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IJAET is inviting fresh submissions for its forthcoming issue, Volume 6, Issue 3. Authors are encouraged to contribute their original research to the journal by submitting their research papers that comes under any of following category: research findings, projects, literature surveys, review works, case studies, short communications of high quality, theoretical or empirical research articles, book reviews, proposals, analysis, tutorials, editorials as well as pedagogical and curricular issues that describe significant advances in field of Engineering and Technology.

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International Journal of Advances in Engineering
& Technology (IJAET)
ISSN: 2231-1963
**** Smooth, simple and timely publishing of review and research articles! ****
Call for Papers: IJAET, Volume 6 – Issue 3
IJAET welcomes research articles from scientists, Engineers and Research Scholars involved in
all areas of engineering and technology from all over the world to publish high quality research
papers. Papers for publication in the IJAET are selected through rigorous peer review to ensure
originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
IJAET is inviting fresh submissions for its forthcoming issue, Volume 6, Issue 3. Authors are
encouraged to contribute their original research to the journal by submitting their research papers
that comes under any of following category: research findings, projects, literature surveys, review
works, case studies, short communications of high quality, theoretical or empirical research
articles, book reviews, proposals, analysis, tutorials, editorials as well as pedagogical and
curricular issues that describe significant advances in field of Engineering and Technology.

For list of IJAET topics visit, aim and scope (http://www.ijaet.org/aim-scope-of-ijaet/index.html)
All submitted papers would be evaluated through a peer-review process conducted by the editorial
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(http://www.ijaet.org/peer-review-of-ijaet/index.html)
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IJAET welcomes research articles from scientists, Engineers and Research Scholars involved in all areas of engineering and technology from all over the world to publish high quality research papers. Papers for publication in the IJAET are selected through rigorous peer review to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability. IJAET is inviting fresh submissions for its forthcoming issue, Volume 6, Issue 3. Authors are encouraged to contribute their original research to the journal by submitting their research papers that comes under any of following category: research findings, projects, literature surveys, review works, case studies, short communications of high quality, theoretical or empirical research articles, book reviews, proposals, analysis, tutorials, editorials as well as pedagogical and curricular issues that describe significant advances in field of Engineering and Technology.

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Alertness during driving is a key aspect. Even a small distraction for the driver may lead to genuine mishaps. The possible reasons can be obstacle, inadequate vehicle control system or human reflexes (e.g. shock) during sudden distraction. Therefore "Active" and "Passive" systems for vehicle control play a significant role in automotive safety. In this paper, we have discussed an active control technique to prevent the vehicle from crashing. Three different cases of vehicle speed are considered. The presented technique is designed to evaluate the possibility of collision for both front and rear side. The control action will be taken for safe and smooth driving under different situations like parking, urban driving and highway driving.

ACTIVE SAFETY CONTROL TECHNIQUE TO PREVENT VEHICLE CRASHING

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Using suitable fibers and additives in concrete to enhance its performance is an important consideration in the concrete industry with regard to the structural aspects of concrete. The purpose of this project is to investigate numerically the effectiveness of the engineered steel fiber as shear reinforcement in RC beams. Here steel fibers completely replaces the shear reinforcement (stirrups & links). The dimension of beam taken was 1000*150*150 mm with aspect ratio 80. The beams were reinforced with 10 mm steel bars as secondary reinforcement and 12 mm bars as main reinforcement on the tension side. Numerical analysis using ANSYS R16.1 software package was carried out. The load-deflection curves for the beams with different dosage of fibers were drawn superimposing their numerical values. Initially, in all three cases the curve was linear elastic and about 80% of ultimate load they tend to be non-linear. It was observed that there was fair agreement between the results which indicates some favourable aspects concerning the use of steel fibres as shear reinforcement in concrete beams. It was investigated that the inclusion of steel fibres (Hook End Type) improves the shear strength of RC beams without stirrups by improving the matrix between concrete and steel fibers. Thus this project focuses in the design and analysis using the software ANSYS R16.1 for an alternative steel reinforcement with better or equivalent performance.

