Revision of the 3 units for B563 Exam in 2014 - enjoy!

1. Geography GCSE in 40 Minutes
Part 1 – Physical
Geography

2. Rivers and Coasts

6. What processes happen in a
river?
Erosion Transportation Deposition

7. How do rivers erode?
Hydraulic Action
This process involves the force of water against the bed and banks.
Abrasion/Corrasion
This is the process by which the bed and banks are worn down by the
river’s load. The river throws these particles against the bed and banks,
sometimes at high velocity.
Attrition
Material (the load) carried by the river bump into each other and so
are smoothed and broken down into smaller particles.
Corrosion/solution
This is the chemical action of river water. The acids in the water slowly
dissolve the bed and the banks.

8. How do rivers transport their load?
Bedload/
Saltation
Solution
Bedload/
Traction
Suspension
Boulders and pebbles are rolled along the
river bed at times of high discharge.
Sand sized particles are bounced along the
river bed by the flow of water.
Fine clay and sand particles are carried
along within the water even at low
discharges.
Some minerals dissolve in water such as
calcium carbonate. This requires very
little energy.

9. The Long Profile of River

11. Why do V-shaped valleys occur?

12. Waterfall formation

14. Interlocking spurs
In the upper course the river does not have a huge amount of energy to
erode as it does not have a high discharge and it has to transport large pieces
of sediment.
When the river meets areas of harder rock that are difficult to erode it winds
around them. A series of hills form on either side of the river called spurs. As
the river flows around these hills they become interlocked. So, a series of
interlocking spurs are often found in the upper course of a river valley.

15. Erosion

16. Meander = a bend in a river

17. Oxbow lakes

18. Name that landform...

29. Floodplains and leveés are formed by deposition in times of river
flood. The river’s load is composed of different sized particles.
When a river floods it deposits the heaviest of these particles first.
The larger particles, often pebble-sized, form the leveés. The
sands, silts and clays are similarly sorted with the sands being
deposited next, then the silts and finally the lightest clays. Every
time the river floods deposition builds up the floodplain.
Floodplain formation

30. What types of delta are there?
 arcuate - the land around the
river mouth arches out into the
sea, the river splits many times
on the way to the sea, creating
a fan effect.
 cuspate - the land around the
mouth of the river juts out
arrow-like into the sea.
 bird's foot - the river splits on
the way to the sea, each part
of the river juts out into the
sea, rather like a bird's foot.

31. Rivers flood for many reasons. The main reasons are:
Precipitation:
Frequent cause of flooding = heavy rainfall over days
Ground becomes saturated and water runs over surface
Most serious flooding usually after short intense storms.
Flash floods usually occur after hot summer when ground dry so water can’t infiltrate the surface.
Water held as snow also can cause floods when melts as temp’ rises
Soil/underlying rock:
Rocks that let water through – Permeable
Rocks that don’t let water through – Impermeable
Surface run-off and flood risk greater when river basin has impermeable soil and underlying rock.
Land use:
River basins with little vegetation cover = high flood risk
Forested basins = low flood risk
Human activity:
Deforestation (cutting down trees) and urban growth increasing flood risk
Bangladesh = increased flood risk due to deforestation in Himalayas
Impermeable tarmac surfaces and concrete surfaces are replacing fields and woodland – surface run-off
increased
The reasons why some rivers
flood

32. The discharge of a river at any point can be plotted on a STORM
HYDROGRPH. This shows the rivers response to a single rainfall
eventThe soil becomes
saturated and
overland flow and
through flow
reach the river
and discharge
increases.
Overland flow
arrives first.
The time from peak rainfall to peak
discharge is the LAG TIME.
The discharge starts to
fall slowly as water is
added from through
flow and groundwater
flows which are much
slower.
The base flow supplies
the river with water
between storms and
keeps it flowing in
summer.Rainfall is intercepted or
infiltrated into the soil
moisture store
Start of the storm there is a
slow rise in discharge, as
only a small amount of
water falls into the channel

33. FACTORS WHICH
INFLUENCE STORM
HYDROGRAPHS
VEGETATION COVER
This varies seasonally. The type and
amount will affect interception and
stemflow/throughfall. Overland flow is
reduced. Lag time will be increased.
ROCK TYPE
Impermeable rocks prevent groundwater
flow and encourage through flow and
overland flow. These rocks will decrease lag
time. Permeable rock will have the
opposite effect.
LAKES & RESERVOIRS
These will store floodwater and thus
reduce lag time and control river
response to heavy rainfall.
SOIL TYPE & DEPTH
Deep soils store more
water, pipes in the soil
encourage through flow.
Soils with small pore
spaces will reduce
infiltration and increase
overland flow.
LAND USE
Impermeable surfaces
created by urbanisation will
reduce infiltration and
encourage overland flow.
Different types of crops
affect interception rates e.g.
cereals 7-15%.
RAINFALL INTENSITY & DURATION
Intense rain will increase overland
flow and reduce lag times. Gentle
rain over a longer time will allow
more infiltration.
SLOPES
Steep slopes will encourage
overland flow and gentle
slope will slow run off down.
CLIMATE
The distribution of rainfall over the year
and the temperatures will affect the lag
times.

