2. I - Introduction
Background
 Demand for meat and human popn are increasing in Ethiopia
 A low growth rate of livestock output vis-à-vis high human popn
growth rate becomes one of the major concerns in the country
 Thus, efforts have to be made to increase production and
productivity of sheep and goats to overcome this concern
 In the country, sheep and goats provide 25% of the domestic meat
consumption with production surplus,  exported mainly as live
animals
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3. Problem statement and justification
 Sheep and goats in BGRS  traditional farming systems
 Shifting farming system (SFS) and
 Permanent farming systems (PFS)
 SFS practiced among native and PFS  settler farming communities
These communities have their own:
Long developed farming practices
Livestock keeping,
Natural resource management
Land holding and
Farming implements
Each FS has:
Different cropping patterns
Land use management and
Production potentials and
Consequently feed resources for
livestock
FS oriented marketing
and
consumption research
3
So far, no livestock research except comprehensive ones by AsARC like :

4. Problem statement and justification contd.
FS survey  general perspective picture of livestock resources
and
Agricultural research strategy designed to set priorities and
thematic areas
 Results showed shoat improvement and characterization  top
prioritized
 However, little was known about marketing and consumption of
the highly prioritized thematic areas of livestock research
 Besides, an overall improvement of the sheep and goat utilization
cannot be achieved without the basic understanding of this issue in
relation to the existing FSs
 :Due to this, in filling this gap, sheep and goat research on marketing and
consumption of these livestock species was required just prior to initiating
improvement or intervention Programmes
4

5. Objectives
To explore marketing of sheep and goats and
To identify the consumption pattern of sheep and goats
To explore marketing of sheep and goats and
To identify the consumption pattern of sheep and goats
In relation to the two FSs of W- Ethiopia, the specific objectives were:
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6. II - Materials and methods
Description of the study areas
Location
6

7. Description of the study areas contd.
Farming systems:
 Sheep and goat production is integrated with traditional crop production
 SFS and PFS are the two major traditional FSs
 Each FS has different:
These differences in the FS characteristics  differences in sheep and
goat marketing and utilization characteristics as well
cropping patterns land use management
livestock production potentials
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8. Data collection
Exploratory study
 To have an overview of the study components
and to pre-test the designed questionnaire
Participants:
Tasks:
Focus groups of key informants
Wereda and Peasant Associations administrative members
Subject matter specialists
Model farmers and
Other pertinent bodies who directly and indirectly involved in sheep and
goat production and utilization
Questionnaire was pre-tested
Relevant issues for sheep and goat marketing and utilization were identified
Market places representing the two farming systems were identified
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9. Data collection contd.
Cross-sectional survey
 A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to gather adequate data
on different variables to attain the objectives:
Sampling
 Ninety households (HHs) from each FS  purposefully
 Basis 
- FS of the households
- Availability of sheep and goats
- Accessibility of the area in that order
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10. Sampling contd.
 Priorities HHs who keep both sheep and goat
 Minimum requirements
 A HH having a flock of at least one breeding female and
 A minimum of 1 year experience since acquisition of sheep and goats
 Households at equal chance to be incorporated in to the sample,
were randomly selected
 A total of 180 households and their sheep and goat flocks were the
intimate study samples.
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11. Questionnaires design and data collection
 Both structured and semi-structured questionnaires
 Enumerators were provided with the necessary data collection
techniques prior to the actual data collection
 Interviewers were: The researcher, Trained enumerators and DAs
 Accordingly, primary data were collected on marketing and
consumption aspects of sheep and goats like
Demand and supply
Price trends
Marketing and consumption constraints
Routes of sheep and goats and Incomes obtained 11

12. Market survey
 Carried out by paying specific attention to marketing aspects of
sheep and goats during the religious festivities and the normal
market events in the FSs
 The monitoring was conducted in two market areas representing the
two FSs
 Assosa market area represented  PFS and Kiburhamsa  SFS
 A total of 676 observations were recorded
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13. Focus group discussions
 Conducted to gather additional information on marketing and
consumption
 A total of 5 group discussions comprising of 8 – 10 members
 Participants:
Key informants
Administrative members
 Subject matter specialists
Model farmers and
Other pertinent bodies
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14. Data analysis
 Data was transported to and analyzed using JMP-5
 In all the comparisons, the level of significance was set at α = 0.05
 Statistical tools were:
Descriptive statistics
T-test
Chi-square test
Analysis of variance
Multivariate pair wise correlations
Rank analysis
and
Qualitative analysis
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15. III – Results and Discussion
Marketing of sheep and goats
Demand and supply
15

