Renewable energy in Japan

(c) 2014 Eurotechnology Japan KK www.eurotechnology.com Renewable energy in Japan (9th edition) July 8 2014
RENEWABLE ENERGY JAPAN
9th edition of July 8, 2014
by Gerhard Fasol, PhD, Eurotechnology Japan KK
http://www.eurotechnology.com/
fasol@eurotechnology.com
Preview version - download full report here:
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RENEWABLE ENERGY IN JAPAN
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Version Date Content added, updates
ﬁrst report, environmental techn. 1996-1997 environmental bus. strategy work
... 1997 - 2012 updates, and projects
pre-versions 2012-2013 energy strategy work, research
1 March 26, 2013 ﬁrst version
2 March 28, 2013 updates and corrections
3 April 17, 2013 FIT updates (January 2013)
4 May 31, 2013 Fit updates (Jan+ Feb 2013)
5 August 24, 2013 Fit updates (March-May 2013)
6 August 27, 2013 online FIT capacity added
7 June 3, 2014 updates, reformat, new policy
8 July 7, 2014 FIT approvals to March 2014
9 July 8, 2014 updates and corrections

REPORTS ON JAPAN’S ENERGY SECTOR
3
•Japan’s energy landscape
•approx. 277 pages, 94 Figures, 55 tables, frequent updates
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4

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
5
Before the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011, Japan had settled on a traditional top-down national
energy architecture including about 30% electricity from nuclear power, which was to be increased to
50%, where electricity is produced by large centralized power stations and then distributed down to
customers. Renewable energy - except for water power - was kept below 1%.The March 11, 2011
disaster caused a total review of this architecture, and opened opportunities for a new approach in
Japan to renewable energies, and a liberalization of Japan’s electricity markets.
Japan has substantial installed hydropower capacity, however only about 50% of possible capacity has
been developed. Geo-Thermal, wind power, and bio-mass are all at the early stage of development in
Japan. Especially geo-thermal and wind power have very excellent development potential in Japan,
however lead times are long, both because of the necessary technology development and planning,
and also because of the current legal and regulatory restrictions, and because of the necessity to
reach cooperation of stake holders such as onsen (hot spring) resort operators and ﬁshermen in the
case of wind. Solar energy is quickest to deploy, and has been emphasized because of the perceived
advantage of Japan’s electronics industry, however capacity long-term is limited compared to wind and
other renewable energies.
The report gives detailed statistics of installed generation capacity, and produced power, and
development scenarios, as well as information on important market participants.

AGENDA - LIST OF CONTENTS
6
•Executive summary: Renewable energy in Japan
•Japan’s renewable energy situation, summary
•Japan’s national energy strategy plan:The “innovative energy and environmental strategy” of Sept 14, 2012
•Japan’s primary energy supply and self-sufﬁciency,
•Electricity generation: installed generation capacity, electricity generated, renewable energy contributions
•Japan’s present electrical architecture
•The 10 regional electrical operators and J-Power, renewable energy contributions
•The grid,The 50Hz/60Hz issue
•JEPX - Japan Electrical Power ExchangeTokyo
•Impact of the Fukushima disaster
•Renewable energy
•Feed-inTariffs (FIT) for renewable energy
•Water power
•Geo-thermal
•Solar energy
•Wind power, on-shore, off-shore, installed capacity, off-shore wind map
•Bio-mass power
•Ocean power
•Renewable energy investment funds
•Glossary
•Summary

JAPAN’S RENEWABLE ENERGY
SITUATION
7

JAPAN’S RENEWABLE ENERGY SITUATION
8
Renewable energy type
Installed generation
capacity
before July 2012
FIT as of March 31, 2014
Potential estimated
capacity
Comment
Water power
27.56 GigaWatt
+ 22.3 GigaWatt pump-
storage
approved=0.3GW
operating=0.006GW
47.35 GigaWatt
limited returns on smaller
installations
Geo-Thermal 0.533 GigaWatt
approved=0.014GW
operating=0.00014GW
23 GigaWatt
limited by nature park
laws, and onsen resort
cooperation
Wind 2.6 GigaWatt
approved=1.04GW
operating=0.11GW
scenarios:
52 to 3420 GigaWatt
today’s grid capacity limit:
10 GW
Solar 10 GigaWatt
approved=65.7GW
operating=8.7GW
limited by available space
Bio-Mass 2.1 GigaWatt
approved=1.56GW
operating=0.122GW
Ocean
salinity gradient, rivers:
0.5 GW
sub-total renewable 42.8 GigaWatt
approved=68.6GW
operating=8.9GW
Total energy
generation capacity
250 GigaWatt

CABINET DECISION
(“KAKUGIKETTEI”)
OF SEPT. 19, 2012
22

CABINET DECISION (“KAKUGIKETTEI”) OF SEPT. 19, 2012
23
Sept. 19, the Cabinet released a "Kakugikettei" (Cabinet Decision) which is 4 and 1/2 lines long, which
says:

We will carry out our energy and environmental policy based on the "Innovative Energy and Environmental
Strategy" as decided by the Energy and Environment Council on Sept 14, however we will hold responsible
discussions with concerned self-governing regional bodies of Japan and with concerned international
organizations, and we will continuously and flexibly verify and adjust our policy.
(Kakugikettei, Cabinet decision of Sept 19, 2012, our unofficial translation from bureaucratic official
complex Japanese into simplified English, attempting to keep the same meaning).

