The Future City Sphera

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Content:
1. Introduction
2. A City
3. Investigation & Data Collection: The Ancient cities
4. Investigation & Data Collection: The present city/cities)
5. Investigation & Data Collection: The future city/cities
6. The “X” City
7. Sphera
8. The Conclusion
9. References list

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1. Introduction
This project asks us to produce a city proposal through a report and a video
individually. That is the part A of the project. The Part B requires us to build a
city model that is chosen by the lecturers.
In the Part A of the project, we have to first understand the process and
components in city building thoroughly. We have to research about various
kinds of cities of different era and thinking. Then, we have to research about
the key success criteria of a city in order to produce a better city. Then, plan
out the city with the information extracted from the researches and critical
thinking.
We were given a time frame and some other city-related restriction. The time
was set on 2033, the area at 25 – 40 kilometres square and a population of 150
000 – 500 000.
1.The City
There are 2 definitions of city:
1. Demographic Definition
A city is an urban area with the following criteria:
 Permanence
A permanent human active area that will only undergo
development and expansion, not relocation
 Large Population Size
The number of people living in the area
 High Population Density
The number of people per unit area
 Social Heterogeneity
The accommodation of an area for socialization
2. Functional Definition
 Focus on regional context
 According to functional definition, a small settlement that plays a
very important function or possess a strong certain influence is

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Cities are made from development of smaller settlement or urban planning.
Development of smaller settlement
In the past, cities are made from combination of villages and slowly develop
into a city. This kind of city is not systematic and segregated because the initial
villages are not built in relation with each others. Each village has their own
development before the fusion. (I.e. most ancient cities)
The illustration above shows the transformation of a rural area to cities. From year 1950 –
1999, the percentage of rural areas decreases because the rural areas developed into suburbs.
The percentage of cities also decreases because the development of suburbs into cities takes
a much longer time than the development of rural areas into suburbs. At 1999, the
percentage of cities decreases to 24.7% even when the real area of cities did not decrease at
all.
Urban Planning
After human possess the building knowledge and the ability to plan, large
empire plan out their city. They pick a strategic location and design the
structure of the city. The cities are more organized and systematic. Cities built
on a strategic location also have better economy. (I.e. Alexandria)

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Cities are generally urban area. Big cities are usually associated with suburbs and exurbs.
A good city has 7 Essential Support Systems
 Transportation- ease of access to every corner of the corner and within walking distance from
the stations
 Energy – cheap, efficient and environment-friendly energy source
 Water - health water supply that is sufficient for the whole city
 Natural Environment – Closer to the nature through green space in city
 Agricultural – High production per unit area to overcome the high demand
 Solid Waste -
 Economic
A healthy city criteria set by World health Organization (WHO)
 Clean and safe environment
 Meet basic needs of inhabitant
 Involve community in local government
 Easy access to health service
A good city also has a good structure. The structures of cities are normally in:
Grid - a formation of city where the streets intersect each other in 90 degrees
This system facilitates development and can be easily divided into sections for
easier planning. However, the long , straight road promotes speeding which
lead to high accident rate.
Concentric ring – multiple rings expanding from a point
This formation is often interrupted natural or physical landscape features for
example a lake. Its zone can be blurred by modern development

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Sectoral – a modified concentric ring with wedge-shaped sectors
Modified from the concentric ring, instead of expanding outwards equally,
sectoral formation has a few sectors that are more attractive and developed.
This is due to the unbalanced development.
Multiple nuclei – a few formation with a few focal point of city
Different focal point of city has different specific development forming a
another zoning. This formation is designed for increased car ownership
because it hass a low walkability since every zone is clearly-defined.
Irregular pattern – a undeveloped third world structure
This is the result of lack of urban planning. It has no fix order and no city center.

