In this presentation it has been described how different astronomers carried out research and arrived at the principles we believe now. It also tells us that knowledge grows slowly and steadily and every discovery though it is not completely accurate, forms the foundation for further research.

1. An ultraviolet image of the Sun's active photosphere as viewed
by the TRACE space telescope. NASA photo.
A Power Point Presentation on the lesson From ‘Learning English’.
Content developed by V.Ramachandra Reddy M.A., M.Phil., (P.hD)
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2. Did God create this Universe?
 Many people- in the olden days and even now firmly believe that the God had
created this universe. The reason behind their blind belief is that there are many
things in this world that cannot be explained by using our human intelligence. So
they believe that there is some thing supernatural, and all powerful and that force is
called God and he created this universe.
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3. Introduction
 This lesson has been adapted from Stephen
Hawking’s A Brief History of Time. Stephen
Hawking is one of the greatest Physicists
ever born on this earth. In spite of being
crippled and completely wheel chair ridden
he carried out qualitative research and
made path breaking inventions. Big Bang
theory is one among them. He is an
embodiment of inspiration to the present
and future generations.
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4. A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME
 A Brief History of Time is a
popular science book written by
Stephen Hawking and first
published by the Bantam Dell
Publishing Group in 1988. It
became a best-seller and has
sold more than 9 million copies.
It was also on the London
Sunday Times best-seller list for
more than four years.
 There is also a documentary by
the same name, directed by
Errol Morris and released in
1991. Unlike the book, the
documentary is primarily a
biography of Stephen Hawking.
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5. STEPHEN HAWKING
 Stephen William Hawking CH, CBE,
FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942) is a
British theoretical physicist. Hawking
is the Lucasian Professor of
Mathematics at the University of
Cambridge (due to retire from this
post in 2009), and a Fellow of
Gonville and Caius College,
Cambridge. He is known for his
contributions to the fields of
cosmology and quantum gravity,
especially in the context of black
holes, and his popular works in
which he discusses his own theories
and cosmology in general. These
include the runaway popular science
bestseller A Brief History of Time,
which stayed on the British Sunday
Times bestseller list for a record-
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6. Our Mother Earth
 Though our universe is vast
and we never know Whether
it has a beginning and an
ending our mother earth
remains the most fascinating
thing for the mankind.
Because it is the only planet
that supports life in this
universe, though our scientists
have found out some traces of
Water in frigid form on the
planet Mars and we don’t yet
know how far it will be able to
support life.
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7. Newton
 Forces are often
described as pushes or
pulls. They can be due
to phenomena such as
gravity, magnetism, or
anything else that
causes a mass to
accelerate.
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8. elliptical path
 A small body in
space orbits a large
one (like a planet
around the sun)
along an elliptical
path, with the large
body being located
at one of the ellipse
foci.
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9.  According to the Big Bang
BIG BANG model, the universe
expanded from an
extremely dense and hot
state and continues to
expand today. A common
and useful analogy
explains that space itself
is expanding, carrying
galaxies with it, like raisins
in a rising loaf of bread.
General relativistic
cosmologies, however, do
not actually ascribe any
'physicality' to space.
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10.  The Greeks Knew from
North Star
their travels that the
North Star appeared
lower in the sky when
viewed in the south
than it did in more
northerly regions. Since
the North Star lies over
the North Pole, but to
someone looking from
the equator, it appears
to lie just at the horizon.
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11. Lunar eclipse
 Schematic diagram of
the shadow cast by the
Earth. Within the
central umbra shadow,
the Moon is totally
shielded from direct
illumination by the
Sun. In contrast, within
the penumbra shadow,
only a portion of the
sunlight is blocked.
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12.  Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564– 8 January 1642) was a
Tuscan (Italian) physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and
GELELIO philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific
Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the
telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and
support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father
of modern observational astronomy, the "father of modern
physics", the "father of science", and “the Father of Modern
Science.” The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught
in nearly all high school and introductory college physics
courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics.
His contributions to observational astronomy include the
telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery
of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, named the Galilean
moons in his honor, and the observation and analysis of
sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and
technology, improving compass design.