Note, that this "step back" is not uniquely Japanese.... Sweden decided in the 1980s to go zero-nuclear
with a Parliament approved schedule, and Sweden's parliament reversed the earlier zero-nuclear
decision, and went back to continue nuclear power in 2010 and renewing or building new nuclear
power stations.

PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY
AND SELF-SUFFICIENCY
24

PRIMARY ENERGY SELF-SUFFICIENCY RATIOS
TRADITIONALVIEW, DOES NOT INCLUDE RENEWABLES AND NEW
FORMS OF GAS DEPOSITS
25
Note that this figure shows the traditional view of energy self-sufficiency, and typically does not include the full renewable energy potential, nor new types of
recently found gas sources.
Viewed in this traditional way, Japan has one of the lowest primary energy self-sufficiency ratios globally:
•Japan has to import about 82% of primary energy, if nuclear energy is included.
•however, at present with two exceptions, all nuclear power stations out of service, so that 96% of Japan’s primary energy needs to be imported.
•however, with full development of renewable energy sources, especially off-shore wind energy, Japan could be self-sufficient in energy.
Countries with self-sufficiency ratios larger than 100% export primary energy including electricity, while countries with self-sufficiency ratios lower than 100% need
to import primary energy and electricity
Italy Japan S Korea Germany France US India UK China Canada Russia
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Energyselfsufficiencyratio
Energy self sufficiency
ratio IEA, OECD, 2006 2007
15
15
18
4
19
2
41
30
51
8
71
62
76
75
83
76
92
91
153
144
183
incl. nuclear
177
excl. nuclear
c2012EurotechnologyJapanKK
www.eurotechnology.com

26
Japan’s primary energy supply is approximately 25 x 1018 Joule/year. Japan’s electricity production corresponds to about 14% of primary
energy supply. Some of the primary energy is used for other purposes, e.g. raw materials for the chemical industry, fuel for heating or
transportation, but an appreciable amount is lost during the electricity generation process.The nuclear energy supply (in red above) has
been eliminated by the shut-down of all 50 nuclear power stations (except for the Oi plant which has been restarted again), and needs
to be replaced by savings, natural gas, oil or renewable energies.
Renewable energy supply corresponds to about 1.5 x 1018 Joule/year out of Japan’s total primary energy supply of 25 x 1018 Joule/
year.
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
energy1018
Jouleyear
Japan's domestic primary
energy supply 1018
Joule year
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Water
Renewable
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
energy1018
Jouleyear
Japan's renewable
energy supply 1018
Joule year
Water power
Renewable except water power

27
Over the last 45 years since 1965, water power energy supply has been constant in Japan, while non-water power renewable energy
sources (solar, wind, biomass, geo-thermal and others) have increased very slowly.
In ﬁnancial years 2010 (April 1, 2010 - March 31, 2011) water power and other renewable energy sources together added up to about
7% of Japan’s primary energy supply, according to Japan’s economic ministry sources.
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
energy1018
Jouleyear
Japan's renewable
energy supply 1018
Joule year
Water power
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
5
10
percentoftotal
primaryenergysupply
renewable energy as percentage
of total primary energy supply
Water power

ELECTRICITY GENERATION
- INSTALLED CAPACITY
28

INSTALLED ELECTRIC GENERATION CAPACITY
(EXCLUDING FIT PROGRAM FOR RENEWABLES)
32
Japan’s Government energy plan describes a scenario where renewable energy contribution is to rise substantially towards 2030.
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
electricitygenerationcapacityGigaWatt
Japan's installed renewable electric
generation capacity GigaWatt
Water
Pump Storage
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
0
50
100
150
200
electricitygenerationcapacityGigaWatt
Japan's installed renewable electric
generation capacity GigaWatt
Water
Pump Storage

ELECTRICITY GENERATION
- GENERATED ELECTRICAL
POWER
35

GENERATED ELECTRIC POWER
37
This figure shows Japan’s generated electrical power measured inTeraWatt hours/year.This figure shows the same data as the figure on
the previous page, just presented in different physics units.
Global average electric power is 20,261TWh/year (2008), thus Japan generated electrical power corresponds approx. 5% of global
electrical power.
The figure on the right hand side shows power generated from renewable sources:
•traditional water power
•pump-storage power
•non-water renewable sources
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Japan'sgenerated
powerTeraWatthoursyear
Japan's generated
power TeraWatt hours year
Oil
Coal
Natural Gas
Nuclear
Water
Pump Storage
Renewable
1 x 10^18 Joule year
y
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Japan'sgenerated
Japan's generated
Water
Pump Storage
.1 x 10^18 Joule year

RENEWABLE ENERGY STATISTICS
51
Electricity production from non-water renewable sources contributes approximately 0.3% to total electricity production, and consists predominantly of geo-thermal energy.
Bio-mass generation is also shown on the right hand side - bio-mass is used in thermal power plants, and therefore not strictly renewable, since it causes CO2 emission.
Jan 2010 Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
percent
Operators' generated & purchased
renewable power as percentage of total
Jan 2007 Jan 2008 Jan 2009 Jan 2010 Jan 2011 Jan 2012 Jan 2013
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
percent
Japan's non water renewable electricity
as percentage of total source: METI
wind green
solar yellow
geothermal
biomass thermal
waste thermal