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2.Investigation & Data Collection:
Ancient Cities
Amsterdam
Amsterdam is the capital and the most
populous city in Netherland or more
commonly known as Holland. 20% of its
lands are below sea level and 50% less
than one metre above sea level.
Amsterdamn has a city structure of four
concentric half-circle of canal. 3 canals
are known as Grachtengordel, namely the
Herengracht, keizergracht and Prinsengracht. The outermost canal is Singelgracht
and the innermost is Singel as moat. The purposes of these canals are defense, water
management and transport. The fort was built outside of Singelgracht and the houses
outside of the fort were built so that it can be burn easily. Amsterdam defense system
has no chance to its worth because by the time the fort was completed, air invasion
was practiced. The early construction of these canals was carried out from the west
to east, not from the center expanding out.
The transportation in Amsterdam is mainly water transport because the water canals
connect to everywhere. Bicycling is also a popular choice of transport in Amsterdam
as most of the places have excellent walkability and city scenery is attractive.
However, this has become a problem recently. The bicycles are cheap and there is
too many bicycles owned by an individual, thus bicycles are abandoned around the
city. it is a problem to manage all these abandoned bicycles
The public space in Amsterdam is the Dam Square which has a national monument
and a royal palace. Amsterdam also has a red-light district called the De Wallen. It
used to a tourist attraction but it has developed into a asocial ill now because of the
increased crime rate in that area and exploitation of women. It also causes social
distress for the society.
Conclusion
Amsterdam has an organized city structure of concentric ring formation. Instead of
streets, there are canals running the city. The canals serve multiple functions. Initially,

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it was built because Amsterdam stands in the way of a river. They need to channel
the water away and it was also for defensive purpose. The water act as a primary
defensive barrier which can be used in my city. The problem with bicycle need to be
taken care of if my city is to like Amsterdam
Havana
Havana is located in Cuba.
Havana is not an ancient city but
several years back. Havana faced
a big event which changed it.
In 1989, the Soviet Bloc collapsed
and Cuba was cut out of resources
because Soviet Bloc is Cuba food
import and agricultural input of 50%
of Cuba caloric intake. The
condition was serious especially in
Havana because of transportation problem. Shortage of petroleum inhibits the
rural area from transporting food to the city.
The citizen response by planting vegetation around their house and the
government support them by securing land use for gardener, provide free land
for agricultural purpose, distribute agricultural knowledge and advices. They
also establish centres around the city that sell agricultural supply and tools.
After 2 years of struggle, the city was back on its track and the city changed.
The citizens did not stop farming in their houses. This leads to urban farming in
the city. it was a rare scene in city back then.
Conclusion
We should avoid relying on external source to support the city because it is unreliable.
Sustainability in city is very important. This can be achieved with urban farming. As the
mayor, I have to provide specific utilities such as processed waste distribution to
encourage urban farming. I have to provide them with spaces as well.

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Alexandria
Alexandria is an ancient city
located in the Egypt. It was built
on a strip of land between
Mediterranean and Lake
Mareoits. It was a city found by
Alexander the Great,
developed by the the first 2
Ptolemy and designed by
Dinocrates, Alexander’s
personal architect. It was a city
planned right from the
beginning. This was an early
practice of urban planning. Not many cities were planned in that era.
The city was built in a grid formation with a huge boulevard running through
the center. It was made for transportation by cart or other larger transportation
mean. This is due accommodate the large amount of traffic that is going on in
the city because of its trading activities. The city was placed in a strategic spot
where traders pass by before going to the Mediterranean. Its water supply
originates from the Lake Mareotis which is linked to the Nile River. Alexandria
also has trading activities with the Roman through the lake.
The landscape of the city is quite unique. It has a T-shaped peninsula
extending out of its mainland. Erected on the T-shaped peninsula is the Pharos
Lighthouse which is one of the Ancient 7 Wonders of the world. The lighthouse
serves as a monument and a beacon for the ships and boats.
The whole city is now submerged underneath the sea. It became a myth
before people found it.
Conclusion
Economy and trading is very important to ward a city development. However,
the city should have the suitable infrastructure to accommodate the activities.
The infrastructure and the amenities of a city should be made to suit the city
and people’s need. Alexandria was able to reach its peak of development
because of its grid city structure. Therefore, a city structure is important.

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Present Cities
Shanghai
Shanghai is located in China. As
one of the world trade center,
Shanghai has a very busy traffic.
Shanghai has a lot of trains but it is
still not enough. The main reason
for this scenario is because the
locals that travel from further in
the mainland usually take their
own private transportation. The
local population density is also
very high. So Shanghai has other
solution to solve this problem –
inner ring elevated road.
Inner ring elevated road is a kind of
ring road. Ring road is a highway
which encircles a town or a city. Most
metropolitan community has ring
road, mostly circumferental city. the ring road allows people to have a quick look of the
whole city. Elevated road is, as its name described, a road which is above ground level. The
objective of this road system is to reduce traffic light and traffic congestion which in turn
reduce traffic accident rate.
Shanghai has a many elevated ring road. The tallest of them all is a 7-floor elevated road.
Assuming every floor has 3 lanes, 7 floors will make up to 21lanes. 21 lanes can
accommodate a huge traffic flow.
Conclusion
The elevated road is a good idea. It will not obstruct the development on the ground
and it can provide a partial shade to the pedestrian on the ground. An elevated
road can also provide a good scenery.

