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Decline of the Roman
      Republic


         QuickTime™ and a
           decompressor
 are needed to see this picture.
Read the two quotes on
     page 331…
 Which do you think is
   more accurate?
Rome in the 2nd C. BCE
Ironically, as Rome expanded outward,
 inside Rome the problems grew.
Widening gap between rich and poor led
 to serious social unrest and vicious power
 struggles
 Senate’s chief magistracies had become
 the patrimony of a few wealthy patrician
 families
What were the Roman
attitudes toward luxury?
How was LUXURY seen in
      2nd Century Rome?
• “Asian” or “Eastern” (i.e. Hellenistic) influences
ran against traditionally simple, rustic Roman
aesthetic
•Some wealthy senators appreciated the Hellenistic
arts, philosophy, literature - it was stylish among
the wealthy
• Others saw it as as decadent, impure and
disorderly
• Powerful senators accused one another of using
luxury to gain support unjustly
•This was also a way to discourage imports form
the east, keeping the domestic economy strong
Conquest, Control, and Cash!
• Conquered lands were run by Roman
  magistrates and enforced by standing armies
• Some of these magistrates got greedy for
  more slaves, booty, $ from yearly tributes
  and taxes
• The conduct of generals and magistrates
  abroad was loosely regulated
• There were slave revolts in Italy and wars in
  Gaul, North Africa, Spain, and Asia Minor
• Populist factions arose in the republic who
  wanted real reform for the common citizens
Important figures in the late
    Roman Republic:

    A few good men?
Cato the Elder                      QuickTime™ and a
                                                  decompressor
                                        are needed to see this picture.




• Born in the provinces of the Latin
League, wealthy but not political family
• Arrived in Rome as a “new man” and rose
  through the ranks of the republic
• Served as Consul in 195 BCE
• Eventually became Censor in 184 BCE
• Fought in the 2nd Punic War as well as the
  Siege of Tarrentum - enemy of the Greeks
  and Carthaginians
• Wrote many books, some of which are lost
• Ancestor of Cato the Younger and Nero
Cato the Elder
        QuickTime™ and a
          decompressor
are needed to see this picture.




                                  • Man of integrity - highly principled, which sometimes
                                    made him unpopular among the other senators
                                  • Lived simply, preached austerity and asceticism
                                  • As censor, he passed stringent regulations against
                                    luxury were very stringent. He imposed a heavy tax
                                    upon dress and personal adornment, especially of
                                    women, and upon young slaves purchased as
                                    ‘favourites’
                                  • Protector of public works: fixed aqueducts, cleaned
                                    up the sewers and prevented people from drawing
                                    water from public fountains
                                  • Discouraged tax farming
Cato vs. Carthage
• Cato was a strong advocate for the 3rd
  Punic War
• His motto was “Carthago Delenda Est” -
  Carthage must be destroyed!
• Rome needed a feared enemy so they
  don’t get too comfortable and indulge in
  luxuries and frivolity
Polybius                     QuickTime™ and a
                                             decompressor
                                   are needed to see this picture.




• Greek, from a prominent family in the
  Achaean league
• Deported to Rome in 167 BCE as a
  hostage suspected of anti-roman
  hostility
• When in Rome, befriended Scipios and
  other important Romans
QuickTime™ and a
          decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
                                          Polybius
                                  • Pan-Mediterranean perspective
                                    gained through extensive travel
                                  • Pragmatic history
                                    – Focus on how events effected
                                      people and cities
                                    – Based on first-hand experience,
                                      interviews, and study of primary
                                      documents
                                    – Still, he included divine destiny in
                                      his histories
Polybius
                                  • Admirer of Xenophon’s histories
        QuickTime™ and a
          decompressor
are needed to see this picture.




                                  • Thought that there was a constitutional
                                    cycle that would play itself out in Rome
                                     – Monarchy - Oligarchy - Democracy -
                                       Mob rule - Monarchy…
                                  • Anti-luxury - promoted a version of
                                    “Spartan” values of restraint, patriotism,
                                    and austere order
                                  • Believed that Rome was changing for the
                                    worse after conquest of Greek territories
                                    in 167 BCE
Tiberius Gracchus                           QuickTime™ and a
                                                   decompressor
                                         are needed to see this picture.