JAPAN’S PRESENT ELECTRICAL
ARCHITECTURE
52

STRUCTURE OF JAPAN’S ELECTRICITY LANDSCAPE
53
The Figure on the following page shows the structure of Japan’s electricity markets, which has been
liberalized to a very small degree, compared to the far more advanced liberalization in the US and
most European countries.
Japan’s electricity markets are dominated by 10 regional electricity operating monopoly companies,
which operate:
•generation,
•transmission/grid and
•distribution/retail.
There is no unbundling.
In addition there are different types of independent electricity producers, which are practically of two
types:
•internal electricity production, e.g. in large ofﬁce buildings, or in factories, for immediate local use.As
an example the famous Mori-Roppongi-HillsTower has its own electricity plant in the basement of
the building.
•independent commercial production of electricity. Such independent electricity producers have
essentially no other choice than to sell to the single local and extremely powerful monopoly operator.
Electricity sales can be direct under contract to the local monopoly operator, or via the JEPX
exchange. However, the JEPX exchange only handles about 0.5% of all electrical power.

STRUCTURE OF JAPAN’S ELECTRICITY LANDSCAPE
54
Structure of Japan’s electricity landscape.
10 regional monopoly operators, each combine generation, transmission and grid, and distribution in their local monopoly region and
dominate Japan’s electricity industry.
Currently only about 0.5% of Japan’s electricity is traded via the JEPX electricity exchange.
10 regional monopoly electricity operators
generation
distribution/retail
transmission/grid
households
SMEs
regional monopoly
large size customers
factories
JEPX (0.5% of electricity volume)
specified
power
producers
(1.7%)
PPS
(1.8%)
in-house
generation
(10.6%)
renewable
energy
producers
FITFIT

THE 10 REGIONAL
ELECTRICITY COMPANIES
55
for an analysis of Japan’s non-renewable energy sector including
ﬁnancial data for Japan’s regional electricity operators,
see: http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/j_energy/

NEW ENERGY CONTRIBUTIONTOTHE POWER MIX
58
Before March 11, 2011, Japan’s regional power monopolies had an unwritten rule to keep “new
energy” (ie. renewable energies such as wind, solar, geo-thermal, wave power, bio-mass, but excepting
water power) below 1% of the power mix.Water power was excepted, and Japan’s water power
contribution is on the order of 10% overall.
Hokkaido Tohoku Tepco Chubu Hokuriku Kansai Chugoku Shikoku Kyushu Okinawa J Power
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.
1.2
1.4
newenergygenerationcapacity
new energy generation
capacity before March 11, 2011
0.7
1.3
0.05
0.1
0.9
0.03 0.02 0.03
1.1
0
0.09

J-POWER
(ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT
CORPORATION EDPC)
59

J-POWER
60
J-Power (Electrical Power Development Company EDPC) was founded on September 16, 1952 with
66.69% capital from the Ministry of Finance, and the remaining capital from the then 9 regional
electricity operators.
Purpose of the company is mainly to develop new sources of electric power, and the operation of
transmission lines.
In April 1, 2004 J-Power was reorganized into the following divisions:
•JPHYTEC CO. Ltd: hydro-power and transmission system company
•JPec Co Ltd: thermal power company
•JP Business Service Corporation
•KEC Corporation

J-POWER -TRANSMISSION LINES,AND SUBSTATIONS
63
J-Power number
AC transmission lines 2140.5 km
DC transmission lines 267.2 km
substations 3 4,292,000 kVA
frequency converter
stations
1 300,000 kiloWatt
AC/DC converter stations 4 2,000,000 kiloWatt
wireless communications
circuit
5952 km

THE GRID
64

REGIONAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION AND
GRID CONNECTIONS BETWEEN OPERATORS
65
Japan’s electricity infrastructure consists of ten regional
monopolies
(installed electricity generation capacity is shown as the area of
circles, and written in GigaWatt (GW)).
The width of link lines between the power monopolies show
the capacity of lines connecting the regional monopolies. Japan
has no true national grid, but two essentially disconnected
regional grids, and relatively weak links between local power
monopolies.
Several proposals for national grids are under discussion,
potentially competing with each other.
(note that the generation capacities shown above are those of
the regional electrical monopolies.Actual regional generation
capacities are actually about 30%-40% higher, because of in-
house production of electricity of manufacturing companies and
building companies, and because of independent electricity
producers).
Hokkaido
generating capacity=
7 GigaWatt
Tohoku
17 GW
Hokuriku
8 GW
Chugoku
12 GW
Shikoku
7 GW
Kyushu
20 GW
Okinawa
2 GigaWatt
Tokyo 65 GW
Kansai
35 GW
Chubu
33 GW
Japan’s total electricy
generation capacity =
approx. 250 GW
600MW
DC line
6310MW
AC line
5570MW
5570MW
5570MW
AC line
2400
MW
16600MW
1000MW
DC line
1400MW
300MW
(c) 2012 Eurotechnology Japan KK

GLOBALTREND:
REDESIGN ELECTRICITY GRIDS
66
特別高圧
(1) 500kV, 270kV, 140kV
(2) 60kV
(3) 20kV
高圧 6kV
低圧 200V, 100V
Power stations:
(1) generate power
(2) stabilize grid frequency
特別高圧
(1) 500kV, 270kV, 140kV
(2) 60kV
(3) 20kV
高圧 6kV
低圧 200V, 100V
Power stations:
(1) generate power
(2) stabilize grid frequency
The electricity grids have evolved over 100 years
or longer, and are currently mainly top-down,
distributing power from large central power
stations to consumers.
The ﬁgure above is a schematic ofTEPCO’s grid
architecture to supplyTokyo with electricity.
Electricity grids are evolving to a distributed
architecture, where electricity is also injected at
the periphery, including also energy storage in
addition to traditional pump-storage hydropower,
locally produced renewables, and “smart”
management becomes necessary.