Numerical Analysis of Engineered Steel Fibers as Shear Reinforcement in RC Beams

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Piezoelectric materials have excellent sensing and actuating capabilities have made them the most practical smart materials to integrate with laminated structures. Integrated structure system can be called a smart structure because of its ability to perform self-diagnosis and quick adaption to environment changes. An analytical procedure has been developed in the work based on higher order shear deformation theory subjected to electromechanical loading for investigating transient characteristics of smart material plates. For analysis two displacement models are to be considered i.e., model-1 accounts for strain in thickness direction is zero whereas in model-2 in-plane displacements are expanded as cubic functions of the thickness coordinate. Navier’s technique has been adopted for obtaining solutions of anti-symmetric cross–ply and angle-ply laminates of both model-1 and model-2 with simply supported boundary conditions. For obtaining transient response of a laminated composite plate attached with piezoelectric layer Newmark’s method has been used. Effect of thickness coordinate of composite laminated plates attached with piezoelectric layer subjected to electromechanical loadings is studied.

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The majority of Brazilian small craft fishing fleet comes from artisanal boatyards which struggles with market pressure, professional social devaluation, and lack of raw materials. This work aims to provide a description about small craft artisanal boatbuilding in Brazilian shores to support initiatives to increase its social, economical, and environmental sustainability. On site visits and interviews about craftsmen social-economics; boatyards’ production organization; and manufacturing processes’ technological aspects were conducted. Results show that craftsmen are characterized by reasonable income and livelihood degree, compared with workers of similar educational level in their region. Relationships and work organization among them is traditionally structured and community based. Boatyards have sufficient structure, though access to new technologies and resources could be increased. Observed plank on frame building technique depends on workforce skills, commitment, and knowledge, as well as the resulting boats’ design and performance. Small craft artisanal boatbuilding is a living sector with its own dynamics, subjected to the creation and eventual adoption of new technologies. Instead of replacing the current manufacturing process by fibreglass reinforced polymer laminates, as suggested by some initiatives, it is believed that this sector’s sustainability can be increased by gradual introduction of tools, materials, and techniques while preserving its artisanal characteristics and qualities.

ARTISANAL BOATBUILDING IN BRAZILIAN SHORES: CRAFTSMEN, BOATYARDS, AND MANUFAC...

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In an age of impending energy and environmental crises, current cooling technologies continue to generate greenhouse gases with high energy costs. Thermo acoustic refrigeration is an innovative alternative for cooling that is both clean and inexpensive. Thermo acoustic refrigerators are systems which use sound waves and a non-flammable mixture of inert gases to generate refrigeration effect. The main components are a closed cylinder, an acoustic driver, a porous component called a stack, and two heat-exchangers. Application of acoustic waves through the driver makes the gas resonant. As the gas oscillates back and forth, it creates a temperature difference along the length of the stack. This temperature change is due to compression and expansion of the gas by the sound pressure and the rest is a consequence of heat transfer between the gas and the stack. The temperature difference is used to remove heat from the cold side and reject it at the hot side of the system, producing cooling.

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Mumbai is the region consisting of soft compressible marine clay deposits. There are several construction problems on such soils and thus ground improvement is need to be carried out. Vertical drains is generally preferred technique as accelerated settlement is achieved during the construction phase itself if planned accordingly. The concept of vertical drains is based on the theory of three dimensional consolidation as described by Terzaghi (1943). Based on this concept, a consolidation programme is developed and an attempt is made to determine the field to laboratory coefficient of vertical consolidation ratio by Taylor’s Square Root of Time Method and Casagrande’s Logarithm of Time Fitting Method for this region by considering the case study of Bhandup Lagoon Works Embankment. Based on this ratio, the rate of consolidation and time required for consolidation in the field can be determined knowing the consolidation parameters. Equations are developed by using output of the programme and it is explained.