 Galileo's championing of Copernicanism was controversial
within his lifetime. The geocentric view had been dominant
since the time of Aristotle, and the controversy engendered by
Galileo's presentation of heliocentrism as proven fact resulted
in the Catholic Church's prohibiting its advocacy as empirically
proven fact, because it was not empirically proven at the time
and was contrary to the literal meaning of Scripture. Galileo
was eventually forced to recant his heliocentrism and spent the
last years of his life under house arrest on orders of the Roman
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Inquisition.
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13. Kepler
 During the Renaissance, Nicolaus Copernicus
proposed a heliocentric model of the solar
system. His work was defended, expanded
upon, and corrected by Galileo Galilei and
Johannes Kepler. Galileo innovated by using
telescopes to enhance his observations.
 Born: December 27, 1571)
Weil der Stadt near Stuttgart, Germany
 Died: November 15, 1630 (aged 58)
Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
 Residence: Baden-Württemberg; Styria;
Bohemia; Upper Austria
 Fields: Astronomy, astrology, mathematics
and natural philosophy
 Institutions: University of Linz Alma mater
University of Tübingen
 Known for: Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Kepler conjecture
Religious stance: Lutheran
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14. Claudius Ptolemaeus.
 A medieval artist's
rendition of Claudius
Ptolemaeus.
 Born after 85 AD
Roman Province of
Egypt
 Died 165 AD
Roman Province of
Egypt
 Occupation
mathematician,
geographer,
astronomer, astrologer
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15. Nikolaus kopernikus
Nicolaus Copernicus (February
19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was
the Polish astronomer to
formulate a scientifically based
heliocentric cosmology that
displaced the Earth from the
center of the universe. His
epochal book, De
revolutionibus orbium
coelestium (On the Revolutions
of the Celestial Spheres), is
often regarded as the starting
point of modern astronomy
and the defining epiphany that
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16.  Name: Aristotle
ARISTOTLE
 Birth: 384 BC
Stageira, Chalcidice
 Death: 322 BC
 Main interests: Politics, Metaphysics,
Science, Logic, Ethics, Theatre (Greek
Tragedy)
 Notable ideas: The Golden mean,
Reason, Logic, Biology, Passion
 Influenced by: Parmenides, Socrates,
Plato, Heraclitus
 Influenced: Alexander the Great, Al-
Farabi, Avicenna, Averroes, Albertus
Magnus, Maimonides Copernicus,
Galileo Galilei, Ptolemy, St. Thomas
Aquinas, Ayn Rand, Giordano Bruno, and
most of Islamic philosophy, Christian
philosophy, Western philosophy and
Science in general
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17.  In its most general sense, a
Cosmos
cosmos is an orderly or
harmonious system. It originates
from a Greek term meaning
"order, orderly arrangement,
ornaments," and is the
antithetical concept of chaos.
Today the word is generally used
as a synonym of the word
"Universe" (considered in its
orderly aspect). The words
cosmetics and cosmetology
originate from the same root. In
Russian, the word cosmos simply
means space.
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18.  The mechanisms of
Newton’s Law of Universe
Newton's law of universal
gravitation; a point mass
m1 attracts another point
mass m2 by a force F2
which is proportional to
the product of the two
masses and inversely
proportional to the square
of the distance (r)
between them. Regardless
of masses or distance, the
magnitudes of |F1| and
|F2| will always be equal.
G is the gravitational
constant.
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19. Newton’s theory of Gravity
 Gravitation is a natural phenomenon by
which objects with mass attract one
another. In everyday life, gravitation is
most commonly thought of as the
agency which lends weight to objects
with mass. Gravitation compels
dispersed matter to coalesce, thus it
accounts for the very existence of the
Earth, the Sun, and most of the
macroscopic objects in the universe.
 Modern physics describes gravitation
using the general theory of relativity.
Newton's law of universal gravitation
provides an excellent approximation for
Ball falling freely under gravity.
most calculations.
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20. Satellites
In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has
been placed into orbit by human endeavor. Such objects are
sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from
natural satellites such as the Moon.
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21. Quantum Mechanics
 Quantum mechanics is the study of
mechanical systems whose dimensions
are close to the atomic scale, such as
molecules, atoms, electrons, protons and
other subatomic particles. Quantum
mechanics is a fundamental branch of
physics with wide applications. Quantum
theory generalizes classical mechanics to
provide accurate descriptions for many
previously unexplained phenomena such
as black body radiation and stable
electron orbits. The effects of quantum
mechanics become evident at the atomic
and subatomic level, and they are
typically not observable on macroscopic
scales. Superfluidity is one of the known
exceptions to this rule.
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22. General Theory of Relativity
General relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by Einstein in the years 1907–1915.
The development of general relativity began with the equivalence principle, under which
the states of accelerated motion and being at rest in a gravitational field (for example when
standing on the surface of the Earth) are physically identical. The upshot of this is that free