• Noble ancestry but concrned about
 widespread poverty in Italy
• Served as a Tribune - represented the people
• Land reforms: limited amount of land one
  family could own or rent
• Released land to the public for redistribution
  to landless peasant farmers
• Rural commoners were happy but old school
  senators were opposed
Tiberius Gracchus
• His reforms passed in the Assembly but the
  senate wouldn’t allocate the funds he needed
  to carry out the plan -> fiscal matters were
  traditionally in the hands of the Senate
• When he stood for re-election, the Senators
  started a riot, claiming he wanted to be king,
  and killed him on Capitol Hill along with 300
  followers
• They said his killer was a liberator and a hero
  fighting for freedom of SPQR
QuickTime™ and a
                                         Gaius
                                        Gracchus
                decompressor
      are needed to see this picture.




• Tiberius’ brother, also wanted more equality for the poor
• Elected as Tribune in 123 BC, ten years after his brother is
  killed
• Tried to take control of the judicial system away from the
  Senate (mixed juries, secret ballots)
• Set up subsidies for grain
• Proposed making some of the overseas territories Roman
  colonies for the poor
• Extending citizenship rights to all Italians
• He and 3000 supporters were murdered
After the Gracchi…
• Deified by their supporters
• Traditionalists (optimates - “the best”)
  reacted in the wake of these populist
  attempts at reform
• Further polarization of the republic
Gaius Marius                             QuickTime™ and a
                                                          decompressor
                                                are needed to see this picture.




• Military man, (not a patrician) held the
  consulship 5 times in a row
• Military reformer
   – Non-landowning citizens could serve
   – Full-time professional force, 16 year terms
   – All soldiers got pay, uniforms, weapons, and
     training
• Soldiers wanted a share in booty and land
  upon return - appealed to generals rather
  than the state - shift in the balance of power
  and control of the army
Cornelius Sulla
        QuickTime™ and a
          decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
                                  • Noble, his family hated Marius’
                                    reforms
                                  • Backed by traditionalists
                                  • Conflict over who would lead the
                                    army against the Italian revolts -
                                    Marius was chosen, and in
                                    response Sully marched on Rome
                                  • After this, Sully went on to ravage
                                    Athens and other Greek cities
                                  • A new consul, Cinna, banished
                                    him but after Cinna died, Sulla
                                    came back and started a civil war
Sulla’s Reforms
• Sulla won, and became Dictator to ‘settle the
  state’ after the emergency
• Handed juries back to Senators
• Doubled the number of senators and installed
  his supporters
• Regulated the channels through which
  magistrates could rise to the Senate
• Tribunes could no longer go on to hold
  magistracies
• Gave Italian land to his veteran soldiers
• Created civil courts and fleshed out legal code
So long, Sulla!
• Sulla retired as dictator and went back to
  being consul
• Felt that he had been chosen by Venus and
  prophesy that he would die at the height of
  his good fortune
• Died in 79 BCE of disease
• Lavish public funeral
• After his death, the Senate was corrupt,
  violent, and full of turmoil
Spartacus
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
  v=mZO2QrDzcHc
The Roman Republic in Decline

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The Roman Republic in Decline

