This document discusses the architecture and design of search engines like Google. It covers their basic requirements around recall, precision and handling query volume. It also describes PageRank and how it prioritizes pages that are frequently referenced by other important pages. The document outlines Google's architecture including components like crawlers, data storage, indexing and ranking. It provides technical details on how Google processes queries and ranks results.

1. Anatomy of a search engine
• Not much known about AV, Lycos, Yahoo,
etc.
• But Google and Clever (to some extent) are
published
• Design criteria
• Differences
• Architecture
• Data structures

2. Requirements
• Basic IR concepts:
– Recall: what % of relevant docs are retrieved
– Precision: what % of docs retrieved are relevant
• Quantity:
– handle hundreds of thousands of queries/sec
• Quality
– High precision (not with pres. engines)

3. Page rank
• Idea: a page is important when it is referred
to a lot, or referred to from an important
page
• PR is used to prioritize; works well even
with search is just on page titles

4. PR details
• Pages T1,…,Tn point to page A, C(A) is a link
fan-out of A
PR(A)=(1-d) + d(PR(T1)/C(T1)+…+PR(Tn)/C(Tn))
d=dumping factor=.85
Model of random walk on the Web
PR(p) = prob. That a “random” user will visit p

5. Other features and terms
• Anchor text is associated with the page it
links to
• Some markup aspects are used

6. Google architecture
• URL server sends list
of URLs to be fetched
to crawlers
• StoreServer
compresses and stores
pages
• Indexer extracts
words, their pos., size,
capital.
• Anchors cont.links and
their text
• Sorter generates
inverted index
• Searcher uses Lexicon,
II, and PR

7. Some details
• Barrels store words (wordIDs); if a doc
contains a word, doc`s ID and its wordID
are stored with hitlist of this word in the doc
• Lexicon points to Inverted Barrels; ea word
points to docid and hits

8. Operation
• Crawling
• Searching
• Ranking

9. Crawling and indexing
• Parsing into anchors and words – error
robustness (flex+stack)
• Indexing in parallel – hashing into barrels
using the lexicon – the problem of new
words shared

10. Searching
1 parse query
2 convert words into wordIDs
3 Identif. A barrel for ea. Word
4 scan doclists until a doc that matches all the
search words is found

11. Ranking
• For a single word, identify the hit list and its
type, count the # of hits of ea type, vector-
multiply
• Combine with PR
• For multiple words, take proximity into
account

12. Going further
• Google will not return any IBM pages for
the query `mainframes`
• Many pages that point to IBM page use the
term ‘mainframe’, so this page should be
returned

13. • Clever ranks authoritities pages and hub pages.
Authorities are pages with high PR. Hubs are
pages that point to authorities. E.g. my friend’s
page with a list of links to on-line CD stores. Hubs
may not be chosen by PR alone
• Clever/HITS (Hyperlink Induced Topic Search)
starts with an initial set of pages and hubs

14. Mathematically speaking…
• Let xp be authority weight, yq be hub weight,
q->p denotes q links to p
x p = ∑ yq y p = ∑ xq
q→ p p →q
• Let A be adjacency matrix: Ai,j =1 if there is a
link between i and j, 0 otherwise

15. x ←ATy and y ← Ax
x ←ATAx, and we can iterate that further,
working with powers of ATA
This sequence of powers converges to the
eigenvector of ATA
This means that the result does not depend on
the initial weights

16. • Remove ‘local’ links (“back to the main
page”)
• Drift: transfer of main authority to, e.g.,
topics of hobbies
• Highjacking: if several pages from the same
site occur in the base set, they may take
over a topic

17. • Remedied by partial content indexing –
anchors, and by
• dividing a page into pagelets – contiguous
sequences of links
• Hubs are good when learning about a topic,
less so when seekeing specific info.

18. Autres engins
• Altavista et Lycos ont probablement des
méthodes simples de sélection
• Excite semble utiliser beaucoup de
propriétés des pages
• Voir « What is a tall poppy among Web pages? »7th Int’l
WWW Conf.