Physic

1. + Unit 3: Physical activity
participation
and physiological performance

2. +
Area of Study 1–
Monitoring and Promotion
of Physical Activity
Assessment of Physical Activity and
Sedentary Behaviour

3. +
Lifestyle Diseases
• Lifestyle diseases are those conditions usually attributed to dramatic shifts
in the way humans live their lives, often due to advancements in a society or
its scientific progress.
• Most of these illnesses can be classed as caused by the way humans behave
• Chronic diseases of lifestyle account for millions of deaths each year
globally. These diseases share similar modifiable risk factors, including
hypertension, tobacco smoking, diabetes, obesity and physical inactivity.

4. +
Top 10 Causes of Death Worldwide
Based on data from World Health
Organisation
Fact Sheet No 310: 2008
World Deaths in Millions % of Deaths
Coronary heart disease 7.2 12.2
Stroke and other 5.71 9.7
cerebrovascular diseases
Lower respiratory infections 4.18 7.1
Chronic obstructive 3.02 5.1
pulmonary disease
Diarrhoeal diseases 2.16 3.7
HIV/AIDS 2.04 3.5
Tuberculosis 1.46 2.5
Trachea, bronchus, lung 1.32 2.3
cancers
Road traffic accidents 1.27 2.2
Prematurity and low birth 1.18 2.0
weight

5. +
WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to
selected major risks.
2009

6. +
Lifestyle Diseases

7. +
Physical Activity Measurement
 Physical activity measurement has several important uses, in informing the overall
health promotion effort and is used in:
• research, to understand the relationship between physical activity and a
range of physical health and mental health outcomes.
• the monitoring and surveillance of physical activity levels in and among
populations.
• understanding the correlates and determinants of physical activity, and to
explain why some people or groups are more active than others.
• measuring the impact and effectiveness of health promotion programmes and
interventions designed to increase physical activity.
• providing a sound and strong evidence base for broader initiatives in health
promotion policy and practice.

8. +
Measurable Components of
Physical Activity
 Physical activity is a set of complex physical behaviours, with possible measurements
made of its duration, frequency, intensity or setting.
• How often activity is undertaken: measures of frequency
• Duration of physical activity per session: expressed as total time per day
• Intensity of activity: activities may be classified as light, moderate or
vigorous based on their assigned energy expenditure values („MET‟ values or
Multiples of Basal Resting Energy)
• Type: specific physical activity or sport performed
• Domains or settings where the physical activity is performed: leisure time
(organised – non organised), occupational, domestic, active commuting,
incidental and sedentary.

9. +
Metabolic Equivalent (METS)
Intensity METS Energy % Max HR Examples of
Classification Expended Activities
(kJ/min
Low Intensity <3 <15 <50 Walking slowly,
golf, gardening,
household
chores, sitting
Moderate 3-6 15-30 50-70 Surfing,
Intensity performing
massage, social
badminton
Vigorous 7+ 30+ 70+ Australian rules
intensity football,
shovelling
ditches, squash

10. +
National Activity Guidelines
0 – 5 Years
• 0 – 1 floor based play should be encouraged
• 1 – 3 – should be physically active for at least three hours
each day
• 2 – 5 – sitting using electronic media should be limited to less
than one hour per day

11. +
National Activity Guidelines
5 – 12 Years
• At least 60 minutes (and up to several hours) of moderate to
vigorous intensity activity should be completed every day
• no more than 2 hours per day should be spent using
electronic media for entertainment

12. +
National Activity Guidelines
 12 – 18 Years
• At least 60 minutes (and up to several hours) of moderate to
vigorous intensity activity should be completed every day
• no more than 2 hours per day should be spent using
electronic media for entertainment

13. +
National Activity Guidelines
 Adults 18 - 65
• Think of movement as an opportunity, not an inconvenience
• Be active in as many ways as possible
• Put together at least 30 mins of moderate intensity activity on
most, preferably all, days
• If possible enjoy some regular vigorous activity

14. +
National Activity Guidelines
 Older Adults 65+
• Continue to be active no matter what your age
• Be active every day in as many ways as possible
• Accumulate at least 30 mins of moderate intensity activity on
most, preferably all, days
• If commencing exercise for the first time begin gradually
• If maintained activity levels continue to exercise at a safe
level which you are capable of maintaining

15. +
Measuring Physical Activity
 Accurate assessment of physical activity is influenced by “behavioural reactivity” – in
which the use of measurement tools can change physical activity behaviours.
• Objective methods of data collection do not need the participant to process
information and exists independently of what the participant thinks.
Objective measures include:-
- Direct observation
- Pedometers
- Accelerometers
- Heart rate monitors
• Subjective measures of data collection require some level of cognitive or
perceptual processing by the participant to create the data. These measures
require participants to think about, and record, information about their
physical activity levels.
Subjective measure include:-
• Self Report include assessment methods such as interviews, diaries, logs
and questionnaires and rely on people to estimate or recall their own
activity level

16. + • Accelerometers are electronic motion
sensors that detect movement in a vertical
plane as a combined function of the
frequency and intensity of the movement.
Movement counts are averaged over
defined time frames, which are stored in
memory and
subsequently
downloaded to a
computer.
Accelerometer

17. +
• Involves watching subjects behave in a
particular environment such as
homes, workplaces, parks or school yards.
Direct Observation

18. + • Heart rate monitors measures heart rate
response to exercise which provides an
indicator of activity that reflects
physiological stress on the body.
Heart Rate
Monitors

19. + • Pedometers assess the total number of
steps taken and some models can
estimate total distance travelled, time of
total movement and energy expenditure.
• The benchmark number of steps for
achieving health benefits is 10,000 steps.
Pedometers

20. + • Self Report can be divided into two basic
categories:-
i. Recall based approaches - obtain actual
information on activity on specific days.
ii. General measures - focus on typical
activity behaviour and often involve a
series of questions about general activity
patterns.
• Global Physical Activity Questionnaire
(CPAQ)
• International Physical Activity
Questionnaires (IPAQ)
Self Report