  • 1. Decline of the Roman Republic QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture.
  • 2. Read the two quotes on page 331… Which do you think is more accurate?
  • 3. Rome in the 2nd C. BCE Ironically, as Rome expanded outward, inside Rome the problems grew. Widening gap between rich and poor led to serious social unrest and vicious power struggles  Senate’s chief magistracies had become the patrimony of a few wealthy patrician families
  • 4. What were the Roman attitudes toward luxury?
  • 5. How was LUXURY seen in 2nd Century Rome? • “Asian” or “Eastern” (i.e. Hellenistic) influences ran against traditionally simple, rustic Roman aesthetic •Some wealthy senators appreciated the Hellenistic arts, philosophy, literature - it was stylish among the wealthy • Others saw it as as decadent, impure and disorderly • Powerful senators accused one another of using luxury to gain support unjustly •This was also a way to discourage imports form the east, keeping the domestic economy strong
  • 6. Conquest, Control, and Cash! • Conquered lands were run by Roman magistrates and enforced by standing armies • Some of these magistrates got greedy for more slaves, booty, $ from yearly tributes and taxes • The conduct of generals and magistrates abroad was loosely regulated • There were slave revolts in Italy and wars in Gaul, North Africa, Spain, and Asia Minor • Populist factions arose in the republic who wanted real reform for the common citizens
  • 7. Important figures in the late Roman Republic: A few good men?
  • 8. Cato the Elder QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Born in the provinces of the Latin League, wealthy but not political family • Arrived in Rome as a “new man” and rose through the ranks of the republic • Served as Consul in 195 BCE • Eventually became Censor in 184 BCE • Fought in the 2nd Punic War as well as the Siege of Tarrentum - enemy of the Greeks and Carthaginians • Wrote many books, some of which are lost • Ancestor of Cato the Younger and Nero
  • 9. Cato the Elder QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Man of integrity - highly principled, which sometimes made him unpopular among the other senators • Lived simply, preached austerity and asceticism • As censor, he passed stringent regulations against luxury were very stringent. He imposed a heavy tax upon dress and personal adornment, especially of women, and upon young slaves purchased as ‘favourites’ • Protector of public works: fixed aqueducts, cleaned up the sewers and prevented people from drawing water from public fountains • Discouraged tax farming
  • 10. Cato vs. Carthage • Cato was a strong advocate for the 3rd Punic War • His motto was “Carthago Delenda Est” - Carthage must be destroyed! • Rome needed a feared enemy so they don’t get too comfortable and indulge in luxuries and frivolity
  • 11. Polybius QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Greek, from a prominent family in the Achaean league • Deported to Rome in 167 BCE as a hostage suspected of anti-roman hostility • When in Rome, befriended Scipios and other important Romans
  • 12. QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. Polybius • Pan-Mediterranean perspective gained through extensive travel • Pragmatic history – Focus on how events effected people and cities – Based on first-hand experience, interviews, and study of primary documents – Still, he included divine destiny in his histories
  • 13. Polybius • Admirer of Xenophon’s histories QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Thought that there was a constitutional cycle that would play itself out in Rome – Monarchy - Oligarchy - Democracy - Mob rule - Monarchy… • Anti-luxury - promoted a version of “Spartan” values of restraint, patriotism, and austere order • Believed that Rome was changing for the worse after conquest of Greek territories in 167 BCE
  • 14. Tiberius Gracchus QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Noble ancestry but concrned about widespread poverty in Italy • Served as a Tribune - represented the people • Land reforms: limited amount of land one family could own or rent • Released land to the public for redistribution to landless peasant farmers • Rural commoners were happy but old school senators were opposed
  • 15. Tiberius Gracchus • His reforms passed in the Assembly but the senate wouldn’t allocate the funds he needed to carry out the plan -> fiscal matters were traditionally in the hands of the Senate • When he stood for re-election, the Senators started a riot, claiming he wanted to be king, and killed him on Capitol Hill along with 300 followers • They said his killer was a liberator and a hero fighting for freedom of SPQR
  • 16. QuickTime™ and a Gaius Gracchus decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Tiberius’ brother, also wanted more equality for the poor • Elected as Tribune in 123 BC, ten years after his brother is killed • Tried to take control of the judicial system away from the Senate (mixed juries, secret ballots) • Set up subsidies for grain • Proposed making some of the overseas territories Roman colonies for the poor • Extending citizenship rights to all Italians • He and 3000 supporters were murdered
  • 17. After the Gracchi… • Deified by their supporters • Traditionalists (optimates - “the best”) reacted in the wake of these populist attempts at reform • Further polarization of the republic
  • 18. Gaius Marius QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Military man, (not a patrician) held the consulship 5 times in a row • Military reformer – Non-landowning citizens could serve – Full-time professional force, 16 year terms – All soldiers got pay, uniforms, weapons, and training • Soldiers wanted a share in booty and land upon return - appealed to generals rather than the state - shift in the balance of power and control of the army
  • 19. Cornelius Sulla QuickTime™ and a decompressor are needed to see this picture. • Noble, his family hated Marius’ reforms • Backed by traditionalists • Conflict over who would lead the army against the Italian revolts - Marius was chosen, and in response Sully marched on Rome • After this, Sully went on to ravage Athens and other Greek cities • A new consul, Cinna, banished him but after Cinna died, Sulla came back and started a civil war
  • 20. Sulla’s Reforms • Sulla won, and became Dictator to ‘settle the state’ after the emergency • Handed juries back to Senators • Doubled the number of senators and installed his supporters • Regulated the channels through which magistrates could rise to the Senate • Tribunes could no longer go on to hold magistracies • Gave Italian land to his veteran soldiers • Created civil courts and fleshed out legal code
  • 21. So long, Sulla! • Sulla retired as dictator and went back to being consul • Felt that he had been chosen by Venus and prophesy that he would die at the height of his good fortune • Died in 79 BCE of disease • Lavish public funeral • After his death, the Senate was corrupt, violent, and full of turmoil