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This paper presents the design, manufacture, testing and improvement of newly developed piezoelectric torsion actuator which generates angular displacement using piezo ceramics and torsion bar. The proposed piezoelectric torsion actuator generates angular displacement during dithering, directly invoking the shear mode of the piezoelectric material and hence no complicated additional mechanism is needed. The piezo plates are formed from a rectangular PZT material duly poled along the axial direction. The dither mechanism is divided into four segments that are arranged in circular configuration. Each of the segments off our piezoplates is bonded in opposite poling directions with soldering adhesive. The key to design of such an actuator is to match the torsion resonant frequency of the actuator with the excitation frequency. FEA for the Torsion bar is carried out to find the different resonant mode sand mode shapes. Also, a set of torsion bars and resonator are analyzed to evaluate the maximum angular displacement and stresses on torsion bars. An experimental investigation in terms of electrical impedance and angular displacement measurement was conducted to verify the mode analysis. Based on the FEA analysis, a new material for the torsion actuator was selected having high Curie temperature and stable relative dielectric constant so that it has higher tentivity even after bonding the piezo plates on torsion bars and also wire soldering process. The design analysis was verified with the experimental results for incorporation of the selected mechanism for the production of dither in the system.

ANALYSIS OF RING JET LASER GYRO RESONANT DITHERING MECHANISM

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Cloud storage is defined as "the storage of data online in the cloud," wherein a company's data is stored in and accessible from multiple distributed and connected resources that comprise a cloud. Although cloud service providers implement the best security standards and industry certifications, storing data and important files on external service providers always opens up risks. Using cloud-powered technologies means you need to provide your service provider with access to important business data. Meanwhile, being a public service opens up cloud service providers to security challenges on a routine basis. The ease in procuring and accessing cloud services can also give nefarious users the ability to scan, identify and exploit loopholes and vulnerabilities within a system. For instance, in a multi-tenant cloud architecture where multiple users are hosted on the same server, a hacker might try to break into the data of other users hosted and stored on the same server. The following paper deals with the service models of cloud computing along with types of cloud computing & characteristics of cloud. Further challenges and security issues in cloud computing is also discussed and at last conclusion and future demand for research in the field of cloud computing.

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In this present study, the forced convective heat transfer performance of automobile radiator has been studied experimentally by using Nano fluid (CuO-Water) as a coolant for an automobile radiator.. Experimental works were conducted to investigate the effect of Copper-Oxide (CuO) nanoparticles volume concentration and the operating temperatures on the rate of Nano fluids heat transfer in a radiator heat Exchanger. CuO nanoparticles were mixed with the base fluid water and also Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (SLS) powder was added to enhance the mixing process and stabilize the dispersion of the Nano fluids. Experimental runs were conducted at varying operating temperatures which include that, CuO-water at different temperature such as 40℃, 50℃, 60℃, 70℃, 75℃, 78℃, 80℃, 83℃. Among the operating temperatures selected for study 80℃, gives the best performance in heat transfer and the convection heat transfer coefficient. The results of the current work generally indicate that Nano fluids have the potential to enhance the heat transfer of a compact heat exchanger. Results indicate that, best overall heat transfer coefficient for the radiator is obtained at a hot fluid inlet temperature of 80℃, and at a flow rate of 0.075kg/sec.

STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF CUO NANO PARTICLES IN RADIATOR HEAT EXCHANGER FOR A...

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The heat extraction problem is becoming an important factor in the development of micro-electronics. Over the last decade, micromachining technology has been increasingly used for the development of highly efficient cooling devices called heat sink because of its undeniable advantages such as less coolant demands and small dimensions. One of the most important micromachining technologies is micro channels. Hence, the study of fluid flow and heat transfer in micro channels which are two essential parts of such devices, have attracted more attentions with broad applications in both engineering and medical problems. Heat sinks are classified into single-phase or two-phase according to whether boiling of liquid occurs inside the micro channels The microchannel heat sink is designed for electronic chips that could be effectively cooled by means of forced convection, by water flowing through the microchannels. This project presents a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) flow simulation modeling, where water is made to flow across different cross-sectional microchannel heat sinks placed on heat source. The flow simulation of water and convective heat transfer are carried by using commercial software “Solid Works Flow Simulation”. In the CFD process stacked microchannels of various cross-sections viz., rectangular, triangular, pentagonal and circular are designed, then by defining the computational domain, boundary conditions as inlet mass flow (1e-5 kg/s),outlet pressure ( static pressure) and heat flux(750w/cm2) and by considering the parallel and counter flow direction of water in different cross-sectional microchannels the temperature drop in heat sink, pressure drop across the channels and amount of volumetric heat transfer coefficient are analyzed and compared.