fall is inertial motion: In other words an object in free fall is falling because that is how
objects move when there is no force being exerted on them, instead of this being due to the
force of gravity as is the case in classical mechanics. This is incompatible with classical
mechanics and special relativity because in those theories inertially moving objects cannot
accelerate with respect to each other, but objects in free fall do so. To resolve this difficulty
Einstein first proposed that spacetime is curved. In 1915, he devised the Einstein field
equations which relate the curvature of spacetime with the mass, energy, and momentum
within it.
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23.  The Solar System consists of the Sun and those
celestial objects bound to it by gravity. These objects
are the eight planets, their 166 known moons, five
Solar System
dwarf planets, and billions of small bodies. The small
bodies include asteroids, icy Kuiper belt objects,
comets, meteoroids, and interplanetary dust.
 The charted regions of the Solar System are the Sun,
four terrestrial inner planets, the asteroid belt, four
gas giant outer planets, the Kuiper belt, the scattered
disc, and the hypothetical Oort cloud.
 A flow of plasma from the Sun (the solar wind)
permeates the Solar System. This creates a bubble in
the interstellar medium known as the heliosphere,
which extends out to the middle of the scattered disc.
 In order of their distances from the Sun, the eight
planets are:
 Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus ,
Neptune
 As of mid-2008, five smaller objects are classified as
dwarf planets. Ceres is in the asteroid belt, and four
orbit the Sun beyond Neptune: Pluto (formerly
classified as the ninth planet), Haumea, Makemake,
and Eris.
 Six of the planets and three of the dwarf planets are
orbited by natural satellites, usually termed "moons"
after Earth's Moon. Each of the outer planets is
encircled by planetary rings of dust and other
particles.
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24. The Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope
(HST; also known colloquially as
"the Hubble" or just "Hubble") is
a space telescope that was
carried into orbit by the Space
Shuttle Discovery in April 1990.
It is named for the American
astronomer Edwin Hubble.
Although not the first space
telescope, the Hubble is one of
the largest and most versatile,
and is well known as both a vital
research tool and a public
relations boon for astronomy.
The HST is a collaboration
between NASA and the
European Space Agency, and is
one of NASA's Great
Observatories, along with the
Compton Gamma Ray
Observatory, the Chandra X-ray
Observatory, and the Spitzer
Space Telescope
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25. Shooting Star
 A shooting star is the
common name for the
visible path of a
meteoroid as it enters
the atmosphere. A
shooting star is also
broken pieces of
meteors that have
become broken off in
space.
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26.  Sir Isaac Newton, (4 January 1643 – 31 March
1727) was an English physicist, mathematician,
Isaac Newton astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and
theologian. His Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia
Mathematica, published in 1687, is considered to
be the most influential book in the history of
science. In this work, Newton described universal
gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying
the groundwork for classical mechanics, which
dominated the scientific view of the physical
universe for the next three centuries and is the
basis for modern engineering. Newton showed
that the motions of objects on Earth and of
celestial bodies are governed by the same set of
natural laws by demonstrating the consistency
between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and
his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last
doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the
scientific revolution.
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27.  NameSir Karl Raimund Popper
KARL POPPER  Birth July 28, 1902
Vienna, Austria
 Death September 17, 1994 (aged 92)
London, England
 School/tradition Analytic
Critical rationalism · Fallibilism
Evolutionary epistemology
 Main interests Epistemology
Philosophy of science
Social and political philosophy
 Notable ideas Falsifiability
Hypothetico-deductive method
Open society
 Influenced by Socrates (via Plato) · Aristotle
Kant · Schopenhauer · Hegel
Einstein · Kierkegaard · Wittgenstein
Vienna Circle · Tarski · Selz
Russell · Campbell · Burke
 Influenced Virtually all philosophy of science since
1930s · Hayek · Friedman
Lakatos · Feyerabend · Soros
Miller · Agassi · Bartley · Gombrich
Jarvie · Levinson · Schmidt · Munz
Magee · Lorenz · Shearmur
Medawar · Dimitrakos · Albert · Gellner · Soroush ·
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28. Astronomer of
cosmonaut
Once upon a time the moon
would look far away to the
humankind. But the space
research organization NASA
has undertaken many
manned missions by sending
astronauts in specially
designed space capsules
called space shuttles. A
person who undertakes a
voyage to space or moon is
called an astronaut. In
Russian he is called a
cosmonaut. Even ISRO has
launched its own lunar
exploration programme
called “Chandrayaan”.
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29. Content Developed by
V.Ramachandra Reddy
Asst. Prof. in English
Note: This content should not be used by any person without prior consent from
the content developer.
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30. An ultraviolet image of the Sun's active photosphere as viewed
by the TRACE space telescope. NASA photo.
A Power Point Presentation on the lesson From ‘Learning English’.
Content developed by V.Ramachandra Reddy M.A., M.Phil., (P.hD)