GRID LIMITS RENEWABLE ENERGY
67
Japan’s electricity grids have been designed by the regional monopoly companies to transport
electricity from large central power plants, nuclear power stations to the networks supplying end
customers.
Renewable energy plants, such as mega solar plants, wind farms, geothermal plants, and water power
stations, and biomass based generators, tend to be smaller and distributed over larger areas, for which
the current grid has not been designed.
It will be necessary to invest and expand Japan’s electricity grid to accommodate new decentralized
renewable and smaller energy plants.

THE 50HZ/60HZ ISSUE
68

THE 50HZ/60HZ ISSUE
69
Electriﬁcation of Japan started on March 25, 1878 at the Institute ofTechnology inTokyo/Toranomon,
and in 1886 theTokyo Electric Light Company was founded.
Electriﬁcation started independently inTokyo and in Osaka:
•Tokyo Electric Light Company imported equipment from German AEG with the German 50Hz
frequency standard,
•Osaka Electric Lamp Company imported equipment from General Electric (USA) with the 60Hz
frequency standard.
Until today Western Japan uses 60Hz, while Eastern Japan used 50Hz. Only three frequency converter
facilities (FCF) connect the western 60Hz area with the easter 50Hz area:
•Shin-Shinano FCF (600MWatt)
•Sakuma Dam FCF (300MWatt)
•Higashi Shimizu FCF (135MWatt, from Autumn 2014: 300MWatt)
It is not practically possible to change one of the areas’ frequency standard, so this 50Hz/60Hz split of
Japan’s electricity system is likely to continue forever. However, in the future true national grids are
likely to be built.At the moment there is no true national grid in Japan, only relatively weak
connections between the regional monopoly operators, and other local links.

THE 50HZ/60HZ ISSUE
70
Only three frequency converter
facilities (FCF) connect the western
60Hz area with the easter 50Hz area:
•Shin-Shinano FCF (600MWatt)
•Sakuma Dam FCF (300MWatt)
•Higashi Shimizu FCF (135MWatt,
from Autumn 2014: 300MWatt)
50Hz
(historically German AEG
supplied Tokyo Electric Light Co)
60Hz
(historically US General Electric
supplied Osaka Electric Lamp Co.) Shin-Shinano FCF 600MW
Sakuma Dam FCF 300MW
Higashi-Shimizu FCF
(=Frequency Converter Facility)
135MW (from Autumn 2014: 300MW)
(c) 2012 Eurotechnology Japan KK

JEPX
JAPAN ELECTRIC POWER
EXCHANGETOKYO
71

JEPX JAPAN ELECTRIC POWER EXCHANGE
72
The Japan Electric Power ExchangeTokyo trades about 0.5% of Japan’s electricity.
Requires sellers to sell at leasts 1 MegaWatt
History:
•November 2003: constituted
•April 1, 2005: starts trading
•November 2008: starts Green Electricity trading
•as of April 2011: 56 member companies

THE ROLE OF JAPAN’S
TRADING COMPANIES
INTHE ENERGY DOMAIN
80

THE ROLE OF JAPAN’STRADING COMPANIES INTHE ENERGY
SECTOR
81
This section will be included and updated in future versions of this report.
We are also planning an analysis report on Japan’s trading companies - contact us for information.

RENEWABLE ENERGY
82

FEED INTARIFFS (FIT) FOR
RENEWABLE ENERGY
83

LEGAL BASIS FOR JAPAN’S FEED-INTARIFFS
84
Feed-inTariffs (FIT) were introduced to Japan ﬁrst for private residential customers who can sell
surplus renewable energy back to electricity operators.
On July 1, 2012 a law with a second set of regulations came into force which establishes feed-in tariffs
(FITs) for renewable energy from large scale, non-residential plants:
•“Special Measures Concerning Renewable Energy Electric Procurement by Operators of Electric
Utilities Law”

APPLICATIONS GRANTED UNDERTHE FIT PROGRAM
94
This ﬁgure shows new renewable energy projects approved under the FIT program up and until May 2014.
This ﬁgure above shows that capacity approx. equal 70,000 MWatt was approved by end March 2014.
The Government target was to achieve 2500 MWatt by March 31, 2013, the approvals achieved by March 31, 2013 were almost 10
times higher than this target.
Most approved projects are for solar energy.

JAPAN’S RENEWABLE ENERGY MIX
103
Before Feed-in-Tariffs:
Japan’s renewable energy mix up until 2012 has been
predominantly large scale (> 1 MegaWatt) water power
stations
Out[1195]=
Japan's Renewable energy mix before 2012
res. solar 9.5
non residential solar 84.3
wind 4.8
water 1MW 0.2
water 1M .004
Biomass 1.1
Geo .03
c 2013 Eurotechnology.com
Out[1184]=
Renewable energy projects approved up to February 28, 2013
res. solar 9.5
non residential solar 84.3
wind 4.8
water 1MW 0.2
water 1M .004
Biomass 1.1
Geo .03
c 2013 Eurotechnology.com
Approved under Feed-in-Tariffs up until February
2013:
applications approved under the feed-in-tariff program have
been 93.8% for solar power plants, of which 84.3% were non-
residential/industrial solar plants.