DESIGN OF STACKED MICROCHANNEL HEAT SINKS USING COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC

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As the time passed, multiple techniques have been proposed on the invisible video watermarking. Watermarking basically means to hide the information into many multiple objects. If the object is video then the name given to this technique is video watermarking. The information which is hidden in the object and isn't seen by anyone then it is called as an invisible watermarking. In this paper, we are using the LSB, SS (Spread Spectrum) and DWT technique for embedding the information into the video and also work on the rational distortion. Today distortion is the biggest problem. This distortion can be destroyed the hide information. The reason of distortion is transmission channel, hackers, viruses etc. In my proposed work, we are working on the rational 6th order model distortion. We are finding the PSNR, SSIM (Structural similarity index measure), Correlation, BER (Bit Error Rate), MSE (Mean Square Error) parameters for the distorted watermarked video and also detects the watermark (hide) information from the distorted watermarked video.

SIGNIFICANCE OF RATIONAL 6TH ORDER DISTORTION MODEL IN THE FIELD OF MOBILE’S ...

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In the present work, an investigation has been made about the shape change and movement phenomena of liquid droplet over a horizontal solid surface under shear flow with adiabatic boundary condition. Finite Volume Method (FVM) with 3D Volume of Fluid (VOF) model has been used to formulate/simulate the complex interface in multiphase flow. The effect of important factors which govern the drop dynamics on a solid surface (like fluid properties: density, surface tension, viscosity and the surface characteristics: surface material, contact angle, roughness) have been studied extensively. Effects of shear strength in terms of air inlet velocity and drop size have also been studied by varying the Reynolds number of inlet air flow and drop volume respectively. Phase contours at different time instant have been produced for each of the case study. Again, the velocity contours and velocity vectors have also been generated for better understanding of the present phenomena. The acquired velocity by the droplet at different time instants has been calculated and the variation of the acquired velocity with time instants is plotted. Again it has been observed that depending upon various boundary conditions and external effects, it may possible to move the drop in any desired direction as per the requirement in various engineering applications like micro pumps, printers, coating devices etc.

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS ON 3D DROPLET OVER HORIZONTAL SURFACE UNDER SHEAR FLOW WIT...

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The performance of a structure [23] is assessed by its safety [1], serviceability [1] and economy [1]. Since we do not know the exact details of loads [4] acting on a structure at any time, there is always some uncertainty about the total loads on structure. Thus random variables (means stochastic variable) of loads and other parameters are the main criteria of design variables [18]. They vary with space and time. The input variables is never certain and complete. The safety factor provided in the existing codes and standers primarily based on practice, judgment and experience, may not be adequate and economical. Using the techniques presented earlier, we can design or analyze individual members in the contest of structural reliability [2][3][22][24]. However we are not examined how the system performs [23] or how to calculate the reliability of the structure as a whole.