31. Did God create this Universe?
 Many people- in the olden days and even now firmly believe that the God had
created this universe. The reason behind their blind belief is that there are many
things in this world that cannot be explained by using our human intelligence. So
they believe that there is some thing supernatural, and all powerful and that force is
called God and he created this universe.

32. Introduction
 This lesson has been adapted from Stephen
Hawking’s A Brief History of Time. Stephen
Hawking is one of the greatest Physicists
ever born on this earth. In spite of being
crippled and completely wheel chair ridden
he carried out qualitative research and
made path breaking inventions. Big Bang
theory is one among them. He is an
embodiment of inspiration to the present
and future generations.

33. A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME
 A Brief History of Time is a
popular science book written by
Stephen Hawking and first
published by the Bantam Dell
Publishing Group in 1988. It
became a best-seller and has
sold more than 9 million copies.
It was also on the London
Sunday Times best-seller list for
more than four years.
 There is also a documentary by
the same name, directed by
Errol Morris and released in
1991. Unlike the book, the
documentary is primarily a
biography of Stephen Hawking.

34. STEPHEN HAWKING
 Stephen William Hawking CH, CBE,
FRS, FRSA (born 8 January 1942) is a
British theoretical physicist. Hawking
is the Lucasian Professor of
Mathematics at the University of
Cambridge (due to retire from this
post in 2009), and a Fellow of
Gonville and Caius College,
Cambridge. He is known for his
contributions to the fields of
cosmology and quantum gravity,
especially in the context of black
holes, and his popular works in
which he discusses his own theories
and cosmology in general. These
include the runaway popular science
bestseller A Brief History of Time,
which stayed on the British Sunday
Times bestseller list for a record-
breaking 237 weeks.