34. Boscastle Floods 2004
•It has been estimated that the Boscastle valley’s catchment area exceeds 23 km2, spanning
inland to Bodmin Moor where many small rivers spring.
•The steep sided valleys that converge down to the sea, known as “flashy catchments”, act
as huge funnels and can produce true flash floods after a sudden cloudburst or prolonged
heavy rainfall.
•During the afternoon of the 16th, an incredible amount of rainwater fell, conservatively
estimated to have been over 1422 million litres of rain in just 2 hours, that’s over 197500
litres falling per second. At its peak, nearly 25mm had been recorded in a 15 minute time
span, that’s over 632000 litres falling per second, the equivalent of 100 tonnes or 21 petrol
tanker loads flowing through Boscastle every second!
•Consultants HR Wallingford concluded in their technical study that land use changes would
have had little impact on the severity of the flooding in the centre of Boscastle.

35. Destructive waves

37. Longshore drift
Longshore drift is the movement of sediments, usually sand, along a
coast parallel to the shoreline.
Waves approaching the shore break in a region called the surf zone.
They carry sediment up the shore in a white, frothy surge called the
swash, and down again in the backwash. When the swash approaches
the shore at an angle, it will carry and deposit sediment both up and
along the beach, but the backwash, acting under gravity, will always
carry and deposit its sediment perpendicular to the shoreline, following
the line of the steepest gradient. This produces a zig-zag movement of
sediment along the beach known as longshore drift. Generally, the
largest particles of beach sediment are found updrift, closer to the
sediment source. The smallest sediment particles, those which are most
easily picked up and suspended by wave action, are transported further
downdrift before again being deposited.

38. The formation of a coastal spit
Spits are long narrow ridges of sand and shingle which project from the coastline into the sea.
The formation of a spit begins due to a change in the direction of a coastline - the main source of
material building up a spit is from longshore drift which brings material from further down the coast.
Where there is a break in the coastline and a slight drop in energy, longshore drift will deposit material
at a faster rate than it can be removed and gradually a ridge is built up, projecting outwards into the sea
- this continues to grow by the process of longshore drift and the deposition of material.
A change in prevailing wind direction often causes the end of spits to become hooked.
On the spit itself, sand dunes often form and vegetation colonises (for example Blakeney Point - North
Norfolk)
Water is trapped behind the spit, creating a low energy zone, as the water begins to stagnate, mud and
marshland begins to develop behind the spit.
Spits may continue to grow until deposition can no longer occur, for example due to increased depth, or
the spit begins to cross the mouth of a river and the water removes the material faster than it can
deposited - preventing further build up.

40. Where is the Dorset coast?

41. Holderness
Location and Background
What processes are operating at Holderness?
What are the reasons why Holderness is subject to such a rapid rate of
erosion?
What management strategies have been employed to
protect the coastline?
Use the
video to
help fill this
in...

42. Lost villages of
Holderness

43. ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
Human Geography

45. Development means improving the economic and
social conditions in a country and the quality of
life of the people living there. It is more than
wealth as it includes such things as happiness
and the state of the environment.

46. Brandt line – N/S divide

48. Primary, Secondary, Tertiary or
Quaternary?

49. Tasks
UK? Nigeria?
Brazil?

50. Case Study 1 – LEDC, Primary
Activity, Copper mining in
Zambia

51. Case Study 2 – MEDC, Tertiary
Activity, Cambridge Science Park

52. 292km

55. Human Development Index
(HDI)
HDI is a way of combining different indicators to
come up with a more rounded development level
for each country. It comprises:
• Life expectancy
• Education
• GDP

56. The
Happy
Index

57. Types of Aid
• Bilateral aid
This is aid given from one country to another, in the form of money, goods or
services.
• Multilateral aid
This is aid which comes from several different countries - often through
international agencies such as the World Bank.
• Tied aid
is gifts of money, goods or services that come with conditions attached. For
example, the recipient country may have to agree to spend the money in
particular ways introduce specific economic reforms allow companies from the
donor country to set up or sell goods in the recipient country spend the money on
goods and services from the donor country.
Both bilateral and multilateral aid may be tied in this way.
• Non-governmental aid
This comes from NGOs such as Save the Children, UNICEF and Oxfam, which
provide money and professional support paid for by donations from members of
the public across the world. This type of aid is less likely to come with any
conditions attached.
Tied aid is now illegal in the UK
following the UK funding of a
hydroelectric dam on the Pergau
River in Malaysia in 1991. The
Malaysian government bought
around £1 billion worth of arms
from the UK at the same time.

58. Short-term or long-term aid?
Aid can also be either short-term or long-term.
Short-term aid deals with emergencies such as the tsunami that devastated parts of
Asia on Boxing Day 2004. Other disasters requiring short-term aid are earthquakes,
hurricanes, flooding, drought, and wars. This type of aid brings immediate help to
people - flying in food to prevent starvation, tending the injured and sick, and trying to
prevent the spread of disease.
Long-term aid is required where problems are deep-rooted or cyclical. For example, the
climate in some parts of Africa means that drought commonly occurs. This requires long
term development to try to prevent water shortages - for example sinking a well and
providing a village with a water pump so it can have permanent access to underground
water.
Of course, many disasters that require short-term aid also need long-term aid - for
example, to rebuild houses and work-places that have been destroyed, or to provide
seeds to farmers so that food can be grown the following year.