WATER POWER
104

GENERATED WATER POWER PROJECTIONS
111
Japan Governments energy plan of September 14, 2012 provides only a modest increase of water power generation over the period
2012-2030
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
Japan'sgenerated
Japan's generated
Water
Pump Storage
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Japan'sgenerated
Japan's generated
Water
Pump Storage
0.5 x 10^18 Joule year

HYDRO POWER FIT APPROVALS
117
FIT approved hydro power capacity. Shown is accumulated total approved capacity (approved, and including already operating, as well as
capacity still in preparation). New capacity under the FIT program is about 1.4% of total water generation capacity.
Up to March 2014 approximately 300 MegaWatt projects have been approved under the FIT program.

PUMP STORAGE POWER
STATIONS
118

WORLD’S FIRST SEA WATER
PUMP STORAGE POWER
STATIONS
122

WORLD FIRST SEAWATER PUMP STORAGE PLANT
123
J-Power operates the world ﬁrst sea-water pump-storage plant in Okinawa, theYanbaru Seawater
pump storage plant.The major data are:
maximum water ﬂow 26 m3/second
head 136 meter
maximum power generation 30 MegaWatt
water reservoir volume 590,000 m3
generated voltage 66 kiloVolt
start of construction: March 1990
completion and start of test operation: March 16, 1999
completion of test operation and start of full
commercial operation
2004

GEO-THERMAL
124

GEO-THERMAL POWER FIT APPROVALS
132
FIT approved geo-thermal electric power capacity. Shown is accumulated total approved capacity (approved, and including already
operating, as well as capacity still in preparation). New capacity under the FIT program is about 2.4% of total geo-thermal generation
capacity.
FIT applications are possible in the categories below 15 MW and above 15 MW. Sofar all applications have been for geo-thermal power
stations less then 15 MW.

GEO-THERMAL EQUIPMENT
133

GEO-THERMAL EQUIPMENT
134
Japanese companies have approximately a 70% marketshare of geo-thermal equipment globally
Main equipment makers are:
• Fuji Electric
• Toshiba
• Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

SOLAR ENERGY
135

SOLAR ENERGY
136
Until the introduction on July 1, 2012 of feed-in tariffs (FIT) and compulsory renewable electricity
purchases by the regional monopoly operators, Japan’s solar industry was almost exclusively focused
on the residential market, where the purchasing of excess electricity by operators was introduced
earlier.
Industrial scale,“mega solar plants” only started to develop with the announcement of feed-in tariffs in
2011, and the introduction of FIT on July 1, 2012. Therefore the solar industry development in Japan
changed dramatically from July 1, 2012
Currently, total installed generation capacity is on the order of 10 GigaWatt.
During 2012, solar power contributed up to 0.01% of total electricity generation.

SOLAR IRRADIATION IN
JAPAN
137

SOLAR ENERGY
140

SOLAR ELECTRICITY GENERATION
144
Solar electricity generation contributed approx. 10 GigaWatt hours during the month of August 2012, corresponding to approx. 0.01%
of total electricity generated.
Solar electricity generation started to become signiﬁcant from autumn 2010 with the introduction of domestic feed-in-tariffs. Currently
until the introduction of FIT in July 2012, about 80% of solar energy were solar cells installed in private residences.
0
0.001
0.002
0.003
0.004
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.009
0.01
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.014
0.015
powerpermonthTeraWatthmonth
Japan's Solar electricity
generation per month TeraWatt h
March 11
disaster
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
percent
Japan's wind and solar electricity
as percentage of total source: METI
wind green
solar yellow
March, 11
disaster

SOLAR PANEL SHIPMENTS
150

WIND POWER
152

WIND GENERATION CAPACITY APPROVED UNDER FIT
157
During the period July 1, 2012 - March 31, 2014, applications for about 1 GigaWatt wind power generation capacity were approved.

BIO-MASS POWER
165

MARINE RENEWABLE POWER
RESOURCES
168

MARINE RENEWABLE POWER SOURCES
169
Oceans can be electrical power sources. Power generation is being explored using a variety of
powerful forces:
•ocean currents
•ocean waves
•tides
•thermal gradient
•salinity gradient
•off-shore wind power
One of the most promising effects is power generation from salinity gradients.At least theoretically
the amount of electrical power which can be generated from salinity gradients is equivalent to the
total global electrical power consumption.
Generation of electrical power from oceans is in the early stages of development, and most methods
are being explored experimentally in Japan.
Except for off-shore wind, to our knowledge, power generation is currently not covered by feed-in
tariffs, however, Japan’s Government and local authorities support, or directly invest in research and
development.
For a review, see:“Ocean energy: Forms and Prospects” by John D Isaacs and Walter R Schmitt,
SCIENCE,Vol. 207, p 265 (1980)

GLOBAL MARINE RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
170
Source:“Ocean energy: Forms and Prospects” by John D Isaacs and Walter R Schmitt, SCIENCE,Vol.
207, p 265 (1980), and other sources.Values are theoretical totals, which cannot be all harnessed.
global power
(Tera Watt)
equivalent number of nuclear
power stations
energy density
(meters of water head)
Ocean currents 0.05 50 0.05
Ocean waves 2.7 2700 1.5
Tides 0.03 30 10
Thermal gradient 2 2000 210
Salinity gradient (osmotic
power)
1.4 - 2.8 1400 - 2600 240 - 270
Salinity gradient:
global river-seawater
1 1000
Salinity gradient: Japan’s rivers 0.0005 5-6
Salinity gradient: global
wastewater
0.019 19
average global electric power
(2008)
2.3 2300

