Presentation about my PhD research, given at the Australian National University in May 2007.

1. The chemistry of freshwater mussels as a proxy for late Holocene river conditions Emma Versteegh Simon Troelstra Hubert Vonhof

6. Stable oxygen isotopes

7. Rivers Rhine and Meuse

8.  18 O Rhine and Meuse

14. Late Holocene shells

16. Results: 20 th century shells

20. Predicted  18 O

21. Predicted  18 O shell vs.  18 O shell  18 O shell corresponds well with predicted values   18 O shell is useful proxy

23. Calculated  18 O water vs. monthly mean  18 O water

24. Trace elements

25. Trace elements Winter Winter Winter Winter

26. Results: Late-Holocene shells

30. Preliminary results LA-ICPMS

31. Preliminary results LA-ICPMS

32. Polymesoda