STRUCTURAL RELIABILITY ASSESSMENT WITH STOCHASTIC PARAMETERS

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In heat exchanger, the enthalpy is transferred between two or more fluids, at different temperatures. The major challenge in designing a heat exchanger is to make the equipment more compact and achieve a high heat transfer rate using minimum pumping power. In recent years, the high cost of energy and material has resulted in an increased effort aimed at producing more efficient heat exchange equipment. Furthermore, as a heat exchanger becomes older, the resistance to heat transfer increases owing to fouling or scaling. The heat transfer rate can be improved by introducing a disturbance in the fluid flow thereby breaking the viscous and thermal boundary layer. However, in the process pumping power may increase significantly and ultimately the pumping cost becomes high. Therefore, to achieve a desired heat transfer rate in an existing heat exchanger at an economic pumping power, several techniques have been proposed in recent years and are discussed under the classification section. In this work, a study of transient heat transfer in double tube heat exchanger has enhanced. The inner tube of the setup was made with corrugation on both inner and outer walls by twisting the pipe from one end, which gives the more swirling motion to the fluid particles flowing over it. The flow inside the pipe was considered as turbulent, and the analysis was done experimentally and theoretically by using the ANSYS workbench. The experimental results were compared with the experimental values taken in the setup done by considering the inner tube as normal pipe. In both heat exchangers the values were taken and compared with the theoretical analysis. Temperature distribution and heat transfer rate were calculated and the details of the study have been discussed in this paper.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE ANALYSIS OF HEAT ENHANCEMENT IN CORRUGATED TWISTED ...

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A Multiplier is one of the key hardware blocks in most fast processing system which requires less power dissipation. A conventional multiplier consumes more power. This paper presents a low power 8 bit Vedic Multiplier (VM) based on Vertically & Crosswise method of Vedic mathematics, a general multiplication formulae equally applicable to all cases of multiplication. It is based on generating all partial products and their sum in one step. The implementation is done using cadence Virtuoso tool. The power dissipation of 8x8 bit Vedic multiplier obtained after synthesis is compared with conventional multipliers such as Wallace tree and array multipliers and found that the proposed Vedic multiplier circuit seems to have better performance in terms of power dissipation.

VLSI ARCHITECTURE OF AN 8-BIT MULTIPLIER USING VEDIC MATHEMATICS IN 180NM TEC...

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Shell structures are widely used in civil, mechanical, aerospace and marine engineering applications (e.g. offshore oil tanks, automotive industry, aircraft and submarines). Like other types of structures, they are susceptible to various types of defect and damage such as cracking, corrosion, chemical attack and time-dependent material degradation, which may impair their structural integrity and affect their service life. The presence of cracks in a cylindrical structure can considerably affect its behavior. The effects of these imperfections on load carrying capacity and safety are thus important considerations in the design of cylindrical shell structures. This present work presents a finite element study on the vibration, buckling and fracture behavior of a cracked cylindrical shell with clamped type supports and subject to a time varying rotating speed. Vibration, linear elastic buckling and fracture parameters of a cracked cylindrical shell with time-varying rotating speed are analyzed. The effects of constant rotating speed, crack length and orientation of crack and length-diameter ratio of the cylindrical shell on the free-vibration and buckling behaviors are investigated.

VIBRATION BUCKLING AND FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF CYLINDRICAL SHELL

P singh

The high school timetabling is a combinatorial optimization problem. It is proved to be NP-hard and has several hard and soft constraints. A given set of events, class-teacher meetings and resources are assigned to the limited space and time under hard constraints which are strictly followed and soft constraints which are satisfied as far as possible. The feasibility of timetable is determined by hard constraints and the soft constraints determine its quality. Difficult combinatorial optimization problems are frequently solved using Genetic Algorithm (GA). We propose Partial Feasibility Preserving Genetic Algorithm (PFP-GA) combined with tabu search to solve hdtt4, “hard timetabling” problem a test data set in OR-Library. The solution to this problem is zero clashes and maintaining teacher’s workload on each class in given venue. The modified GA procedures are written for intelligent operators and repair. The PFP-GA in association with Tabu Search (TS) converges faster and gives solution within a few seconds. The results are compared to that of using different methodologies on same data set.

HIGH SCHOOL TIMETABLING USING TABU SEARCH AND PARTIAL FEASIBILITY PRESERVING ...