OSMOTIC POWER
(SALINITY GRADIENT POWER)
171

OSMOTIC POWER (SALINITY GRADIENT POWER)
172
Mixing river water and sea water releases large amounts of energy, a fact that has been known for a
long time. In fact, mixing of solutions with different concentration will release osmotic power.
Therefore in principle, the outflow of waste water cleaning plants, outflow from desalination plants
and many other liquids can in principle be used for generation of salinity gradient power.
There are several methods in which power stations could convert osmotic power into electric power.
Two methods being developed currently are:
Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) (S. Loeb: Osmotic power plants. Science, 1975; 189:654-655). PRO
is currently developed by the Norwegian Power company Statkraft, in cooperation with the Japanese
membrane and filter company Nitto-Denko/Hydranautics (for analysis of Nitto-Denko, see: http://
www.eurotechnology.com/store/j_electric/ ). In Japan a PRO osmotic power research system is
operated for research purpose as part of the Mega-Ton-Water System (Mega-ton WS) project in
Fukuoka, near a sewage treatment plant.
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) (R. E. Pattle RE. Electricity from fresh and salt water—without fuel.
Chem. Proc. Eng., 1955; 35:351–354.) RED is currently being developed in Holland

OSMOSIS
173
Upper ﬁgure: when the impenetrable wall
is removed, the river water (low salt
concentration) and the ocean water (high
salt concentration) mix, and quickly move
to a state of highest possible entropy.
Lower ﬁgure: if a semipermeable
membrane (water molecules can pass, salt
molecules cannot pass), is used, water
molecules are pulled through the
membrane to establish a new equilibrium,
where the pressure on the ocean water
side corresponds to the osmotic pressure.
For 0.5 molar seawater, the osmotic
pressure is about 22.4 atm, corresponding
to a water head of about 225 meters.
river water
low salt
concentration
impenetrablewall
impenetrablewall
sea water
high salt
concentration mixture
river water
low salt
concentration
sea water
high salt
concentration
semipermeable
membrane
osmosis
pressure
head
225 meters
22.4 atm
pressure

MIXING ENERGY
174
When a clearwater river mixes into seawater with high salt concentration, very large amounts of free energy are released.
This energy can be visualized by a corresponding 225 meter high waterfall: osmotic energy corresponds to each river
ending with a 225 meter waterfall at the point where the river mixes into the salty ocean.
This energy can in principle converted into electric power with suitable engines, which are currently under development.
This mixing energy is fundamentally solar energy: solar energy evaporates (low salt concentration) water from oceans,
which comes back down to earth as rain with low salt concentration, and then is collected in rivers.
Therefore osmotic energy won from rivers mixing into oceans is renewable energy, and produces no CO2.
river water
low salt
concentration
sea water
high salt
concentration
osmotic power
equivalent water head
225 meters
river
ocean

SCHEMATIC OF AN OSMOTIC POWER STATION
175
Nature maximizes entropy: forces will equalize the concentration of salts on both sides of the membrane.The semi-permeable
membrane lets water molecules pass, but stops salt ions.Therefore nature’s aim to maximize entropy will drive water from the low-salt
concentration side into the the high-salt concentration side, driving up pressure on the saltwater side.
An osmotic power station uses the osmotic pressure difference between the low salt river water side and the high salt concentration
ocean water side of a semi-permeable membrane into electric power.
Norman proposed this type of osmotic power station ﬁrst in 1974 (R.S. Norman,Water salination: a source of energy, Science 186
(1974) 350–352)
sea water
high salt
concentration
osmotic power
water head
river
ocean
high sssalt
concentration
g
river water
low salt
concentration
sea water controls and inlet
pressure difference drives a turbine
for power generation
turbine
river water
low salt
concentration
semi-permeable
membrane
river water inlet and controls
river water outlet
osmosis

PROSPECTS FOR OSMOTIC POWER
176
Osmotic power has very large promise, and can in principle cover a substantial part of electricity
consumption, however is in early stages of development at the moment.
Currently most advanced is the Norwegian Power company Statkraft, which is operating an osmotic
power station based on PRO for development purposes. On the engineering side all technology is
well understood, except for the development of suitable semi-permeable membranes.The semi-
permeable membranes have to withstand high osmotic pressures, stop penetration by salt ions, while
allowing water molecules to pass at low resistance. Statkraft decided not to develop membranes, but
to cooperate with external partners for the development of semi-permeable membranes, and
selected the Japanese company Nitto-Denko/Hydranautics as partner (for analysis of Nitto-Denko,
see: http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/j_electric/ ) (Nitto-Denko acquired Hydranautics, based in
Oceanside CA, USA, in 1987)
Open issues are:
•develop semi-permeable membranes to enable higher generation power density
•resistance against impurities in the water taken into the power station
•environmental impact on the natural habitat surrounding the osmotic power station
•optimization to achieve high electricity generation efﬁciency at low cost

OSMOTIC POWER
177
This section will be expanded and updated in future versions of this report.