35. Our Mother Earth
 Though our universe is vast
and we never know Whether
it has a beginning and an
ending our mother earth
remains the most fascinating
thing for the mankind.
Because it is the only planet
that supports life in this
universe, though our scientists
have found out some traces of
Water in frigid form on the
planet Mars and we don’t yet
know how far it will be able to
support life.

36. Newton
 Forces are often
described as pushes or
pulls. They can be due
to phenomena such as
gravity, magnetism, or
anything else that
causes a mass to
accelerate.

37. elliptical path
 A small body in
space orbits a large
one (like a planet
around the sun)
along an elliptical
path, with the large
body being located
at one of the ellipse
foci.

38.  According to the Big Bang
BIG BANG model, the universe
expanded from an
extremely dense and hot
state and continues to
expand today. A common
and useful analogy
explains that space itself
is expanding, carrying
galaxies with it, like raisins
in a rising loaf of bread.
General relativistic
cosmologies, however, do
not actually ascribe any
'physicality' to space.

39.  The Greeks Knew from
North Star
their travels that the
North Star appeared
lower in the sky when
viewed in the south
than it did in more
northerly regions. Since
the North Star lies over
the North Pole, but to
someone looking from
the equator, it appears
to lie just at the horizon.

40. Lunar eclipse
 Schematic diagram of
the shadow cast by the
Earth. Within the
central umbra shadow,
the Moon is totally
shielded from direct
illumination by the
Sun. In contrast, within
the penumbra shadow,
only a portion of the
sunlight is blocked.

41.  Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564– 8 January 1642) was a
Tuscan (Italian) physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and
GELELIO philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific
Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the
telescope and consequent astronomical observations, and
support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father
of modern observational astronomy, the "father of modern
physics", the "father of science", and “the Father of Modern
Science.” The motion of uniformly accelerated objects, taught
in nearly all high school and introductory college physics
courses, was studied by Galileo as the subject of kinematics.
His contributions to observational astronomy include the
telescopic confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery
of the four largest satellites of Jupiter, named the Galilean
moons in his honor, and the observation and analysis of
sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and
technology, improving compass design.
 Galileo's championing of Copernicanism was controversial
within his lifetime. The geocentric view had been dominant
since the time of Aristotle, and the controversy engendered by
Galileo's presentation of heliocentrism as proven fact resulted
in the Catholic Church's prohibiting its advocacy as empirically
proven fact, because it was not empirically proven at the time
and was contrary to the literal meaning of Scripture. Galileo
was eventually forced to recant his heliocentrism and spent the
last years of his life under house arrest on orders of the Roman
Inquisition.

42. Kepler
 During the Renaissance, Nicolaus Copernicus
proposed a heliocentric model of the solar
system. His work was defended, expanded
upon, and corrected by Galileo Galilei and
Johannes Kepler. Galileo innovated by using
telescopes to enhance his observations.
 Born: December 27, 1571)
Weil der Stadt near Stuttgart, Germany
 Died: November 15, 1630 (aged 58)
Regensburg, Bavaria, Germany
 Residence: Baden-Württemberg; Styria;
Bohemia; Upper Austria
 Fields: Astronomy, astrology, mathematics
and natural philosophy
 Institutions: University of Linz Alma mater
University of Tübingen
 Known for: Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Kepler conjecture
Religious stance: Lutheran

43. Claudius Ptolemaeus.
 A medieval artist's
rendition of Claudius
Ptolemaeus.
 Born after 85 AD
Roman Province of
Egypt
 Died 165 AD
Roman Province of
Egypt
 Occupation
mathematician,
geographer,
astronomer, astrologer

44. Nikolaus kopernikus
Nicolaus Copernicus (February
19, 1473 – May 24, 1543) was
the Polish astronomer to
formulate a scientifically based
heliocentric cosmology that
displaced the Earth from the
center of the universe. His
epochal book, De
revolutionibus orbium
coelestium (On the Revolutions
of the Celestial Spheres), is
often regarded as the starting
point of modern astronomy
and the defining epiphany that
began the Scientific Revolution.