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Paris
Paris is another city which a ring
road. The road has a name
called Boulevard Peripherique.
It is built on the last remaining
city wall of Paris. The
destruction of the wall provides
a vacant land for the
construction of the road.
The ring road in Paris is a dual
ring road. It is two-way, unlike
Shanghai’s ring road. It provides
an unhindered flow of traffic
highway. There is no traffic light,
no at grade crossing and no
hard shoulder. It is not always on the ground. 50% of the road is above grade, 40% of the road
is below grade and 10% of the road is at grade.
However, the outcome of the ring road in Paris is different from Shanghai’s. It has certain side
effects. Although the initial objective of the road is to reduce traffic congestion, it has causes a
widespread congestion. It also inhibits the expansion of the surrounding urban area because it
is not elevated like Shanghai’s.
Conclusion
Using the same system may not produce the same effect because the location and condition
is different. It is better to modify the system to suit your local culture and condition.

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Singapore
Singapore is a South East Asian
nation that is located right below
of Malaysia. Although Singapore is
officially a nation, Singapore is
also known as a city due to its
scale.
Singapore has a few
disadvantages compared to
other nations. It has a shortage of
land and natural resources and
high population density. However, Singapore was still able to become a world-
class country because of its urban planning. Singapore is the modern closest
example of a self-sustain city.
4 Principle of a sustainable city
- Eco-industrial park
An industrial region where the companies practice industrial symbiosis. i.e A
production company collaborates with a chemical company so that it can
sell its waste to the chemical company.
- Urban farming
Integrate agriculture with urban planning. Agriculture and urban have
always been separated because the use of space for both field is different.
This problem can be overcome with technology.
- Urban infill
Migration of human resource into the city to supplement urban farming and
contribute to the nation’s development.
- Walkable urbanism
Focus on mixed use development, walkable street and public spaces in
urban planning so that a space can have multiple functions. This increases
walkability a scale of city expansion.
Singapore is also a very high density development.
10 principles to livable high density city
1. Plan for long-term growth and renewal
2. Embrace diversity, foster inclusiveness
3. Integrate nature with people and city

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4. Develop affordable and mixed use neighborhood
5. Maximize potential of every space
6. Prioritize green buildings and transport to reduce energy consumption
7. Relieve density with variety and green boundaries by intersperse high-rise
with low rises to reduce sense of crowded spaces
8. Activate space for greater safety by activating visual access to space so
that residents can foresee danger
9. Promote innovative solution
10.Forge “3P”(people, public, private) partnership – community collaborate
to improve each other’s quality of life.
Conclusion
Generally, the concept of a sustainable city is to utilize every single space
without crowding the city. The green element can help to reduce the sense of
a crowded space. The balance between energy output and energy input of a
city is also very important. The sustainability of a city cannot be determined by
the city planning alone. The community has to play a part as well. The city can
provide the community that chance to get involved such as urban farming.

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Future Cities
Water Re-balance
Water Re-Balance is
actually a skyscraper that is
designed to improve the
water supply of Shanghai.
Shanghai has a major
problem of water supply. It
is lack of underground
water, municipal water and
rainfall. Shanghai have
taken so much water from
under the city since 1860
that the city itself has sunk
1.7 meters in the past 40 years. Most of the river water in Shanghai is polluted
and unusable. Despite that shortage, the city does experience flood during
monsoon season.
Water Re-balance is created to overcome this problem by collecting rainwater
and purified it. The tower is thin and is based underground, allowing the
structure to pump collected and cleaned rainwater into the underground
water table. From this base it spirals up and flowers at the top with a large
platform that holds a green roof that collects the rainwater. After it is collected
on top, water filters as it flows down through the tower, and is clean by the
time it reaches ground level.
Conclusion
The idea of collecting rainwater is good because rainwater is technically the
cleanest water. So the purifying process will not take long and cost a lot of
money.