WAVE POWER
178

SELECTED COMPANIES IN
JAPAN’S RENEWABLE ENERGY
FIELD
183

PANASONIC (FORMERLY SANYO) SOLAR ARC
192
•Panasonic (formerly Sanyo) Solar Ark has 5046 single crystal solar cell battery panels, achieves up to
630kW of solar power output and delivers about 530 MegaWh of electricity per year.The Solar Ark
is about 315m long and weighs 3000 tons.
•Corresponds to a CO2 reduction of 95 tons-CO2/year
•You can see Panasonic (formerly Sanyo) Solar Ark from theTokaido-Shinkansen line, if you are
seated on the right hand side of the train between Kyoto and Nagoya station, when taking the
Tokaido Shinkansen fromTokyo to Osaka (or left hand side seat when traveling from Osaka toTokyo).

FIRST SOLAR
193

WEST HOLDINGS
194

EURUS ENERGY HOLDINGS
CORPORATION
195

Eurus Energy Holdings
Corporation
Euros, Eurus = greek goddess of east wind, thought to bring warmth
and rain
Founded November 1, 2001, founded asTomen Power Holdings.
Founder
Headquarters Tokyo
Stock Exchange -
Consolidated sales
Number of employees 191 (as of April 1, 2012)
Major share holders
ToyotaTsusho (60%)
TEPCO (40%)
Major business areas
clean energy, especially solar and wind power generation in Japan and
overseas

EURUS ENERGY HOLDINGS CORPORATION
197
Location Generation capacity
Japan 556.56 MegaWatt
USA 732.76 MegaWatt
Asia/Oceania 194.468 MegaWatt
Europe 833.84 MegaWatt
Total 2317.628 MegaWatt

EURUS ENERGY HOLDINGS CORPORATION
198
Type
Generation capacity
in operation
Generation capacity
under construction
wind 2268.66 MegaWatt 18 MegaWatt
solar 48.968 MegaWatt 40 MegaWatt
Total 2317.628 MegaWatt 58 MegaWatt

JAPAN WIND DEVELOPMENT
CORPORATION
199

Japan Wind Development
Corporation
Founded July 26, 1999
Founder
Headquarters Tokyo
Stock Exchange
TSE 2766 (market capitalizationYEN 13.4 Billion = US$250 million, as
of December 26, 2013)
Consolidated sales YEN 5986 million (FY ending March 2012) (approx. US$ 70 million)
Number of employees 117
Major share holders
Torishima Pump Manufacturing, Idemitsu Kosan, Japan Steel Works,
Maeda Corporation, MasayukiTsukawaki, Mitsui Engineering and Shipb.
Major business areas wind power generation in Japan and overseas

REGIONAL SUBSIDIARIES,WIND FARMS
201
In Japan:
1.EOS Engineering & Service Co., Ltd.
2.EOS Energy Management Co., Ltd.
3.The Energy Strategy Institute Co., Ltd.
4.Rokkasho-mura Wind Development Co., Ltd.
5.Futamata Wind Development Co., Ltd.
6.Suzu Wind Development Co., Ltd.
7.Choshi Byobugaura Wind Development Co., Ltd.
8.Minami Boso Wind Development Co., Ltd.
9.MJ Wind Power Ichihara Co., Ltd.
10.Miura Wind Park Co., Ltd.
11.Atsumi Wind Development Co., Ltd.
12.Daisen Wind Farm Co., Ltd.
13.Tainai Wind Development Co., Ltd.
14.Erimo Wind Development Co., Ltd.
15.Zenibako Wind Development Co., Ltd.
16.Matsumae Wind Development Co., Ltd.
17.Fukkoshidaichi Wind Development Co., Ltd.
18.Kakegawa Wind Development Co., Ltd.
Overseas:
19.EOS Energy Ltd. (England)
20.EOS Energy Singapore Pte. Ltd. (Singapore)
21.JWD Rees Windpark GmbH (Germany)
22.JWDTill-Moyland Windpark GmbH (Germany)
23.MITOS Windpark GmbH (Germany)

SOJITZ
202

JX NIPPON OIL AND ENERGY
CORPORATION (JX ENERGY)
207

JX-ENERGY SOLAR PLANTS
208
Capacity start of operations comments
Akita 4MW August 2014
disused JX Energy oil and gas
reﬁnery land, combined
investment US$ 52 million
Fukushima 1MW August 2014
Okinawa 12MW March 2015
Yamaguchi ...combined 5MW
Miyagi ...combined 5MW
Ibaraki ...combined 5MW
Total (August 2013) 22MW

GLOSSARY
209

GLOSSARY
210
Mega-solar
Solar plants larger than 1 MegaWatt capacity,
corresponding to the electricity needs of about
300 family homes
1 Joule
SI-Unit for Energy.
3,600,000 Joule = 1 kilo Watt hour (= 1 kWh)
1 Joule = 2.778 x 10-7 kWh
1 Watt
SI-Unit for Power.
Measures energy transfer or energy conversion.
1 Watt = 1 Joule / second
1 GW = 1 Giga-Watt
1 GW = 1 Billion Watt = 109 Watt
The power generation capacity of a nuclear
power station is typically on the order of 1 GW

SUMMARY
211

SUMMARY:
212
The March 11, 2011 disaster created the need to review Japan’s energy architecture.We believe that
it will take about 10 years for Japan to fully decide on a new energy and electricity architecture, and it
will take about 3 years or longer to reach decisions on the future of Japan’s nuclear power generation.
Japan has taken a careful approach towards the development of renewable power, and renewable
power - except for hydropower - is substantially lower than in most other advanced countries.
Japan’s potential for renewable energy is very high, especially wind and geo-thermal power, and will
required substantial changes in laws and regulations, and a decentralized and democratic approach to
grid management. Necessary liberalization of Japan’s electricity markets is in preparation, and we will
see a rapid development of renewable energy.
This report reviews the current situation and the future potential of renewable electrical power in
Japan.

