This document discusses key concepts in organizational behavior and individual behavior. It aims to define biographical characteristics, identify types of reinforcement, and clarify the role of punishment in learning. Specifically, it focuses on visible and hidden aspects of organizational behavior, goals of OB like employee productivity and absenteeism, biographical factors like age and gender, types of reinforcement like positive and negative reinforcement, and applications of behavior modification in organizations.

1. Organizational
Behavior

2. Foundation
of Individual
Behavior

3. After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
1. To define the key biographical characteristics.
2. To identify two types of others.
3. To shape the behavior of others.
4. To distinguish between the four schedules of
reinforcement.
5. To clarify the role of punishment in learning.
6. To practice self-management.

4. Focus of Organizational behavior
Visible Aspect Hidden Aspect
 Strategies  Attitudes
 Objectives  Perception
 Policies and Procedures  Group Norms
 Structures  Informal Interaction
 Technology  Interpersonal and Intergroup
 Formal Authority Conflicts
 Chain of Command

5. Goals of Organizational Behavior
Behavior  how people act.
Organizational Behavior  study of how people act at work.
Employee Productivity  a performance measure of both efficiency and
effectiveness.
Absenteeism  failure to report to work.
Turnover  voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from an
organization.
Job satisfaction  employee must have a general attitude toward his or her
job.
Workplace misbehavior  international behavior that has negative
consequences for the organization of individuals within the organization.

6. Biographical characteristics
Personal characteristic
Such as:
• Age
• Gender
• Marital status
Those are objective and easily obtained from personnel
records.

7. The Ability, Intellect and the Intelligence
• Ability an individuals capacity to perform the various
tasks in a job.
• Intellect the capacity to do mental activities.
• Multiple intelligences  intelligence contains four
subparts such us:
Cognitive, social, emotional, and cultural.

8. Dimensions of Intellectual Ability
– Number aptitude
– Verbal comprehension
– Perceptual speed
– Deductive reasoning
– Spatial visualization
– Memory

9. Learning
 any relative permanent change in behavior that occurs
as a result of experience.
Learning
 Involves change
 Relatively permanent
 Acquired through experience

10. Classical Conditioning
– a type of conditioning in which an individual responds to the
some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such us a
response.
Operant Conditioning
– A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior
leads to a reward.
Shaping Behavior
– Systematically reinforcement each successive step that moves an
individual closer to the desired response.

11. Types of Reinforcement
• Positive reinforcement
– Providing a reward for desired behavior
• Negative Reinforcement
– Removing unpleasant consequence when the desired behavior occurs.
• Punishment
– Applying undesirable condition to eliminate an undesirable behavior
• Extinction
– Withholding reinforcement of a behavior to cause its cessation.

12. Continuous Reinforcement
– A desired behavior is reinforced each time it is demonstrated.
Intermittent Reinforcement
– A desired behavior is reinforced often enough to make the
behavior worth repeating but not every time it is
demonstrated.

13. Behavior Modification
OB Mod
– The application of reinforcement concepts to individuals in the work setting.
OB MOD Organizational Applications
• Well Pay Versus Sick Pay
– Reduces absenteeism by rewarding attendance, not absence.
• Employee Discipline
– To use of punishment can be counter-productive
• Developing Training Programs
– OB MOD methods improve training effectiveness
• Self-management
– Reduces the need for external management control.