45.  Name: Aristotle
ARISTOTLE
 Birth: 384 BC
Stageira, Chalcidice
 Death: 322 BC
 Main interests: Politics, Metaphysics,
Science, Logic, Ethics, Theatre (Greek
Tragedy)
 Notable ideas: The Golden mean,
Reason, Logic, Biology, Passion
 Influenced by: Parmenides, Socrates,
Plato, Heraclitus
 Influenced: Alexander the Great, Al-
Farabi, Avicenna, Averroes, Albertus
Magnus, Maimonides Copernicus,
Galileo Galilei, Ptolemy, St. Thomas
Aquinas, Ayn Rand, Giordano Bruno, and
most of Islamic philosophy, Christian
philosophy, Western philosophy and
Science in general

46.  In its most general sense, a
Cosmos
cosmos is an orderly or
harmonious system. It originates
from a Greek term meaning
"order, orderly arrangement,
ornaments," and is the
antithetical concept of chaos.
Today the word is generally used
as a synonym of the word
"Universe" (considered in its
orderly aspect). The words
cosmetics and cosmetology
originate from the same root. In
Russian, the word cosmos simply
means space.

47.  The mechanisms of
Newton’s Law of Universe
Newton's law of universal
gravitation; a point mass
m1 attracts another point
mass m2 by a force F2
which is proportional to
the product of the two
masses and inversely
proportional to the square
of the distance (r)
between them. Regardless
of masses or distance, the
magnitudes of |F1| and
|F2| will always be equal.
G is the gravitational
constant.

48. Newton’s theory of Gravity
 Gravitation is a natural phenomenon by
which objects with mass attract one
another. In everyday life, gravitation is
most commonly thought of as the
agency which lends weight to objects
with mass. Gravitation compels
dispersed matter to coalesce, thus it
accounts for the very existence of the
Earth, the Sun, and most of the
macroscopic objects in the universe.
 Modern physics describes gravitation
using the general theory of relativity.
Newton's law of universal gravitation
provides an excellent approximation for
Ball falling freely under gravity.
most calculations.

49. Satellites
In the context of spaceflight, a satellite is an object which has
been placed into orbit by human endeavor. Such objects are
sometimes called artificial satellites to distinguish them from
natural satellites such as the Moon.

50. Quantum Mechanics
 Quantum mechanics is the study of
mechanical systems whose dimensions
are close to the atomic scale, such as
molecules, atoms, electrons, protons and
other subatomic particles. Quantum
mechanics is a fundamental branch of
physics with wide applications. Quantum
theory generalizes classical mechanics to
provide accurate descriptions for many
previously unexplained phenomena such
as black body radiation and stable
electron orbits. The effects of quantum
mechanics become evident at the atomic
and subatomic level, and they are
typically not observable on macroscopic
scales. Superfluidity is one of the known
exceptions to this rule.

51. General Theory of Relativity
General relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by Einstein in the years 1907–1915.
The development of general relativity began with the equivalence principle, under which
the states of accelerated motion and being at rest in a gravitational field (for example when
standing on the surface of the Earth) are physically identical. The upshot of this is that free
fall is inertial motion: In other words an object in free fall is falling because that is how
objects move when there is no force being exerted on them, instead of this being due to the
force of gravity as is the case in classical mechanics. This is incompatible with classical
mechanics and special relativity because in those theories inertially moving objects cannot
accelerate with respect to each other, but objects in free fall do so. To resolve this difficulty
Einstein first proposed that spacetime is curved. In 1915, he devised the Einstein field
equations which relate the curvature of spacetime with the mass, energy, and momentum
within it.