EUROTECHNOLOGY JAPAN KK
213

FOUNDED: FEBRUARY 1997 INTOKYO
214
Services and products - focus areas are high-technology, telecommunications, software, middle-ware,
environmental technology and medical equipment:
- Market entry to Japan for European and US high-tech companies, turn-round, reshaping, planning
and building of distribution networks
- European business development and strategy for Japanese companies
- M&A (European and US companies acquiring Japanese companies, Japanese companies acquiring or
investing in Europe)
- Turn-round preparations and management of foreign business in Japan
- Market research and strategy
- Due diligence of high-tech companies, environmental due-diligence
- Advisory services for investment fund managers and investors in technology ﬁelds
- we publish a series of market reports for about 10 years, which are purchased world-wide,
distributed direct and via distribution partners: http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/

215
- Leading high-technology business development boutique inTokyo, working globally
- Founded in 1996/1997 - 14 years experience, relationships, cooperations and success record.
- CEO works with Japan’s high-tech / telecom sector since 1984 - 27 years experience, resources,
cooperations.
- Wide network of cooperations in Governments, Embassies, trading companies, distributors, ﬁnance,
VCs, traditional corporations, venture start-ups, industry associations
- Experience: market-entry, restructuring, M&A, acquisitions, due-diligence
Customers include:
- More than 100 investment fund managers
- Industrial customers:
- NTT-Communications, SIEMENS, DeutscheTelekom, Cubic, Unaxis (now: Oerlikon), CITI Group,
CLSA Asian Markets, Genscape, Google, IKEA, Isabellenhuette, Landis+Gyr, National
Instruments, Swisscom,TechnoCom,
- Government
- NewYork Police Department, European Union,TEKES (Technology Research funding
organization of the Government of Finland)
Deep Japanese technology market knowledge - we publish a series of market reports for about 10
years, which are purchased world-wide.You can purchase our reports on Bloomberg: https://
www.bmart.com/search?&nuts%5B%5D=WIRE%3AEUT, and via eSellerate: http://store.eSellerate.net/
s.aspx?s=STR0576176470 and from http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/

GERHARD FASOL
PROFILE: HTTP://WWW.FASOL.COM/PROFILE/
216
- Worked successfully with Japan’s high-tech sector since 1984 - 27 years. Came first to Japan in
1984 to help build NTT’s first international R&D cooperation on semiconductor lasers
- Entrepreneur inTokyo since 1996, Eurotechnology Japan KK worked with many large corporate
groups (e.g. SIEMENS, NTT, DeutscheTelekom,Asahi Glass...), more than 100 investment fund
managers
- Assoc. Professor of Electrical Engineering atTokyo University. Record of Fasol-Laboratory atTokyo
University: http://www.fasol.com/tokyo_university/
- Elite “Sakigake” (Pioneer) R&D project on Spin-Electronics of Japanese Government Science and
Technology Agency.This work was evaluated by US National Science Foundation and US
Department ofTrade: http://www.wtec.org/loyola/erato/ch7_5.htm
- Co-initiator of spin-electronics device research in Japan, one of the first to start work on spin-
electronics in Japan in 1991
- Tenured Faculty member at Cavendish Laboratory/University of Cambridge.
- Assoc. Professor of Electrical Engineering atTokyo University
- PhD in Solid-State Physics (Cambridge University,Trinity College, UK)
- Diplom-Physiker, Ruhr-University Bochum (Diplom-Thesis on Superconductivity)
- Publication list (Books, patents and publications, several publications are specifially concerning
electron-spin and spin-electronics): http://www.fasol.com/profile/publications.shtml
- Languages: English, German (native), French, Japanese, and some Swedish

GERHARD FASOL WITHTETSUZO MATSUMOTO, EXECVP OF
SOFTBANK MOBILE CORPORATION
217

“POST GALAPAGOS STUDY GROUP”
25 JAPANESE LEADERS + 1 FOREIGNER (GERHARD FASOL) WORKING
FOR ONEYEAR ON CONCEPTSTO OVERCOME JAPAN’S
“GALAPAGOS EFFECT”
218
see: http://www.eurotechnology.com/2013/10/07/galapagos/

“POST GALAPAGOS STUDY GROUP”
25 JAPANESE LEADERS + 1 FOREIGNER (GERHARD FASOL) WORKING FOR
ONEYEAR ON CONCEPTSTO OVERCOME JAPAN’S “GALAPAGOS EFFECT”
219
see: http://www.eurotechnology.com/2013/10/07/galapagos/

CONTACT AND MORE INFORMATION
220
Contact
•Gerhard Fasol PhD
•Eurotechnology Japan KK,Tokyo, Japan
•http://www.eurotechnology.com/
•Mobile +81-90-8594-6291
•fasol@eurotechnology.com
•gfasol@gmail.com
More information:
•reports:http://www.eurotechnology.com/store/
•twitter: http://twitter.com/gfasol/
•website: http://www.eurotechnology.com/
•personal site: http://fasol.com

Renewable energy in Japan

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