The art and science of identifying and eliminating vulnerabilities. Important questions that must be addressed: 1. What level of casualties will occur in a future earthquake if the vulnerabilities in the built environment are not fixed? 2. What level of economic losses will occur in a future earthquake if the vulnerabilities in the built environment. are not fixed? Presentation courtesy of Dr. Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction

1. THE ART AND SCIENCE OF MAKING A
COMMUNITY RESILIENT TO EARTHQUAKES

2. MAKING OUR FUTURE
BETTER THAN OUR PAST
UNDER-
STAND
IDENT-
IFY
HEAR
PERSON-
ALIZE
ACT
PERIOD OF
INTEGRATION
1990-2012
WINDOW OF
OPPORTUNITY
2012
PERIOD OF
IMPLEMENTATION
NOW

3. COMMUNITIES ARE AT RISK FROM
• FLOODS
• SEVERE
WINDSTORMS
• EARTHQUAKES
• TSUNAMIS
• DROUGHTS
• VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
• LANDSLIDES
• WILDFIRES

4. A COMMUNITY’S BUILDINGS AND INFRASTRUCTURE MUST
BE RESILIENT TO GROUND SHAKING AND GROUND FAILURE

5. HAZARDS
THE RISK TO A COMMUNITY’S BUILT
ENVIRONMENT IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO
ITS VULNERABILITIES
EXPOSURE
VULNERABILITIES LOCATION
RISK

6. WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT A CITY AND ITS
BUILT ENVIRONMENT (B.E.)
• CITIES AND
MEGACITIES EXIST
BY GEOLOGIC,
HYDROLOGIC, AND
ATMOSPHERIC
CONSENT AND THE
B.E.’s VULNER-
ABILITIES

7. INADEQUATE BUILDING CODES
EARTHQUAKES
INADEQUATE LIFELINE
STANDARDS
SITING IN LOCATIONS PRONE TO
SURFACE FAULTING, LAND-
SLIDES, & LIQUEFACTION
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION
AND PLAN
INADEQUATE CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS
SITING ON SOFT SOILS
INADEQUATE ANCHORAGE OF
NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
CAUSES OF
VULNER-
ABILITIES
“DISASTER
LABORATORIES”

8. INJURIES AND
DEATHS
CONSEQUENCES OF COMMUNITY
VULNERABILITIES
DAMAGE AND
COLLAPSE
LOSS OF
FUNCTION
ECONOMIC LOSS
RISK

9. EVERY COMMUNITY CAN
MAKE ITS FUTURE BETTER
THAN ITS PAST
GOAL 1: LEARN FROM THE PAST
GOAL 2: REDUCE COMMUNITY
VULNERABILITIES THAT INCREASE
RISK FOR PEOPLE, PROPERTY, AND
INFRASTRUCTURE

10. PAST DISASTERS PROVIDE
A REALITY CHECK
Source: Munich Re and
many past earthquakes

11. ALL VULNERABILITIES CAN
BE FIXED

12. ALL VULNERABILITIES ARE
FIXABLE

13. ALL VULNERABILITIES ARE
FIXABLE

14. ALL VULNERABILITIES ARE
FIXABLE
• A UTILITY CORRIDOR
IS VULNERABLE TO
LOSS OF FUNCTION
WHEN ROUTED
THROUGH SOILS
THAT ARE
SUSCEPTIBLE TO
LIQUEFACTION.

15. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
• WHAT LEVEL OF CASUALTIES WILL
OCCUR IN A FUTURE EARTHQUAKE IF
THE VULNERABILITIES IN THE B.E.
ARE NOT FIXED?
• WHAT LEVEL OF ECONOMIC LOSSES
WILL OCCUR IN A FUTURE
EARTHQUAKE IF THE VULNER-
ABILITIES IN THE B.E. ARE NOT
FIXED?

16. INADEQUATE SEISMIC
DESIGN PROVISIONS
(I.E., BUILDING CODES AND
LIFELINE STANDARDS)
MEAN
1) INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO
HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
2) COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS AND
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF LIFELINES

17. NOTABLE PAST DISASTERS
• SAN FRANCISCO
• 1906
EARTHQUAKE
& FIRE
• 3,000
CASUALTIES
• $ 524 M LOSS
(ORIGINAL
VALUES)
• $ 180 M
INSURED LOSS

19. NOTABLE PAST DISASTERS
• TOKYO
• 1923
EARTHQUAKE
& FIRE
• 142,807
CASUALTIES
• $ 2,800 M LOSS
(ORIGINAL
VALUES)
• $ 590 M
INSURED LOSS

21. NOTABLE PAST DISASTERS
• MANAGUA
• 1972
EARTHQUAKE
• 11,000
CASUALTIES
• $ 800 M LOSS
(ORIGINAL
VALUES)
• $ 100 M
INSURED LOSS

23. PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• TANGSHAN
• 1976
EARTHQUAKE
• 240,000 +
CASUALTIES
• $ 5,600 M LOSS
(ORIGINAL
VALUES)
• $ ---0 M
INSURED LOSS

25. PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• MEXICO CITY
• 1985
EARTHQUAKE
• 9,500
CASUALTIES
• $ 4,000 M LOSS
(ORIGINAL
VALUES)
• $ 275 M
INSURED LOSS

28. PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• LOMA PRIETA
(SAN
FRANCISCO)
• 1989
EARTHQUAKE
• 61
CASUALTIES
• $ 5,000 M LOSS
(ORIGINAL
VALUES)
• $ 1,000 M
INSURED LOSS

32. PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• NORTHRIDGE,
CALIFORNIA
• 1994
EARTHQUAKE
• 61
CASUALTIES
• $ 44,000 M
LOSS
(ORIGINAL
VALUES)
• $ 15,300 M
INSURED LOSS

38. PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• KOBE, JAPAN
• 1995
EARTHQUAKE
• 6,400
CASUALTIES
• $ 100,000 M
LOSS
(ORIGINAL
VALUES)
• $ 3,000 M
INSURED LOSS

43. PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• IZMET, TURKEY
• 1999
EARTHQUAKE
• 17,200
CASUALTIES
• $ 12,000 M
LOSS
(ORIGINAL
VALUES)
• $ 600 M
INSURED LOSS

45. PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• BAM, IRAN
• 2003
EARTHQUAKE
• 40,000
CASUALTIES
• $ ?000 M LOSS
(ORIGINAL
VALUES)
• $ --00 M
INSURED LOSS

46. 2003 Bam, Iran Earthquake

47. PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• BANDA ACHE,
INDONESIA
• 2004
EARTHQUAKE
& TSUNAMI
• 240,000
CASUALTIES
• $ 4,000 M LOSS
(ORIGINAL
VALUES)
• $ ?--00 M
INSURED LOSS

48. 2004 BANDA ACHE EARTHQUAKE
AND TSUNAMI

49. 2004 BANDA ACHE EARTHQUAKE
AND TSUNAMI

50. PAST NOTABLE DISASTERS
• SICHUAN
PROVINCE,
CHINA
• 2008
EARTHQUAKE
• 80,000
CASUALTIES
• $ 13,300 M
LOSS
(ORIGINAL
VALUES)
• $ --00 M
INSURED LOSS

51. SICHUAN, CHINA EARTHQUAKE
INADEQUATE BUILDING CODE

52. TWENTY-ONE DAYS LATER
45,690,000 people were
affected by the disaster.

53. HAITI EARTHQUAKE: INADEQUATE
BUILDING CODE; JANUARY 12, 2010

54. TSUNAMI: JAPAN
MARCH 12, 2011