52.  The Solar System consists of the Sun and those
celestial objects bound to it by gravity. These objects
are the eight planets, their 166 known moons, five
Solar System
dwarf planets, and billions of small bodies. The small
bodies include asteroids, icy Kuiper belt objects,
comets, meteoroids, and interplanetary dust.
 The charted regions of the Solar System are the Sun,
four terrestrial inner planets, the asteroid belt, four
gas giant outer planets, the Kuiper belt, the scattered
disc, and the hypothetical Oort cloud.
 A flow of plasma from the Sun (the solar wind)
permeates the Solar System. This creates a bubble in
the interstellar medium known as the heliosphere,
which extends out to the middle of the scattered disc.
 In order of their distances from the Sun, the eight
planets are:
 Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus ,
Neptune
 As of mid-2008, five smaller objects are classified as
dwarf planets. Ceres is in the asteroid belt, and four
orbit the Sun beyond Neptune: Pluto (formerly
classified as the ninth planet), Haumea, Makemake,
and Eris.
 Six of the planets and three of the dwarf planets are
orbited by natural satellites, usually termed "moons"
after Earth's Moon. Each of the outer planets is
encircled by planetary rings of dust and other
particles.

53. The Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope
(HST; also known colloquially as
"the Hubble" or just "Hubble") is
a space telescope that was
carried into orbit by the Space
Shuttle Discovery in April 1990.
It is named for the American
astronomer Edwin Hubble.
Although not the first space
telescope, the Hubble is one of
the largest and most versatile,
and is well known as both a vital
research tool and a public
relations boon for astronomy.
The HST is a collaboration
between NASA and the
European Space Agency, and is
one of NASA's Great
Observatories, along with the
Compton Gamma Ray
Observatory, the Chandra X-ray
Observatory, and the Spitzer
Space Telescope

54. Shooting Star
 A shooting star is the
common name for the
visible path of a
meteoroid as it enters
the atmosphere. A
shooting star is also
broken pieces of
meteors that have
become broken off in
space.

55.  Sir Isaac Newton, (4 January 1643 – 31 March
1727) was an English physicist, mathematician,
Isaac Newton astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and
theologian. His Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia
Mathematica, published in 1687, is considered to
be the most influential book in the history of
science. In this work, Newton described universal
gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying
the groundwork for classical mechanics, which
dominated the scientific view of the physical
universe for the next three centuries and is the
basis for modern engineering. Newton showed
that the motions of objects on Earth and of
celestial bodies are governed by the same set of
natural laws by demonstrating the consistency
between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and
his theory of gravitation, thus removing the last
doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the
scientific revolution.

56.  NameSir Karl Raimund Popper
KARL POPPER  Birth July 28, 1902
Vienna, Austria
 Death September 17, 1994 (aged 92)
London, England
 School/tradition Analytic
Critical rationalism · Fallibilism
Evolutionary epistemology
 Main interests Epistemology
Philosophy of science
Social and political philosophy
 Notable ideas Falsifiability
Hypothetico-deductive method
Open society
 Influenced by Socrates (via Plato) · Aristotle
Kant · Schopenhauer · Hegel
Einstein · Kierkegaard · Wittgenstein
Vienna Circle · Tarski · Selz
Russell · Campbell · Burke
 Influenced Virtually all philosophy of science since
1930s · Hayek · Friedman
Lakatos · Feyerabend · Soros
Miller · Agassi · Bartley · Gombrich
Jarvie · Levinson · Schmidt · Munz
Magee · Lorenz · Shearmur
Medawar · Dimitrakos · Albert · Gellner · Soroush ·
Taleb

57. Astronomer of
cosmonaut
Once upon a time the moon
would look far away to the
humankind. But the space
research organization NASA
has undertaken many
manned missions by sending
astronauts in specially
designed space capsules
called space shuttles. A
person who undertakes a
voyage to space or moon is
called an astronaut. In
Russian he is called a
cosmonaut. Even ISRO has
launched its own lunar
exploration programme
called “Chandrayaan”.

58. Content Developed by
V.Ramachandra Reddy
Asst. Prof. in English
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