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Tehran Tower
Tehran, Iran’s largest city and its capital, is plagued by extreme air pollution, 80% of
which is caused by auto traffic. Amongst its 8.5 million residents, it is estimated that 27
people die daily from pollution-related diseases, showing the tangible and deadly
dangers that result from the traffic caused by urban sprawl. To combat this reality,
the designers of the Tehran Tower propose building up, locating massive skyscrapers
within Tehran to house masses of residents centrally.
The Tehran Tower is actually a residential tower. The tower stands on two legs and
joins at the top. The legs only occupied 1200 square metres of land compared the 30
000 metres of a typical high-rise. The tower utilizes the space well. The towers also
diverge at the top, giving shade to the residential unit that is placed below. There is a
green rooftop expanse to be enjoyed by residents. The tall height of the garden and
the prefab residential cells help protect them from the noise pollution of the city,
Conclusion
The idea of maximizing the use of space and land is parallel to the concept of
sustainability. The development of should not be just expansion to the side. The
development should be within the city and solve the problem of the city instead of
escaping. The garden is deprived of noise pollution I also a very good move because
it allow the garden’s function to be fulfill which is to relax

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5.The “X” City
In 2030, the Earth begins to get hotter. First in the core then it radiates to the surface. The land
was so hot that people can’t walk on it. The glacier and ice caps begin to melt. Freshwater
lakes evaporate. Sea is the only escape thus a floating city is built.
“X” city is located in the middle of the travel path from west to east by hip. In the past, “X’
city is a very rich city because the traders travelling to the east will stop by “X” city to
replenish their fuel, food and water. After the introduction of air transport, “X” city has
become less developed but “X” city can still stand in the global battle of the developed
civilizations.
The people in the old “X” city are comprised of different races and ethnics forming a
multicultural society. The 3 main races in “X” city are Malays, Chinese and Indian. There are
also negligible numbers of other ethnics. Malay occupied most of the population with
Chinese coming second and Indian, the least. In the past, there is a discrimination of races
through economic role. The discrimination has been eradicated but the people of “X” city
are still not united.
In conclusion, the new city for the old “x” city needs to cater for all the races and
ethnics. They will need some space to preserve their respective culture. Each race
should have a fair share of the spaces. The new city should obtain food source that
can be consume by all races.

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In term of environment, the new city should have a balance between the natural
environment and the built environment. The new city can be a fusion of both. The new
city will need to have good ventilation and cooling system.
More importantly, the new city should be able to self-sustain because the natural
resourcess will finish eventually and the external source is unpredictable and
unreliable. The new city should maximize every single space and utilize fully the
renewable energy source. The new cannot be a pollutant to the environment as that
will harm us eventually.
6.Sphera
Sphera is a self-sustaining city that floats on water. In present time, a fully self-
sustainable city is still impossible because of lack of resource. The present cities
are interdependent. With rising sea level, building a self-sufficient city on water
is the best choice because it consumes the least cost and energy.
Disadvantages of different terrain
Underwater
 Need to concern about the pressure exerted onto the structure –
leading to high consumption of expensive high material to build a
structure that can withstand the structure.
 Hard to access the city
 May not receive sufficient natural sunlight
Underground
 Lacking of sunlight
 Highly likely to lose track of direction and time because of absence of
day and night
 Prone to earthquake

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On sky
 Cold climate due to high altitude
 High energy consumption to stay afloat.
 Malfunction of floating system cause huge disaster – high risk
Floating on water
Pros
 Closer to human former habitat’s characteristics
 Ease of water supply
 Sunlight available
 Buoyancy reduce energy needed to stay afloat
Cons
 Prone to drastic weather change.
 Disorientation caused by losing track of direction.
 High sunlight exposure.
Design Concept
The main concept of Sphera’s design is sustainability. Sustainability is to
maintain a balance between the net consumption and net production. A
sustainable city will maintain the physical resources and system that support life
and insure the quality of life or system that interact with life such as the farm
system. A sustainable city maximizes the utility of the natural resources without
harming the ecosystem.