P singh

Due to its impact on human health and the nature surrounding us, diesel engine emissions have been significantly reduced over the last two decades. This reduction has been enforced by the legislating organs around the world that gradually have made the manufacturers transform their engines to today’s complex high‐tech products. One of the most challenging area to meet the legislations is the emissions of the diesel engine which are the products of the combustion of diesel fuel. More restrictions have been imposed by the some governments to reduce these emissions to a level such that will not cause any harmful impacts for the environment after releasing them to the atmosphere. This paper examines the effects of combusting a mixture of diesel fuel, water, and surfactant which forms emulsion on the nitrogen oxides, or NOx, carbon monoxide CO, carbon dioxide CO2, sulfur oxides SOx emissions and particulate matter (PM) from a compression ignition diesel engine. Previous research has attributed the observed reduction of these emissions to a suppression of flame temperature due to quenching effects from the water, thereby reducing thermal NOx formation and other pollutants. The focus of this review paper will be on experiments were conducted a using diesel engine with pure diesel fuel and emulsion of water-diesel. Furthermore, results from the testing diesel fuel that mixed with varied ratios of water balanced with a surfactant to stabilize the emulsion will be presented and discussed. Three different samples of water- diesel emulsion were used with 10 % water and 90 % diesel, 20 % water and 80% diesel, and 30 % water and 70 % diesel (by volume) respectively to conduct the experiments in the lab . The purpose was to see the impact of adding the water from 10 % up to 30 % (by volume) to the diesel fuel making the emulsion fuel to explain what will occur to the emissions and the performance of the engine. The data shows significant NOx emission reduction when using the emulsion water diesel fuel of 30 % water (by volume) in diesel. These results are correlated with a thermodynamic first law analysis to estimate the adiabatic flame temperature of the standard fuel and fuel-water emulsion cases. Results indicate that thermal NOx is indeed reduced by quenching and flame temperature suppression confirming reports in the literature. Recommendations are given for further studies, including improving the fuel—water emulsion and considerations for long-term testing.

WATER-DIESEL EMULSION: A REVIEW

P singh

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate what extent ethanol blends in Petrol helps in reduction of pollution levels of SI engines exhaust emissions. Ethanol blends E5, E10, E15, E20, E22 were tested and found considerable reductions in the pollutant levels of CO, CO2, HC. The results indicate better combustions in petrol engine with ethanol blends. The reductions in HC and CO were to the extent of 80% to 90% compared to pure petrol fuelled IC engine.

USAGE OF ETHANOL BLENDED PETROL: EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS OF REDUCTION IN ...

P singh

The lubricating oil system is primarily used to lubricate wear surfaces to minimize friction losses, it cools internal engine parts which cannot be directly cooled by the engines’ water cooling system and it cleans the engine by flushing away wear particles amongst others. Adequate lubrications require lubricant (oil) with sufficient film strength to withstand bearing pressure and viscosity index low enough to allow adequate flow when subjected to heat. The system consist of the tanks (storage, settling, sump and head), lube-oil pumps, strainers, oil coolers, piping, valves, and fittings, lubricating oil purifier, sub system and condition monitoring devices amongst others. The lubricating oil system for a tug boat whose transmitting power is about 955KW was calculated mathematically to obtain the flow rate of the shaft line bearing cooling oil, stern tube bearing cooling oil, main engine camshaft bearing cooling oil and main engine camshaft bearing cooling oil. Modelled equations were employed to obtain the camshaft lube-oil pump capacity, surface area and storage tank. The cylinder lube-oil storage and density tanks were estimated to be 1m3 while the transfer pump is calculated to be approximately 0.4m3/hr. The various suction and discharge diameters and velocities of pumps in the lubricating oil system were determined; it was observed the suction pipe diameter is always bigger than the discharge pipe diameter while the discharge velocity is higher than the suction velocity for all the pumps including the camshaft lube-oil pump, cylinder oil transfer pump and main lube-oil transfer pump. This is a clear indication that the said design process met the international standard for the design of such a tug boat. Similarly the shaft line bearing cooling oil pipe, piston bearing cooling oil pipe and main engine lube-oil pipe discharge velocities were seen to be at the acceptable limits obeying the classification rules. All designs were done in accordance to the Lloyd’s specification rules and regulations for a sea going tug boat.

DESIGN CALCULATION FOR EQUIPMENT AND COMPONENTS SPECIFICATION OF LUBRICATING ...

P singh

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