3. There continues to be much debate between industries and environmentalists surrounding the use of pollution control devices – industries argue that these devices are too expensive and difficult to implement , while environmentalists argue that these steps are necessary to preserve our air quality

85. Review Questions 1. How can plants help us stop global warming Plants use the greenhouse gas CO2.

86. 2. Name 2 pieces of legislation aimed at controlling air quality Clean air act Montreal protocol

87. 3. Why do you think it’s so important to have your car inspected each year? Because a car that is not running properly can add more than normal amounts of greenhouse gases.