59. Note
down 3
key facts
about
the
graphs

60. The Pergau
Dam, Malaysia
Tied aid is now illegal in the UK
following the UK funding of a
hydroelectric dam on the Pergau
River in Malaysia in 1991. The
Malaysian government bought
around £1 billion worth of arms
from the UK at the same time.

61. Aid has to be sustainable to be
effective

63. Goats (Tanzania)

64. Computers (Kenya)
Computers for Schools Kenya
Computers for Schools Kenya was established as a non-profit organisation to facilitate
the productive and sustainable use of computers in education on a national level
in Kenya's secondary schools.
Since August 2002 Computers for Schools Kenya has installed over 3,000 high-quality,
fully refurbished PCs into Kenyan state secondary schools. Computers for Schools
Kenya also advises upon and assess the preparedness of each school's
infrastructure and provides ongoing timely technical support to recipient schools.
Who benefits?
The project will ensure an equitable balance of distribution between rural and urban
schools, girls and boys institutions and ensure the inclusion of marginalised
sectors, and schools for children with disabilities.
Over the coming months Computer Aid International (through the generous financial
support of a UK trust) will provide 450 professionally refurbished Pentium 4
computers needed for this project.

65. POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT
Human Geography

66. Population structures
The way of presenting population structures is with
a population pyramid.

70. How do population structures differ within
countries?
The economically active are those people in the
15 to 64 year age group. It is this group of
people who usually earn most of the wealth for a
region or town. Those outside of this group are
referred to as the dependant population.
age

= 3 years

71. Gambia 2010

72. 2050

73. UK 2010

75. Add sketches
of the
population
pyramids at
each stage to
your DTM

76. Underpopulation
When resources and development could support a
larger population without any lowering of living
standards

77. Overpopulation
When the number of people exceeds the amount
of resources. Symptoms often include
malnutrition and starvation, disease and poverty

78. Optimum population
The population is perfect for the amount of
resources. This will be different in countries of
different developmental stages

79. Ageing populations

80. Youthful populations

81. China’s one
child policy
History of the policy?
Incentives for having one child
Where is China?
Penalties for having more than one child
Success? Future of the
policy
Why does China need a one
child policy?

82. Western Europe – Pronatalist
policies
Much of western
Europe is
entering stage 5
of the
demographic
transition model
and there are
concerns about
ageing populations
or underpopulated
places.

83. Net emigration

84. Net immigration

85. Push and pull
Push Pull
Crime rates are high Low crime rates
No green spaces Open space
Poor quality schools Good quality schools
Difficult political regime Democracy
High unemployment Good jobs and wages

86. Mexico to USA
Why leave Mexico?
• Low standard of living
• Lack of skilled, well-paid employment
• Few opportunities
• Lack of education
• Poor quality housing
• Poor health service
Why migrate to the USA?
• Many opportunities
• High standard of living (one of highest in
the world)
• Many job opportunities (well-paid jobs)
• Education
• Excellent health care
• Search for the ‘American Dream’
• Some characteristics of Mexico and the
USA
USA Mexico
Unemployment 7% 17%
People per
doctor
400 1800
GDP per capita $52,000 $10,000
School
attendance
99% 55%

88. Factsheet for
Counter-
urbanisation
in the Chew
Valley
In the past part of the population worked in coal
mining, although there are no working mines in the
area now. There is still a fairly large agricultural
workforce and in light industry or service
industries, although many people commute to
surrounding cities for work.
Chew Valley School
5 A*-C = 70%
Bristol Schools 5 A*-
C = 35.4%
Winford business park takes
advantage of the space,
access, attractive working
environment and the local
labour force.
Nearby Bristol
airport offers
easy access to
Europe and the
US for business
and pleasure
Ashton Gate
park and ride
offers easy
access to Bristol
for commuters

89. Map of Indonesia

90. Indonesia’s
internal
migration
(transmigrati
on)
Where is Indonesia?
What happened when people
moved?
Context of the case
study
Negative aspects of the mega rice project
Success? Future of the
policy
Why does Indonesia need a
transmigration policy?

91. Land use change in an old part
of the city

92. Does Bristol match
this model of land use
change in an old part
of a city?

94. Greenwich
Millenium
Village
(GMV)
How is this development sustainable?
Future of GMV – can we learn
from it?
Context statement/
Viewpoints
Positives Negatives
Basic facts of the
development
How has land use helped make
GMV ecological?

95. The recent history of shopping
in Bristol
Local
shops
The
Galleries
Cribbs
Causeway
Cabot
Circus

96. Low order goods
(convenience) don’t travel
far, e.g. The Co-op
High order goods (consumer)
travel further, e.g. The apple
shop

97. Good luck in your
exams!