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Section of the city
Water catchment area above Sphera

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Plan view
Above ground

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Ground
Underground

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Shape
Sphera is made up of 3 equal spheres and one bigger sphere. The spheres join
together and form a fusion of spheres with 4 main regions. The middle region is
supposedly empty. After the fusion, the middle section is become a circle.
The landscape of Sphera is basically overlapping circlre. Sphera is made out of
sphere for a few reasons.
- With a limited perimeter, the area enclosed within a shape increases as the
number of vertices increase. This is also why honeycomb shape is used
rather than square in some urban planning. From here, we can conclude
that circle has the largest area. A sustainable city needs to maximize its
land as much as possible.
- The drag resistance experienced by a sphere is the one of the lowest. The
owner with the lowest drag resistance is aerofoil shape.
- The characteristic of a sphere to able to withstand large force from out as
the force is distributed over the curved surface. At the same spot, a force
from the opposite direction, the inside of the sphere will break the structure
easily as the force is converging to that one point. After earthquake, the
assessment team always check the pipes from the inside because that is
where it starts to crack

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The overall structure is made up of 4 spheres because it provides the stability
needed when floating on water like boat. Each sphere supports each other so
the structure does not sway too much. The urban region has a stage-like
topography. There Is 4 stages in total. The length of the area decreases and
the height increases as the stages go higher. This creates a curve which helps
in ventilating the air in the structure

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Zoning
The city contains an urban area and a suburb area. The urban area (large sphere)
contains regions that run the city economy and production while the suburb (3 small
spheres) contains residential region and farming region. The suburb produces raw
material and the urban manufacture it.

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Urban region
Stage 4 - The government building
The government building has the highest stage with the a large open spaces which is
actually a lake. The water act as a access restriction for the people who have no
good intention.
Stage 3 – Defense towers
The defense towers have water all around them as a primary military defense barrier
which limit the valid access points. This allow them to manage invasion or any military
attack easily. The towers also stand between the government buildings and the rest
of the urban area to control the access to the government buildings and ensure
safety of political bodies like a custom. The ring-road railway to the government
buildings is also control by the defense towers. The railway is retractable.

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The defense tower s is built on stage 3 to have a better view of the whole city and
foresee any danger.
Stage 2 – Central business district, commercial area, hospital and fitness centre
The business and commercial buildings are placed on stage 2 to avoid blocking the
sunlight for the other buildings as the business and commercial buildings are usually
high-rises. The commercial area and the business area are place together because
the people in the business field have more consuming power. The fitness centre is
place close to the business area for the white people to exercise after work. This will
maintain the average health of the citizen and deter any formation of unhealthy
condition such as obesity. The fitness centre is place beside the hospital because
people are more prone to injuries when exercising.
Stage 1 and ground- residential, education, hospital, museum and cultural
On the left flank of the urban region, the residential and education area is place
together so that the students do not have to travel far to their school. They are place
nearer to the lake which is the city center so that they have a scenic view and a
more relaxing atmosphere. The religion area is place right in front of the residential
area on the lake.

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In the middle is the port entrance which connects to the outside of Sphera. The port
is partially underground.
On the right flank, there is a tourism spot. There are museum, science center and
culture for the tourist to understand our culture better and offer the students an
opportunity for case study. The hotel, theme park and shopping complex are place
closer together. The theme park is partly on the water because there is a water
amusement park.
An artificial waterfall separates the urban region and the suburb region. The water
fall acts as the center of Sphera and a cooling system for the Sphera. The constant
moving water absorbs the heat from the heat island which is a side effect of a high
density city.

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Suburb region
The suburb area has a symmetrical distribution of function. There are residential
area, mix-use development area, an open square and a park surrounding the
artificial river. There is a bridge connecting both sides. The open square and
the park allow people to have events or celebration as Malaysia has
multicultural society and a lot of festivals.
Hanging above the suburb, there is a lake garden with residence. There is a
monumental hanging crystal which hangs onto the roof underneath the rain
catchment area. The water from the catchement area will flow down the tips
of the crystal onto the the lake like a veil.

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The monumental hanging crystal above the lake

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Underground
The industrial area is place near the port and directly underneath
the urban area to allow the industrial activity goes smooth.
Communication or contact between the industrial area and
business area will be easier and faster. The industrial area is place
underground to improve the surface appearance. The power plant,
water supply and waste management is place close to the
industrial area because it consumes more electrical power and
water and the waste produced is harder to process.
The underground hospital is place in the middle for easy access.
The research institute mainly focus on biological and medical
research because medical is very important. (refer to “Medical”
below) The research institute is placed underneath the farming
section so that it is more convenient to obtain raw material. The
institute is also closer to the hospital so that it can communicate
and exchange medical data.

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The waste storage system is place furthest from the hospital and it is isolated for
the health of the patients The waste is channel back to the residence to
encourage urban farming.
In case of accidents, buffer zone surrounding the underground hospital leads
the leaked waste to waste management centre underneath the urban area.