16. Prices of sheep and goats in relation to market
situations, color, buyer, and seller types
Species
by FS
Special occasions Test
Eid Al-Fetir Normal Eid Al-Adha Christmas
Mean(SE) Mean(SE) Mean(SE) Mean(SE) P-
value
SFS
Sheep
Goat
378.2(30.68)a
300.2(13.77)a
325.0(41.54)a
307.1(17.99)a
361.9(125.36)a
287.6(13.32)a
413.0(80.40)a
290.0(11.73)a
0.249
0.784
PFS
Sheep
Goat
370.0(16.03)ab
299.8(16.01)ab
337.8(7.36)b
259.4(70.03) b
383.1(14.34)a
297.1(88.43)a
409.4(14.34)a
302.6(84.84)a
0.000
0.002
1. Prices in relation to market occasions
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Prices in both FSs  for the past 10 yrs due to:
 Increased consumption The current price rise
  consumption of beef  Decreased producers
 Reduced production disease prevalence
Prices in both FSs  for the past 10 yrs due to:
 Increased consumption The current price rise
  consumption of beef  Decreased producers
 Reduced production disease prevalence

17. 2. Prices in relation to coat color, buyer, and seller types
Colors by price (mean (SE)) of sheep and goats
White Red Black Grey Other
 Sheep
 Goat
430.7(20.56)a
268.8(9.88)b
358.8(6.98)b
327.7(10.13)a
-
292.5(7.23)ab
366.3(10.88)b
261.2(10.13)b
337.2(115.22)b
278.4(7.75)b
Buyer type by price (mean (SE)) of sheep and goats
Traders Farmers Consumers Bucher Hotelier
 Sheep
 Goat
341.4(14.26)ab
288.7(7.27)ab
312.1(13.79)b
266.9(8.07)b
383.6(8.24)ab
269.5(12.42)ab
393.3(38.18)ab
292.0(34.25)ab
372.6(10.33)a
310.1(8.62)a
Seller type by price (mean (SE)) of sheep and goats
Farmers Traders
 Sheep
 Goat
373.4(6.51)a
273.1(4.30)a
343.6(9.82)b
336.7(10.47)b
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18. Marketing channels
18
Intermediaries
Kiburhamisa
market (SFS)
Assosa
market (PFS)
Smallholders in SFS
and PFS
Within the district
Out of the district
Out of the region
Cross-
border
Consumers (rural
and urban)
Hotels
Restaurants
Butchers
Institutes
Neighbor
households

19. Marketing constraints
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In both FSs:

20. Households’ sheep and goats consumption
Preference and frequency of consumption
SFS PFS Test
N (%) N (%) P-value
Preference
Sheep
Goat
67(79.76)
17(20.24)
70(79.55)
16(18.18) 0.367
Frequency of consumption
Quarterly
Twice a year
During religious festival
On other occasions
4(4.44)
7(7.78)
65(73.03)
21(23.33)
1(1.11)
7(7.78)
74(82.22)
15(16.67)
0.174
1.000
0.140
0.264
Cultural taboos on consumption 2(2.78) 3(4.00) 0.683
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21. Income and socio-cultural uses
Species SFS PFS Test
Mean(SE) Mean(SE) P-value
Cash income from sell of:
Sheep 47.8(38.78)a
125.6(38.78)a
0.158
 Goat 274.7(48.11)a
134.1(48.11)b
0.040
Sale rate (%)
Sheep
Goat
1.65(0.99)a
6.7(1.49)a
3.8(0.99)a
6.7(1.49)a
0.125
0.992
Slaughter rate (%)
Sheep
Goat
9.5(2.37)a
7.9(1.84)a
5.8(2.37)a
8.6(1.84)a
0.274
0.778
Sheep and goats (%) exploited socio-culturally
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22. V – Conclusions and recommendations
 Demands, supplies, prices, and HH consumptions were typically
seasonal and reached peak during the major holidays in both FSs.
 For producers to better benefit from higher prices during festivals,
 plan their production and supply to match the fluctuating but
predictable patterns of demand.
 Seasonal fluctuations in supply, disease prevalence, lack of export
abattoirs, long distance to markets, lack of market incentive, sudden
death of animals, and unstable prices major constraints
 Studies on market access improvement options, exploring
additional marketing opportunities in the Sudan are recommended.
 Sheep and goat consumption in SFS and PFS appeared to be low.
 Thus, technical and institutional support needs to be provided to
realize rural development and poverty alleviation endeavors. 22

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