Acids, Bases and Salts (Chemistry 'O' level)
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Chemistry 'O' level syllabus: Acids, Bases & Salts Please download to access the animations that come with the slides. Some of the animations help to clear away hidden boxes. Slides include interactive learning elements!!! Contact me if you want more slides or to custom made for you at: Email: fazzydoo@gmail.com Facebook: Faiz Abdullah (look at picture) Twitter: @fazzydoo
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Acids, Bases and Salts (Chemistry 'O' level)
- 1. ACIDS, BASES & SALTS PREPARED BY: FAIZ ABDULLAH
- 3. DEFINITION A compound which produces hydrogen ions, H+, when dissolved in water Acid + H2O H+
- 4. STRONG VS WEAK ACIDS Strong acids IONIZED COMPLETELY in water Weak acids IONIZED PARTIALLY in water HCl water H+ H+ H+Cl- Cl- Cl- Strong Acid Dissociate completely
- 5. WEAK ACIDS water CH3COOH CH3COOH CH3COOH H+ H+ CH3COO- CH3COO- Weak acid does Not dissociate completely Ada CH3COOH Masih tetinggal
- 6. COMMON ACIDS HCl H2SO4 HNO3 CH3COOH Sulfuric Acid Nitric Acid Ethanoic Acid Hydrochloric Acid
- 7. PROPERTIES Taste: Sour taste Litmus paper: Blue Red
- 8. REACTIONS OF DILUTE ACIDS 1. Some METALS to give SALT and HYDROGEN gas Zn + 2HCL ZnCl2 + H2 2. Bases to give SALT and WATER only 2NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + H2O 3. Carbonates and hydrogencarbonates (insoluble or soluble) to give salt, water and CO2 gas CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
- 9. IONS THAT ARE PRODUCED! ACIDS BASES H+ OH-
- 11. DEFINITION Substance which reacts with an acid to form salt and water only NEUTRALIZATION ACIDS + BASE SALT + WATER
- 12. REACTIONS 1) Reacts with acids to produce salt and water only 2) Ammonium salts to produce AMMONIA NaOH + NH4Cl NaCl + NH3 + H2O AMMONIA
- 13. COMMON BASES CaO MgO CuO NaOH NH3 Copper(II) Oxide Calcium Oxide Magnesium Oxide Ammonia Sodium Hydroxide
- 14. THEN, WHAT IS AN ALKALI Alkali are BASES THAT ARE SOLUBLE IN WATER BASES Soluble in water Insoluble in water ALKALI
- 15. ALKALI PROPERTIES Slippery Turns Litmus paper: Red Blue Produces OH- when dissolved in water
- 16. DISSOCIATION EXAMPLES (REMEMBER) Alkali when dissolved in water NaOH OH- + Na+ NaOH water Na+ Na+ Na+ OH- OH- OH-
- 17. WHAT IF WE TRY TO DISSOLVE AMMONIA GAS? NH3 + H2O NH4 + + OH- Do not forget OH-
- 18. AGAIN, WHAT IS A WEAK ALKALI? Weak Alkali when dissolved in water NH3 + H2O NH4 + + OH- NH3 water OH- OH- NH4 + NH4 + NH3
- 19. NEUTRALIZATION In neutralization, the H+ from the ACID and the OH- from the Alkali react to form water H+ + OH- H2O Energy Energy is being released: EXOTHERMIC
- 20. OXIDES ACIDIC OXIDES- OXIDES THAT ARE ACIDIC BASIC OXIDES- OXIDES THAT ARE BASIC AMPHOTERIC OXIDES- OXIDES THAT ARE ACIDIC AND BASIC
- 21. EXAMPLES OF OXIDES BASIC ACIDIC Na2O CaO Fe2O3 CO2 SO2 P4O10 Amphoteric Al2O3 ZnO H2O CO, NO Neutral
- 22. INDICATORS Substances that change COLORS in acidic and alkaline solutions Litmus indicator Red Blue Acids Bases Phenolphthalein Colorless Red/Pink Acids Base These are used in TITRATION
- 23. PH SCALE pH is a number to show how acidic or alkaline a solution is 0 14 Super acidic 31 6 7 13108 Very acidic Becoming Less acidic Very Little acidity neutral Very Less alkaline Getting Less basic Super basic Very basic
- 24. EXAMPLES OF NEUTRAL SOLUTION • Pure Water • NaCl solution • Most soluble salts • Ethanol solution (not ethanoic acid)
- 25. APPLICATION: PH IN SOIL Soil Most plants grow well almost neutral Plants grow poorly in very high Or very low pH Soil can become too acidic because: • Excessive use of chemical fertilizers • Acid rain from air pollution by sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides How to fix an acidic soil?
- 26. SALTS A salt is obtained from an acid when the H+ is replaced by metal ion or ammonium ion H Cl Acid Na Salt
- 27. SOLUBILITY OF SALTS: MEMORIZE THIS PLEASE Type of salts Soluble Insoluble Carbonates (NH4)2CO3 Na2CO3 K2CO3 All the rest Chlorides All the rest PbCl2 AgCl Nitrates All - Sulfates All the rest BaSO4 PbSO4 (CaSO4 is slightly soluble)
- 29. HOW DO WE PREPARE SALTS???
- 30. CASE 1: I WANT TO MAKE AN INSOLUBLE SALT, PBCL2 (SOLID) Step 1: think where PbCl2 comes from: Pb Cl2 Pb2+ Cl- An aqueous solution (soluble) Pb(NO3)3 An aqueous solution (soluble) NaCl Step: 2 Precipitation reaction Pb(NO3)2(aq) + NaCl(aq) NaNO3(aq) + PbCl2(s)Soluble SolubleSoluble Insoluble
- 32. GETTING THE SALT HOW? We have solid in a liquid Na+ Na+ NO3 - NO3 - NO3 - PbCl2 solid FILTRATION
- 33. THIS IS HOW YOU GET PBCL2
- 34. CASE 2: SOLUBLE SALTS • 1. acid + excess metal/insoluble metal oxide/carbonate • 2. acid+ alkali
- 35. HOW TO PREPARE SALTS START Is the salt soluble? NO YES React acid with metal/alkali/metal oxide/metal carbonate Product soluble? YESNO Mix acid with excess metal/ metal oxide/metal carbonate
- 36. WORK THIS OUT: I WANT TO MAKE COPPER SULFATE
- 37. IONIC EQUATION FAIZ, DO IT ON THE BOARD