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Transport

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Walkability radius from the stations

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Sphera is a car-free city with only public transport which is trams and trains.
Objective of transport planning:
 To reduce consumption of energy
 Prevent traffic congestion
 Prevent pollution as Sphera is an enclosed structure.
The trams only concentrate at the urban region. On each stage (except the
last and highest stage) there are 2 separated trams. The separated trams
shorten the travel distance of each tram, thus reduce the waiting time interval.
The underwater train
There are 2 trains that connect the urban area and suburban area. One is the
underwater train and the other is the cargo train. The underwater train is
designed for the passengers to experience the underwater world in the
quickest and easiest way. The cargo train has 2 lines moving thru and forth
from the industrial area, the port, the research institute.
The last train railway is a ring-road railway. Ring road is highway that circles a
metropolis. In Sphera, the ring road is modified into an elevated railway. The
passengers can have a clear and scenic view of the city.
Food and energy
Sphera’s main energy source is wind energy and tidal energy because Sphera
is a floating city and ocean always has a unpredictable and drastic weather.

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Wind turbines and water turbines are scattered on the outer wall of Sphera.
The wind turbines extend from sea level to middle line of the whole structure as
to not blocking the sunlight. Air can go into Sphera through the wind turbines
and ventilates the inner atmosphere of Sphera. Sphera also utilize the high
sunlight exposure in the ocean for solar energy. The buildings in the city have
solar panel to absorb energy.
As for food source, Sphera has a farming section in the suburb area. There are
two main agricultural activities in the farm – plantation farm and fish farm.
Earlier civilizations always build their settlement around a river for 2 reason –
water and fish. Fish is Sphera’s main source of protein. Fish is easier to take care
and they are confined to the lake. They will not intrude the residential area
and cause disturbance. Fish also contain less cholesterol and more b-complex
vitamin which is essential for brain development. As a result, the children born
in Sphera can have a full development in term of physical and mental.
Green space
Green space is scattered around Sphera. The green space in Sphera can also
be considered tourist attractions.
In the suburb area, the bigger green space is the park around the artificial
waterfall and river. Most of the residential units also have a balcony to plant.
They will be provided with processed waste from their own isolated waste
storage system. This is to encourage urban farming.
Linear park below railway

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Green space is especially important in the urban area because high density
development always causes heat island. The green spaces can mitigate the
effect of heat island. In the urban area, there is a linear park underneath the
ring-road railway. The linear parks also act as the secondary ring-road which
allows people to walk around the city. The trees filter out the loud noise from
the train.
People can go travel between the stagesthrough the stairs

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Another major green space in the urban area is the garden above all the
building blocks. All the garden is connected so it looks like a spider web. It
mitigates the high temperature in the heat island, provide the working people
a place to relax and provide shelter for the people below the garden. People
can choose to travel through the city by walking in the garden or the streets. It
also connect all the stages together. It forms a vitual hill.
Medical
Medical advancement is very important to preserve life and prevent plague
because a plague in an enclosed structure like Sphera is very dangerous.
There are two hospitals in Sphera, one in the center of urban area and one in
the middle of suburb area (underground). The hospitals can be access through
the subways because the hospitals entrance and the subways entrance are
connected.
The above diagram shows the access route to the hospitals. The black boxes is
the subway entrances
Activities & Features

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Pasar malam in front of the residence and shoplots
Free 3D movie on the waterfall every movie night

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Advertisement on the wall of the stages
Underwater train going through the artificial river

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7.Conclusion
Sustainability used to be a word where you have to spell it out for the other to
understand. People were more focus on the functional development of the
city in the past. However, people are beginning to take a concern in the
environmental issue and aware of the importance of sustainability in city. The
revolution of city is going down towards a greener path.
The future cannot be determined but it can be predicted. Many researchers
and scientists have predicted that our home will one day be gone. It is still not
too late to save our home.
From the cities I researched, I have gained a better insight as to how to plan a
city. From the past cities, I learnt that the success of a city depends on its
foundation which is the city planning; from the present cities, I learnt that the
correct implementation of the city planning is very important; from the future
cities, I learnt that I have to solve the problem my city faces and will face.

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8.Reference Links
Alexandria. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ancientsites.com/aw/Places/Place/419305
Amsterdam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2013, from
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